Selenium Content of Venison, Squirrel, and Beef Purchased or Produced in Ohio, a Low Selenium Region of the United States

ABSTRACT: The selenium (Se) content (AOAC fluorometric method) of: 1) raw and cooked venison, squirrel, and beef from a low selenium region of the United States and 2) nonregion-raised beef was assessed and compared by region, species, and gender. For both raw and cooked meats, the Se content of venison was not different from region-raised beef (p > .05), and their contents were generally less than squirrel, which was less than nonregion-raised beef (p < .05). Gender and age did not influence Se content of the meats. Field-dressed weight did not affect Se content of deer, and antler size did not impact Se content of meat from male deer.     

Identification of Meat from Game and Domestic Species

Isoelectric focusing combined with specific enzyme staining for creatine kinase was used to characterize banding patterns in meat from pronghorn, mule deer, white-tailed deer, sheep, moose, pork, bison, elk, caribou, red deer, beef and goat. Processed and cooked pork was differentiated from all species and beef and elk were separated from pronghorn. It was not possible to differentiate beef from elk, or prong-horn from sheep. The inability to separate some game from some domestic species and the lability of the staining proteins after heating above 67°C limits the application of this technique.     

The Effects of Marination and Cooking Regimes on the Waterbinding Properties and Tenderness of Beef and Bison Top Round Roasts

ABSTRACT: The combined effect of marination and different cooking regimes on the cooking yield and palat-ability of bison and beef top round roasts was investigated. Semimembranosus (SM) muscles from beef and bison top rounds were injected with a marinade to achieve 20% extension by weight and 0.5% sodium chloride and 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate levels and then subdivided into 4 roasts and cooked by following 4 cooking regimes: cooking at a constant temperature of 75°C (control; C); similar to the control treatment except that roasts were held at an internal temperature of 55°C for 45 min (Hold45) or 90 min (Hold90) prior to final cooking at 75°C; initial cooking at 55°C with a 5°C increase in oven temperature every hour (Step-up) until the 71°C internal temperature was achieved. Cooking yield, expressible moisture, purge, and shear force of processed roasts were determined. Marination by injection improved the yield and tenderness of beef and bison SM roasts. The cooking yield for injected samples (78%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared with noninjected controls (68%). Injected SM roasts from bison had lower cooking losses than those from beef, whereas control samples from these 2 species did not differ in their cooking yields. Injected beef SM was more tender than bison SM; however, marination significantly reduced the shear force values of SM roasts for both species (i.e., shear force values of 82 N in control samples was reduced to 63 N in injected ones). The cooking regimes, Hold45, Hold90, and Step-up (which allowed a longer time at 55 to 60°C), gave products with lower ( P < 0.05) shear force values than those of the controls. Based on the cooking yield and time involved, the Hold 45 treatment performed the best.     

Evaluation of TBA Methods for Determination of Lipid Oxidation in Red Meat from Four Species

Four methods of TBA analysis were used to study lipid oxidation in cooked longissimus and biceps femoris muscle from 10 antelope, deer, elk and beef animals. Pigment characteristics and total lipid were also evaluated to determine their effect on lipid oxidation. Differences (P < 0.05) existed among species for all TBA methods studied. Differences in pigmentation, percent lipid and phospholipids existed (P < 0.05) among methods of TBA analysis and among species. No one factor was consistently correlated with degree of lipid oxidation for any of the methods or species studied. Beef tended to be higher in percent fat and lower in total pigment and percent hemoglobin than tissue from the other species. Beef also tended to produce TBA numbers which were higher than those from antelope, deer or elk.     

