气流床气化炉内气体浓度的分布规律

常压条件下,在两喷嘴对置热模试验平台上,对含碳化合物(柴油)的气化过程进行了试验研究.在不同的氧油比条件下,用水冷不锈钢取样探头在炉内3个轴向位置和合成气出口位置取样,气体经预处理系统后,用质谱仪分析主要气体(O2、CO2、CO、H2和CH4)的体积分数.研究了不同试验条件下的气化炉升温过程,以及稳定工况下气化炉内不同径向位置气体分布规律.结果表明,喷嘴平面附近,升温速率以1 000℃为界限,明显地分为两个线性区,CH4体积分数可作为指示气化炉温度的指标.最佳氧油比为0.90～1.20 m3/kg左右.     

垃圾循环流化床低温气化试验研究及模拟

在一台自行研制的循环流化床气化炉上进行了模拟城市生活垃圾低温气化试验.结果表明,随气化温度升高,气化气体低位热值明显增高,可燃组分含量也随之增大,尤其是当气化温度从500℃升高到600℃时,气化气体中CO、H2和CH4含量显著增加;随着过量空气系数的增大,气化气体中可燃组分含量和气化气体低位热值均减小;垃圾中适当保持一定水分含量有利于提高其气化气体中可燃组分含苗和气化气体低位热值.同时采用ASPENPLUS软件建立了垃圾流化床气化模型,通过改变气化温度、过量空气系数和垃圾全水分含量进行模拟计算,结果显示,各工况下生成气化气体低位热值的模拟值和试验值符合较好,证明该模型可用于城市生活垃圾气化特性的预涮和分析.     

污泥与准东煤在CO2气氛下的共气化特性研究

为探究污泥与准东煤在CO2气氛下的共气化特性,利用电加热式固定床和热重分析仪研究了共气化产气特性规律及共气化动力学特性规律,并采用Model-free Method计算了共气化反应活化能.结果表明:等温气化过程中CO、H2和CH4的体积分数随着反应的进行先升高后降低;随着准东煤质量分数的增加,可燃气中CO体积分数逐步升...     

木屑炭水蒸气催化气化制取合成气研究

以木屑炭为原料,K2CO3作为催化剂,以固定床气化炉为实验设备,进行水蒸气催化气化木屑炭的探究。考察木屑炭水蒸气气化的炭转化率、产氢率、气体组成体积分数和H2/CO比值随K2CO3催化剂质量分数(0~8%)、水蒸气流量(0.15~0.35 g/(min·g))、气化温度(800~950℃)变化的规律。实验结果表明:K2CO3催化剂可显著提升碳转化率及产氢率,K2CO3质量分数为8%时,碳转化率和产氢率分别达到86.3%和125.6 g/kg,同时合成气中CO体积分数显著增加,H2/CO比值降至2.43。增加水蒸气流量,合成气中H2含量显著增大,H2/CO比值随之增大。温度可有效促进炭气化过程,950℃时碳转化率和产氢率分别达到84.3%和127.1 g/kg,但合成气中CO体积分数增大,H2/CO比值降至2.48。实验得到H2/CO比值在2.43~5.16范围的合成气。气化反应温度在900℃、水蒸气0.2 g/(min·g)、K2CO3质量分数3%时,碳转化率可达80.4%,产氢率109.6 g/kg,合成气中(H2+CO)体积分数82.4%,同时H2/CO比值高达3.05。     

水煤浆快速热解特性及影响因素研究

为研究水煤浆（CWS）的快速热解特性,利用高频加热炉,以神木煤作为CWS制作原料,开展快速热解实验,并与慢速热解实验结果作对比,分析了热解气的释放规律（产率、组分及比例等）及热解特性与反应温度、加热速率、停留时间之间的关系。结果表明：热解气以H2、CO、CH4和CO2成分为主;在高于1 000 ℃和较长的反应时间下进行快速热解,有利于生成高体积分数和高产率的还原性气体;快速热解条件下,随着温度的升高,H2和CO的产率持续增加（H2的产率增加了约0.45 L/g, CO的产率增加了约0.14 L/g）,而CH4的产率先上升后下降（在900 ℃时产率最高为0.12 L/g）,CO2产率在低温段有些许上升之后几乎没有明显变化（只增加了约0.03 L/g）;快速热解条件下,H2和CO的相对体积分数随着温度的升高而持续增加（分别增加了约45%和5%）,CH4和CO2的体积分数则随温度的升高而下降（CH4下降约35%,较为剧烈,而CO2则下降了约10%~20%）;在慢速热解时,H2,CO2和CH4的产率会随着最终温度的增加,呈先上升后下降的趋势（最高点在约1 100 ℃）,CO产率则呈上升趋势;慢速热解阶段H2和CO2的相对体积分数随着温度的增加略有变化（CH4则下降了3%）, CO增加约5%。     

