Sr元素添加对铝硅合金电化学腐蚀行为的影响

利用电化学测试、扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法,对不同 Sr 元素添加量合金在1 M HCl 溶液中电化学腐蚀表面形貌的变化以及开路电位和动电位极化曲线进行了研究。结果表明,由于 Cl-的侵蚀作用,铝硅合金在1 M HCl中发生点蚀破坏,随着腐蚀时间的延长,未添加 Sr 元素合金的点蚀扩展并形成腐蚀缝隙,而经0.04%Sr变质的合金则保持点蚀的纵向加深与扩展。微量 Sr 元素的加入,一方面,促使铝硅合金中片状初生硅转变为纤维状共晶硅,使开路电位负移;另一方面,促进铝氧化,形成钝化膜,减缓Cl-侵蚀作用,增强合金耐点蚀性。在0.1 M HCl溶液中,Sr元素的添加量为0.1%时,ZL102合金的耐腐蚀性最佳。     

Microstructural investigation of Sr-modified Al-15 wt%Si alloys in the range from micrometer to atomic scale

Strontium-modified Al-15 wt%Si casting alloys were investigated after 5 and 60 min of melt holding. The eutectic microstructures were studied using complementary methods at different length scales: focused ion beam-energy selective backscattered tomography, transmission electron microscopy and 3D atom probe. Whereas the samples after 5 min of melt holding show that the structure of eutectic Si changes into a fine fibrous morphology, the increase of prolonged melt holding (60 min) leads to the loss of Sr within the alloy with an evolution of an unmodified eutectic microstructure displaying coarse interconnected Si plates. Strontium was found at the Al/Si eutectic interfaces on the side of the eutectic Al region, measured by 3D atom probe. The new results obtained using 3D atom probe shed light on the location of Sr within the Al-Si eutectic microstructure.     

Effect of grain refinement and modification on the dry sliding wear behaviour of eutectic Al-Si alloys

The present study deals with an investigation of dry sliding wear behaviour of grain refined and or modified eutectic (Al-12Si) Al-Si alloy by using a Pin-On-Disc machine. The indigenously developed Al-1Ti-3B and Al-10Sr master alloys were used as grain refiner and modifier for the grain refinement of α-Al dendrites and modification of eutectic Si, respectively. Various parameters have been studied such as alloy composition, sliding speed, sliding distance and normal pressure. The cast alloys, master alloys and worn surfaces were characterized by SEM/EDX microanalysis. Results suggest that, the wear resistance of eutectic Al-Si alloys increases with the addition of grain refiner (Al-1Ti-3B) and or modifier (Al-10Sr). Further, the worn surface studies show that adhesive wear was observed in Al-12Si alloy in the absence of grain refiner and modifier. However, an abrasive and oxidative wear was observed when the grain refiner and modifier are added to the same alloy. Commercially available LM-6 (12.5%Si) alloy was used for comparison.     

铝硅合金加锑变质机理的探讨

目前对锑在铝硅合金中的变质作用存在着不同的看法。本工作考察了加锑对铝硅合金的结晶过程,共晶硅相形貌的影响,并考察了锑在铝硅合金中的行径,而且与加钠的合金进行了对比。结果指出,加锑使共晶的形态有所改变,并在硅相中发现了Alsb化合物的存在,认为加Sb的作用是在熔体中析出弥散的AlSb晶体做为Si的异晶核。     

Microstructure and tribological behavior of Ti–Si eutectic alloys with Al addition

The effect of Al element alloying on the microstructure and tribological behavior of Ti–Si eutectic alloys has been studied. The experimental results show that Al element changes the microstructure from large eutectic cells that consist of layered tablet phases Ti₅Si₃ and α-Ti (for the Al-free alloy) to near-equiaxed or rod-like Ti₅Si₃ particle reinforced continuous α-Ti (Al, Si) solid solutions. This microstructural change greatly improves the ductility and reduces brittle fracture of massive superficial materials during wear process. Microplough and local delamination are the main wear mechanisms of Al-added Ti–Si alloys. Therefore, the wear resistance and friction stability are simultaneously improved.     

Effects of Iron,Manganese, and Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of LM13 Aluminum Alloy

The presence of Fe in eutectic Al-Si alloy can give rise to formation of a β-Al₅FeSi needle-like phase because of low solubility of Fe in this alloy. The brittle nature of this phase leads to decreased mechanical properties of piston alloys, one of which is wear resistance. In this research, to modify β-Fe morphology, Sr and Mn elements were added to the samples prepared from LM13 containing different amounts of Fe. The effect of cooling rate on wear properties of this alloy was also investigated. Results show that the addition of Mn/Fe at aratio of 1/2 can modify the needle-like intermetallics present in the samples containing up to 1.2 wt% Fe. In addition, increasing the cooling rate from 3 to 15°C s^?1 refined the eutectic structure and the intermetallics. Hence, it can be considered as another important factor to improve the wear properties of LM13 alloy. To study the wear behavior of this alloy, worn surface and subsurface areas were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analyzer.     