Selenium content in selected products of animal origin and estimation of the degree of cover daily Se requirement in Poland

The aim of the study was to determine Se concentration in selected products of animal origin (dairy products, pork, beef, chicken, giblets, fish, eggs) and to estimate the degree to which these products cover daily Se requirement in humans. Selenium concentrations were determined using the spectrofluorometric method. Mean Se concentration in the milk, yoghurt, kefir, and probiotic drinks was 0.020 μg mL⁻¹, 0.010 μg mL⁻¹, 0.012 μg mL⁻¹ and 0.012 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Selenium concentration in cheese ranged 0.022–0.088 μg g⁻¹ wet weight. The average selenium content of meat ranged from 0.064 (beef) to 0.094 (chicken) μg g⁻¹ w.w. The mean Se content of giblets (liver: 0.307–0.401 μg g⁻¹ w.w.) was significantly ( P  < 0.05) higher than in meat. The concentration of Se depends on fish species and in our study it ranged from 0.136 ± 0.023 (flounder) to 0.282 ± 0.024 μg g⁻¹ w.w. (mackerel). The results obtained show that the analysed food provides 22.8% of the daily selenium requirement. Considering that animal products account for 40–45% of the diet daily selenium intake averages 33–37 μg.     

Lipid stability and meat colour of beef from pasture- and grain-fed cattle with or without vitamin E supplement

Meat from pasture-fed cattle can have high contents of α-tocopherol and other anti-oxidants originating from naturally occurring compounds present in grasses. However, meat from pasture-fed cattle may have an increased demand for endogenous anti-oxidants because of its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which in turn, may affect its colour and lipid stability. In the work described, we evaluated the effects of pasture-feeding alone and with vitamin E supplementation and compared the findings with those obtained for grain-fed cattle (predominantly sorghum) with and without supplementation. Within each nutritional background, vitamin E supplementation did not alter meat colour or colour stability of fresh or 47-day aged muscle during 7-day aerobic storage. However, both control and supplemented grain-fed product had better meat colour (more redness) compared with meat from grass-fed cattle. These differences in redness between pasture- and grain-fed fresh beef were not apparent after ageing. The treatments did not affect the lipid stability of fresh meat during aerobic storage; however, supplementation reduced (P<0.01) lipid oxidation in grain-fed aged beef compared with pasture-fed aged beef, despite both having similar α-tocopherol contents. Pasture-fed beef had more linolenic acid, less linoleic acid and, overall, was more polyunsaturated than grain-fed beef (P<0.05). In summary, vitamin E supplementation of pasture-fed cattle did not alter muscle tocopherol contents but pasture-fed beef (both control and supplemented) was more susceptible to lipid oxidation following ageing than vitamin E supplemented grain-fed beef.     

LIPID COMPOSITION OF BOB AND SPECIAL-FED VEAL

Four muscles were studied to determine the lipid composition of Bob (BV) and Special-fed (SFV) veal. No differences existed for proximate analysis values of muscles from carcasses of different weight classes (P> 0.05). Muscles from SFV were higher in fat (P < 0.05) and generally displayed more protein and less moisture than the BV. BV contained more cholesterol than SFV (P< 0.001); however, there was no difference among the 4 muscles for cholesterol content (P > 0.05). SFV contained more 14:0 and 18:2, and less 16:1, 18:0 and 18:1 fatty acids than BV (P< 0.05). Fatty acid composition on a g per 100 g tissue weight basis was higher in 14:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:2 and 20:4 (P< 0.05) for SFV. The longissimus contained more 14:0, 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 than the other muscles studied (P< 0.05). The results indicate that veal is an appropriate low-fat muscle food which meets modern dietary guidelines concerning fat consumption.     

Characterization of beef semimembranosus and adductor muscles from US and Mexican origin

The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of two beef muscles (semimembranosus, SM and adductor, AD) from the inside round of Mexican and US origins. Inside rounds were obtained from 20 Mexican bull carcasses, representing beef of Mexican origin. Forty-vacuum packaged USDA Choice and Select inside rounds were purchased from a local trader, representing US beef. Muscles were analyzed for chemical composition, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), cooking loss percentage, instrumental color, textural profile, and consumer acceptability. Muscles imported from the US contained more intramuscular fat, had higher cooking loss percentages, lower shear force values, and higher consumer ratings for overall desirability than Mexican counterparts (P<0.05). Choice and Select beef samples had similar WBSF values (P>0.05). Consumers found differences in juiciness and tenderness ratings between the two muscles, with the SM being tougher and less juicy than the AD (P<0.05).     