CO2气氛下生物质气化制氢的数值分析

生物质气化制氢有重要的工业应用价值,本文采用ASPEN PLUS软件数值模拟了稻壳在流化床中的气化过程。本次模拟运用吉布斯自由能最小化原理,选择RGibbs和RYield模块,采用CO2作为气化剂,计算获得了气化温度、CO2质量流量、CO2和稻壳质量比和碳转化率对产氢率的影响规律。结果表明：在CO2质量流量为200kg/h时,H2的生成率高达43%。随着CO2/B增加,CO和CO2体积分数逐渐升高,CH4体积分数下降,H2体积分数在不同的气化温度下趋于平稳（600~700℃）或下降（800~1000℃）。随着气化温度升高,碳转化率增加;随着CO2和稻壳质量比的升高,碳转化率下降。     

烟煤煤焦的CO2气化反应

采用TG-FTIR方法,在反应温度为950～1300℃时,研究了几种典型煤种及其在高温下慢速和快速热解煤焦的CO2气化反应特性.对4种原煤及其1200℃快、慢速热解条件下煤焦气化产物CH4和CO进行了实时检测和分析.同时对煤焦的孔隙结构和化学组成进行了分析.结果表明,各种热解煤焦的反应速率随气化温度的升高而增大,当达到最大值后随温度的升高而下降;4种煤焦的活化能随热解和气化温度的升高而增大;煤焦气化过程释放CH4和CO的特性与原煤的趋势相似,但原煤热解气化过程中释放CH4的质量浓度比不同热解速率制得煤焦的热解气化释放CH4的质量浓度高出2个数量级,快焦相比慢焦释放出更高质量浓度的CH4;各种煤焦的BET比表面积都较小(除神府慢焦外都小于2 ㎡/g);快焦的气化活性比慢焦的好.     

煤粉再燃过程中主要气体体积分数的变化规律

在一维炉上对煤粉再燃过程中烟气内主要气体体积分数随再燃区初始氧体积分数的变化规律进行了研究.再燃温度为1 273 K时,脱硝效率及H2、CO体积分数曲线随再燃区氧体积分数升高均呈不规则"M"型.脱硝效率与H2体积分数出现峰值时的氧体积分数一致,CO体积分数峰值处的氧体积分数高一些.脱硝效率及H2、CO体积分数的第一次下降是由气相着火引起的.氧体积分数进一步上升时,煤焦被气相燃烧热引燃,颗粒温度的大幅跃升促使异相脱硝反应增强,脱硝效率及H2、CO、CH4体积分数再次上升.氧体积分数更高时煤焦燃烧开始受扩散控制,火焰自焦表面外移,颗粒升温趋缓,能够到达焦表面的氧气减少,必须有氧参与的异相还原反应减弱,脱硝效率再次下降.再燃温度更高时,脱硝效率及H2、CO体积分数的变化趋势与1 273 K时基本类似,但稍平缓.     

高温低氧气氛下煤粉燃烧特性

利用自制恒温热重实验系统,研究了模拟炉膛烟气环境(即高温低氧气氛)下煤粉的燃烧特性.结果表明:煤粉突然置于高温环境中,失重曲线存在一个转折,随着煤化程度降低,这一现象更加明显;煤粉在1 500℃下燃烧剧烈,900℃下的燃尽时间约为1 500℃下的6倍,1 300℃以上时温度对燃烧反应初期的燃烧特性影响较小;1 300℃相对于800℃,氧气体积分数升高幅度相同时燃烧失重速率增大幅度减小;当水蒸气体积分数达到10%时,其对燃烧反应初期挥发分析出燃烧的促进作用较为明显;当气氛中CO2体积分数升高到15%后,继续升高CO2体积分数,燃烧失重速率减小.     

CaO在生物质定向气化条件下的高温CO_2吸收特性

生物质定向气化可以制备富氢燃气和一定化学当量比的合成气(用于合成醇、醚等),同时有效地减少温室气体排放,是一种可持续的清洁能源转化技术。文章基于生物质定向气化这一背景,结合实际工业生产,采用TG/DTA系统对生物质定向气化条件下CaO吸收CO2的特性进行了研究。实验结果表明:升温速率由10℃/min增加到50℃/min,CaO变温吸收CO2的反应都在800℃左右达到吸收与煅烧平衡,且CaO转化率随升温速率增大而减小;CaO转化率和质量变化速率随CO2浓度增加而增大,根据反应平衡时CO2浓度与温度的关系拟合出CO2平衡分压公式为RCO2,eq=1.16×108exp-21!399/T";CaO恒温吸收CO2的最终转化率随吸收温度的升高先增加后减小,生物质定向气化中CaO吸收CO2的最佳温度为700~750℃;循环吸收实验中CaO转化率随循环次数增加而减小。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.