锑对大壁厚铁素体球墨铸铁件组织和力学性能的影响

采用砂型工艺制备了铁素体球墨铸铁件,对比了不同硅含量下锑对球墨铸铁件心部碎块状石墨的抑制作用,分析了相同硅含量下壁厚对其心部共晶凝固时间、抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率及-40℃冲击性能的影响。结果表明:添加微量锑对碎块状石墨有明显地抑制作用,当硅质量分数在1.8%～2.0%和2.0%～2.2%时,分别添加0.005%和0.008%的锑,基本能完全抑制碎块状石墨的产生,可明显提高其力学性能,特别是塑性;在相同锑含量下,随着铸铁件壁厚的增加,其共晶凝固时间延长,各项力学性能均呈下降趋势。     

Influence of Ti,B and Sr on tribological properties of A356 alloy

Abstract

The wear behaviour of an A356 alloy has been investigated in this paper. To understand the wear behaviour of the materials, the experiments were carried out using a pin on disc testing machine at various combinations of normal pressure, sliding speed and sliding distances. Tribological results reveal that weight loss of A356 alloy increases with increasing normal pressure and decreases with increasing sliding speed. Also, the results at microlevel revealed a structural change from coarse columnar dendrites to fine equiaxed ones on the addition of grain refiner (Al and B) and furthermore, plate-like eutectic silicon to fine particles on addition of modifier (Sr). It is further noted in the present study that addition of modifier does not disturb the influence of grain refiner and vice versa. Abrasive wear mechanism was interrupted by the formation of microwelds and later by oxidation of the Al matrix.     

Effect of different calcium contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg‐5Al‐1Bi‐0.3Mn magnesium alloy

The effect of different Ca contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg‐5Al‐1Bi‐0.3Mn (AMB501) magnesium alloys was investigated by conventional melting and casting technique using different Ca contents (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 wt %). Increasing the Ca content resulted in higher hardness and yield strength, but decreased elongation. The improved tensile properties of the AM50‐1Bi‐xCa alloys were due to the changes in AMB501 alloy microstructure when the Ca content increased, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrum, and X‐ray diffractometer. The alloy microstructure indicated that the amount of β‐Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase on grain boundaries decreased and the morphology of β‐Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase on grain boundaries changed from quasicontinuous‐net shape to dispersed particles. The Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase disappeared and a new secondary phase Al₂Ca appeared after a 3.0 wt % Ca addition. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:65–69, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Wear and abrasion of cast Al-Alumina particle composites

Wear rates for cast aluminium and Al-Si alloys containing up to 5 wt.% γ-Al₂O₃ particles (100 μm size) were determined under conditions of adhesive wear and abrasive wear against a hardened steel disc and an alumina abrasive cloth sheet respectively. The adhesive wear rate of aluminium containing 5 wt.% A1₂O₃ dispersions is similar to that of Al-11.8Si eutectic alloy and slightly higher than that of A1-16Si hypereutectic alloy. Al-3wt. %Al₂O₃ and Al-5wt.%Al₂O₃ composites perform better than Al-11.8Si and Al-16Si hypereutectic alloys under abrasive wear conditions. Al-11.8Si and Al-16Si alloys have a lower abrasive wear resistance than pure aluminium. The results indicate that Al₂O₃ particles can be used as a substitute for silicon as the hard dispersed phase in aluminium for wear-resistant and abrasion-resistant applications.     

Modification of Mo-Si alloy microstructure by small additions of Zr

Molybdenum and its alloys are potential materials for high-temperature applications. However, molybdenum is susceptible to embrittlement because of oxygen segregation at the grain boundaries. In order to alleviate the embrittlement small amounts of zirconium were alloyed to a solid solution of Mo-1.5Si alloy. Two Mo-based alloys, namely Mo-1.5Si and Mo-1.5Si-1Zr, were investigated by the complementary high-resolution methods transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The Mo-1.5Si alloy shows a polycrystalline structure with two silicon-rich intermetallic phases Mo₅Si₃ and Mo₃Si located at the grain boundaries and within the grains. In addition, small clusters with up to 10 at% Si were found within the molybdenum solid solution. Addition of a small amount of zirconium to Mo-1.5Si leads to the formation of two intermetallic phases Mo₂Zr and MoZr₂, which are located at the grain boundaries as well as within the interior of the grain. Transmission electron microscopy shows that small spherical Mo-Zr-rich precipitates (<10 nm) decorate the grain boundaries. The stoichiometry of the small precipitates was identified as Mo₂Zr by atom probe tomography. No Si-enriched small precipitates were detected in the Mo-1.5Si-1Zr alloy. It is concluded that the presence of zirconium hinders their formation.     