Cholesterol Content of Raw and Cooked Beef Longissimus Muscles with Different Degrees of Marbling

The relationships of marbling level (eight levels from “Moderately Abundant” to “Practically Devoid”) and cooking to cholesterol content of beef longissimus muscle steaks were studied. Only raw steaks with “Practically Devoid” marbling contained significantly less cholesterol (wet basis) than did raw steaks with any of the other seven marbling scores. However, steaks cooked to an internal temperature of 60° or 75°C showed no significant differences in cholesterol content among any of the eight marbling groups. The cholesterol content of cooked steaks was 22–48% higher than that of raw steaks when cooked to 60°C and 38–65% higher when cooked to 75°C; cooking reduced the weight of each steak, thereby increasing the cholesterol content of the steak expressed as a percentage of the cooked weight.     

内蒙古牛肉和绵羊肉硒含量测定及评价

为研究内蒙古牛肉和绵羊肉硒水平,从内蒙古东部到西部12 个旗县采集放牧、半舍饲和舍饲牛肉124 份以及放牧绵羊肉49 份,利用原子荧光光谱法测定硒含量并进行描述性统计和比较。结果表明：内蒙古牛肉和绵羊肉硒含量地域特征显著,自东向西呈显著上升趋势,中东部差异不明显。乌审旗牛肉硒含量为（12.04±0.84） μg/100g,约为新巴尔虎左旗（（3.01±1.34） μg/100g）的4倍,杭锦后旗绵羊肉硒含量为（4.23±0.82） μg/100g,约为鄂温克旗（（1.41±0.57） μg/100g）的3倍;放牧绵羊肉硒含量数据较集中,地域特征更明显;牛肉硒含量数据较离散,提示饲养方式对硒水平有显著影响;牛肉硒含量（（6.23±2.63） μg/100g）约为绵羊肉（（2.24±1.14） μg/100g）的2.8倍;整体舍饲（（8.71±2.90） μg/100g）、半舍饲（（6.41±2.17） μg/100g）牛肉硒含量高于放牧牛肉（（5.10±1.80） μg/100g）,同地区比较结果一致,舍饲牛肉硒含量通常高于半舍饲和放牧牛肉。牛肉和绵羊肉硒含量地域性差异与地壳硒丰度和饲养因素均有关。     

Effects of selenium source and level of supplementation on the performance and meat quality of lambs

Objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, the quality and oxidative stability of meat, the total Se and specific selenoamino-acids content of muscle of lambs that were fed diets supplemented from different Se sources and at different levels. Forty-eight Apennine lambs 30 day old (12.78 ± 0.94 kg) received, during a 63 day period, a total mixed ration (TMR) which was either Se unsupplemented (Control group - background only- 0.13 mg/kg Se) or supplemented with Na selenite (0.30 mg/kg Se as sodium selenite) or selenium enriched yeast (0.30 mg/kg and 0.45 mg/kg Se as Se-yeast).Growth performance, feed to gain ratio, carcass and meat quality (pH, drip and cooking losses, colour, GSH-Px activity and chemical analysis) did not show any difference between the treatments. Meat colour and oxidative stability during 9 days of refrigerated storage were unaffected by dietary supplementation, suggesting that, at the levels of Se used in this experiment, dietary Se, even from an organic source, had limited potential for reducing lipid oxidation. Selenium supplementation raised the Se content in muscle (P < 0.001) with the greatest increase when Se-yeast was fed. Although selenite increased total Se, it did not influence total or specific selenoamino-acids in this tissue. On the contrary, Se-yeast supplementation led to an increase in muscle Se-methionine content. We conclude that Se supplementation can increase significantly muscle Se levels and produce, particularly when Se-yeast is fed, a source of Se enriched meat as Se-methionine.     

Palatability of bison semimembranosus and effects of marination

The present study was conducted to investigate the palatability of bison semimembranosus muscle (SM) and the effects of injection with sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate on cooking yield, colour, shear force and consumer acceptability. Twenty paired SM were obtained from 10 intact male bison (aged 24-30 months); each of these muscles was divided longitudinally into two sections. One section was injected to 110% of its original weight to contain 0.5% sodium chloride and 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate, while the other was kept as a non-injected control. HunterLab a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values did not differ (P>0.05) between injection treatments; however, injected steaks had lower L* values (darker) compared to controls. Control samples from bison SM were very lean and high in protein but not very tender. Marination by injection was able to significantly reduce shear force values of SM; that is, injected steaks/roasts had significantly (P<0.001) lower shear force values (63.9 N) compared to control samples (102.3 N). Cooking yields for the steaks/roasts from the injected sections were significantly (P<0.001) higher compared to those from control non-injected sections when cooked to either 71 or 77?°C. Bison samples cooked by moist-heat had significantly (P<0.001) lower cooking losses and shear force values compared to those cooked by dry-heat. As expected, steaks/roasts were more tender and had higher cooking yields when cooked to a medium level of doneness (71?°C) compared to an internal temperature of 77?°C (well done). A panel of 80 consumers preferred injected steaks cooked to 77?°C endpoint over other combinations, followed by non-injected steaks cooked to 71?°C, whereas injected steaks cooked to 71?°C and non-injected steaks cooked to 77?°C were equally but least preferred. Hence, injection seems to be protecting against moisture loss at high end-point cooking temperatures.     

Efficacy of lactic acid salts and sodium acetate on ground beef colour stability and metmyoglobin-reducing activity

This study examined two concentrations (0.6 and 1.0mol) of three lactic acid salts (calcium lactate, CaL; potassium lactate, KL; and sodium lactate, NaL), with and without 0.01mol sodium acetate (n=3 replications), for effects on ground beef colour stability and metmyoglobin-reducing activity (MRA). Ground beef with CaL was least colour stable (P<0.05). Increasing CaL and NaL concentration decreased (P<0.05) colour stability. Ground beef with acetate only was most colour stable (P<0.05), but it did not result in more MRA (P>0.05) than control ground beef. Including both lactate and acetate was not as effective (P>0.05) in increasing colour stability as acetate alone. In general, both KL levels were equal (P>0.05) to the lower NaL concentration, and all three were superior in colour stability (P<0.05) to CaL and the higher NaL concentration. More MRA was generated by including lactates (P<0.05); KL and NaL had more MRA than CaL (P<0.05). However, these increases in MRA did not result in improved colour stability. Overall, adding KL to ground beef would not increase ground beef colour stability over adding nothing, but CaL and high levels of NaL would decrease colour stability. Using 0.01mol sodium acetate maximized ground beef colour stability.     

LIPID CHARACTERISTICS OF EMU MEAT AND TISSUES

Twenty four (24) samples of emu meat (drumstick) and fat (abdominal fat (AF) and back fat (BF)), liver and heart tissue were collected from three (3) farms, and twelve (12) samples of chicken (drumstick) and beef (steak) were collected from supermarkets. The AF and BF of emu contained over 99% triacylglycerols. Monounsaturatedfatty acids (MUFA) constituted to 56% in AF and BF, saturated fatty acids (SAFA) at 31% and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constituted to 13%. Oleic acid (C18:1n-9) was the predominant MUFA at 48%. The emu leg meat total lipids were up to 3%. Phospholipid constituted the major lipid class in emu and chicken meat at 64%, higher (P<0.05) than beef meat (47%). The emu drumstick contained higher (P<0.05) linoleic (C18:2n-6), arachidonic (C20:4 n-6), linolenic (C18:3 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids than chicken drumstick and beef steak. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in emu meat was 0.72, higher (P<0.0001) than chicken meat, 0.57 and beef meat, 0.3. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids did not differ (P>0.05) among the three sources of meat.     