A novel method of centrifugal processing for the synthesis of lead–bismuth eutectic alloy nanospheres and nanowires

In the present study, lead–bismuth (Pb–Bi) eutectic alloy nanospheres and nanowires were fabricated using a process based on centrifugal force. When various centrifugal forces were applied, nanospheres and nanowires were formed on/inside the highly ordered anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. The X-ray diffraction spectrum showed that nanoscale wires were composed of Pb₇Bi₃ and Bi phases. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images proved the formation of nanospheres and nanowires on/inside the alumna channel templates. During centrifugation, the repulsive force between the nanochannel and the alloy melt was calculated from the surface tension on the ultra-fine tube. The force applied to the melt of Pb–Bi inside the AAO was controlled by the centrifugal force.     

Effects of electromagnetic stirring and rare earth compounds on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hypereutectic Al–Si alloys

In this paper, the effects of rare earth addition and electromagnetic stirring on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of hypereutectic Al–Si alloys have been reported. Hypereutectic Al–Si alloy was prepared using liquid metallurgy route and modified with the addition of cerium oxide. To control the structure, slurry of hypereutectic Al–Si alloy was subjected to electromagnetic stirring before pouring into the mould. It was observed that the addition of cerium oxide (0.2 wt.%) refined the primary silicon particles and modified the eutectic silicon particles. Further, the electromagnetic stirring of the hypereutectic Al–Si alloy reduced the average size of primary silicon particles, from 152?±?9 to 120?±?6 μm, and the length of β-intermetallic compounds decreased from 314?±?12 to 234?±?10 μm. Similarly, the application of electromagnetic stirring on cerium oxide-modified hypereutectic Al–Si alloy also reduced the average size of primary silicon particles from 98?±?5 to 76?±?4 μm and the average length of β-intermetallic compounds from 225?±?7 to 203?±?5 μm. Mechanical properties namely tensile strength, ductility and hardness of the alloys were improved with electromagnetic stirring and addition of cerium oxide appreciably.     

Microstructural and abrasive characteristics of high carbon Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloy

A series of high carbon Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys were produced by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Chromium and graphite alloy fillers were used to deposit hardfacing alloys on ASTM A36 steel substrates. Depending on the four different graphite additions in these alloy fillers, this research produced hypereutectic microstructures of Fe–Cr phase and (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides on hard-facing alloys. The microstructural results indicated that primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides and eutectic colonies of [Cr–Fe+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃] existed in hardfacing alloys. With increasing the C contents of the hardfacing alloys, the fraction of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides increased and their size decreased. The hardness of hardfacing alloys increased with fraction of primary (Cr.Fe)₇C₃ carbides. Regarding the abrasive characteristics, the wear resistance of hardfacing alloys were related to the fraction of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides. The wear mechanism was also dominated by the fraction of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides. Fewer primary carbides resulted in continuous scratches worn on the surface of hardfacing alloy. In addition, the formation of craters resulted from the fracture of carbides. However, the scratches became discontinuous with increasing fraction of the carbides. More primary carbides can effectively prevent the eutectic colonies from the damage of abrasive particles.     

Effects of AI Addition on the Thermoelectric Properties of Zn-Sb Based Alloys

The β-Zn4Sb3, emerged as a compelling p-type thermoelectric material, is widely used in heat-electricity conversion in the 400-650 K range. In order to probe the effects of slight doping on the crystal structure and physical properties, we prepared the samples of Al-added Zn-Sb based alloys by spark plasma sintering and evaluated their microstructures and thermoelectric properties. After a limited Al addition into the Zn-Sb based alloys we observed many phases in the alloys, which include a major phase β-Zn4Sb3,intermetallic phases ZnSb and AISb. The major β-Zn4Sb3 phase plays a fundamental role in controlling the thermoelectric performance, the precipitated phases ZnSb and AISb are of great importance to tailor the transport properties, such as the gradual enhancement of lattice thermal conductivity, in spite of an increased phonon scattering in additional grain boundaries. The highest thermoelectric figure of merit of 0.55 is obtained for the alloy with a limited AI addition at 653 K, which is 0.08 higher than that of un-doped β-Zn4Sb3 at the corresponding temperature. Physical property experiments indicate that there is a potentiality for the improvement of thermoelectric properties if a proper elemental doping is carried out into the Zn-Sb based alloys, which was confirmed by AI addition in the present work.     