Selected Macro and Micro Minerals in Ground Beef and Longlssimus Muscle

Up to date values for nutrient composition of foods are required so nutritionally optimum diets can be determined. Selected minerals in longissimus muscle and ground beef from 20 beef carcasses were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Ground beef contained greater (P<0.003) amounts of Na, Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn than longissimus muscle. Longissimus muscle contained more (P<0.0073) K and P. The amount of Cu was the same (P<0.699). There were no detectable amounts of Mn observed Mean percentages on an “as is basis” for moisture (71.7 vs 65), protein (23.2 vs 18.8) fat (4.5 vs 16) and ash (0.6 vs 1.0) for longissimus muscle and ground beef, respectively, were different.     

Breed effect on quality veal production in mountain areas: emphasis on meat fatty acid composition

This study was designed to compare the quality of veal produced from 'Tudanca×Charolais' cross (n=6) and Limousin (n=6) breeds when allowed to feed freely on mountain pastures and suckle naturally from birth to 7months of age. After 80days of age calves also had access to concentrate (maximum of 3kg/day), while mothers did not. At slaughter, Limousin calves were heavier (P<0.01) and provided better carcass yield (P<0.05) and conformation (P<0.001) than Tudanca calves. Tudanca beef provided higher fat content (P<0.05) was less tough (P<0.05), and was scored as more tender and juicy (P<0.1) with higher acceptability than Limousin beef (P<0.1). In general, Tudanca had a better fatty acid profile than Limousin beef, especially in terms of the content of polyunsaturated (P<0.05), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (P<0.05) and their n-6/n-3 ratios (P<0.1), as well as vaccenic acid (P<0.1) and the overall trans-18:1 isomer profile.     

Quality characteristics and composition of the longissimus muscle in the short-loin from male and female farmed red deer in New Zealand

Meat quality and composition characteristics are reported for the longissimus muscle from 10 red deer stags and 10 hinds aged about 20 months. All animals were pasture-finished but the stags and hinds came from different farms. The average carcass weight was 3.4 kg greater for the stag group (55.8 vs 52.4 kg; P = 0.04), but measures of GR as a measure of fatness were similar and intramuscular fat content was significantly greater for the hind group (1.12% vs 0.63%; P < 0.0001), as expected. The tenderness of cooked venison in terms of shear force and compression measures was significantly better for venison from the hind group, possibly due to the greater amount of intramuscular fat and slightly longer sarcomeres. The gender groups did not differ in absolute measures of colour or in the rate at which it deteriorated on display. However, the rate of colour deterioration was more rapid than other meats such as beef, as has been demonstrated elsewhere. The average ultimate pH and water-holding capacity were similar for the two groups. Venison from hinds contained more coenzyme Q₁₀, taurine, anserine, carnosine, and vitamin E. Group differences in fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat appeared to be mainly due to levels of fatness, which was greater for the hind group.     

Effect of vitamin C addition to ground beef from grass-fed or grain-fed sources on color and lipid stability, and prediction of fatty acid composition by near-infrared reflectance analysis

Research was conducted to determine the effect of postmortem vitamin C addition (VITC) versus no VITC (CONTROL) to ground beef from grass-fed (GRASS) or grain-fed (GRAIN) sources on color and lipid stability during 8 days of illuminated display at 4 °C. The use of near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy to predict the fatty acid composition of ground beef and its potential to discriminate samples from different nutritional backgrounds were also evaluated. Total lipid content of ground beef was 53% lower (P<0.05) for GRASS than GRAIN. Ground beef from GRASS had greater (P<0.01) percentages of saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, and lower (P<0.01) percentages of monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids than GRAIN. For GRAIN, VITC reduced (P<0.01) lipid oxidation, and resulted in darker (P<0.01) and redder (P<0.01) color of the ground beef from 2 to 8 days of display compared to CONTROL. For GRASS, lipid oxidation did not differ (P>0.05) for VITC and CONTROL. VITC improved (P<0.01) color stability by prolonging more red color in GRASS during 8 days of display. Results from partial least squares modeling showed accurate predictions using NIR for total saturated [standard error of performance (SEP=1.16%), coefficient of determination on the validation set (r(2)=0.87)] and unsaturated (SEP=1.18% and r(2)=0.90) fatty acid contents of ground beef, as well as the composition of stearic, oleic, and linolenic (SEP=1.2%, 1.27%, and 0.07%; r(2)=0.91, 0.92, and 0.93, respectively). However, the composition of other individual fatty acids was poorly predicted. VITC was effective in retarding pigment oxidation in ground beef from both GRAIN and GRASS; however, VITC reduced lipid oxidation in GRAIN samples only, despite higher PUFA percentages in GRASS. NIR can be used to predict accurately the content of total saturated and unsaturated, and stearic, oleic, and linolenic fatty acids in ground beef. NIR showed potential to discriminate meat samples originating from different feeding production systems.     

Influence of Injection, Packaging, and Storage Conditions on the Quality of Beef and Bison Steaks

The combined effects of injection, packaging (modified atmosphere packaging [MAP] with 70% O₂/ 30% CO₂ and vacuum packaging [VP]), storage temperature (‐1 °C and +4 °C), and storage time on the color, microbial and oxidative stability of beef and bison longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks were investigated. Beef LL steaks in MAP retained their bright red color longer than bison steaks. Bison steaks developed higher 2‐Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during storage, and this might have influenced the resulting rapid loss of redness from the bloomed meat. Storage at ‐1 °C in MAP provided greater color stability and a longer storage life for both meat species studied. Injection of salt/phosphate had a beneficial effect on the color stability of steaks during retail display; however, this positive effect was more pronounced for bison steaks compared with those of beef. Steaks stored overnight under MAP before retail display maintained the highest a* values for up to 5 d compared with those stored under vacuum. MAP‐OV steaks generally maintained the highest OMB content for up to 5 d during retail display compared with those stored under vacuum. Nevertheless, OMB levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in bison steaks compared with those of beef irrespective of packaging treatments. Injected steaks and those stored at ‐1 °C had significantly (P < 0.05) higher OMB levels compared with non‐injected counterparts and those stored at +4 °C, respectively. MAP is an excellent option for short‐term storage due to its positive effects on meat color, but for longer storage, VP may be necessary. Storing meat under vacuum and then placing it under MAP just before retail display might be another option to increase shelf life.     

The physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of pork jerky in comparison to beef jerky

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of beef and pork jerky, prepared from whole muscle of beef semimembranosus (BSM), pork semimembranosus (PSM), pork longissimus dorsi (PLD), and pork psoas major (PPM). The BSM and PSM jerky had higher moisture content, and PPM jerky had lower water activity than other jerky samples during 30 days of storage at 25 °C (P < 0.05). Pork jerky samples had higher lightness value than beef jerky, while PSM jerky had higher pH value than other jerky samples (P < 0.05). The shear force and TBARS values of PPM jerky were higher than those of other jerky samples (P < 0.05). Saturated fatty acid (SFA, %) was significantly higher in the BSM jerky than others, while unsaturated fatty acid (UFA, %) was significantly higher in the PSM and PLD than BSM and PPM jerky samples (P < 0.05). The PPM jerky showed a significant increase in UFA (%) during storage, and a significantly decrease in microbial count after storage of 30 days (P < 0.05).