Wear-resistance mechanism of an Al–12Si alloy reinforced with aluminosilicate short fibers

The wear behavior of an aluminosilicate (Al₂O₃·SiO₂) short-fiber-reinforced Al–12Si alloy composite and the parent Al–12Si alloy were investigated under dry conditions. The results show that the increased wear resistance of Al₂O₃·SiO₂/Al–12Si can be attributed to the formation of a hardened layer in the sub-surface region where realignment and redistribution of fragmented eutectic phase and fragmented aluminosilicate fibers occur during dry sliding.     

Effects of Silicon Content on the Mechanical Properties and Lubricated Wear Behaviour of Al–40Zn–3Cu–(0–5)Si Alloys

In this work, one ternary Al–40Zn–3Cu and seven quaternary Al–40Zn–3Cu–(0.25–5)Si alloys were synthesized by permanent mould casting. Their microstructure, mechanical and lubricated wear properties were investigated using appropriate test apparatus and techniques. As the silicon content increased the hardness of the alloys increased, but their elongation to fracture decreased. Tensile strength of the alloys decreased with increasing silicon content following a sharp decrease and a slight increase. Among the silicon-containing quaternary alloys the highest and the lowest tensile strength values (348 and 305 MPa) were obtained with the Al–40Zn–3Cu–2Si and Al–40Zn–3Cu–5Si alloys, respectively, while the base alloy (Al–40Zn–3Cu) exhibited a tensile strength of 390 MPa. However, the volume loss due to wear of the alloys increased with increasing silicon content after showing an initial increase and a sharp decrease. The lowest wear loss was obtained with the alloy containing approximately 2% Si which has the highest tensile strength among the quaternary alloys containing more than 0.25% Si. Wear surfaces of the alloys were characterized mainly by smearing indicating that adhesion is the dominant wear mechanism for the experimental alloys.     

Effect of microstructure and mechanical properties on the seizure resistance of cast aluminium alloys

Seizure resistance of several cast aluminium base alloys has been examined using a standard Hohman Wear Tester. Disks of aluminium base alloys were run against a standard aluminium 12% silicon base alloy. The seizure resistance of the alloys (as measured by the lowest bearing parameter reached before seizure) increased with hardness, yield and tensile strength. In Al-Si-Ni alloys where silicon and nickel have little solid solubility in α-aluminium and Si and Ni Al₃ hard phases are formed, the minimum bearing parameter decreased with the parameter V (The product of vol. % of hard phases in the disk and the shoe). Apparently the silicon and NiAl₃ particles provided discontinuities in the matrix and reduced the probability (1 ? V) of the α-aluminium phase in the disk coming into contact with the α-aluminium phase in the shoe. The copper and magnesium containing Al-Si-Ni alloys with lesser volumes of hard phases exhibit considerably better seizure resistance indicating that a slight increase in the solute content or the hardness of the primary α-phase leads to a considerable increase in seizure resistance. Deformation during wear and seizure leads to fragmentation of the original hard particles into considerably smaller particles uniformly dispersed in the deformed α-aluminium matrix.     

Evolution of rapidly solidified NiAlCu(B) alloy microstructure

This study concerned phase transformations observed after rapid solidification and annealing at 500, 700 and 800 °C in 56.3 Ni‐39.9 Al‐3.8 Cu‐0.06 B (E1) and 59.8 Ni‐36.0 Al‐4.3 Cu‐0.06 B (E2) alloys (composition in at.%). Injection casting led to a homogeneous structure of very small, one‐phase grains (2–4 µm in size). In both alloys, the phase observed at room temperature was martensite of L1₀ structure. The process of the formation of the Ni₅Al₃ phase by atomic reordering proceeded at 285–394 °C in the case of E1 alloy and 450–550 °C in the case of E2 alloy. Further decomposition into NiAl (β) and Ni₃Al (γ′) phases, the microstructure and crystallography of the phases depended on the path of transformations, proceeding in the investigated case through the transformation of martensite crystallographic variants. This preserved precise crystallographic orientation between the subsequent phases, very stable plate‐like morphology and very small β + γ′ grains after annealing at 800 °C.     

铝硅基精铸材料薄壁壳体成型多尺度分析

针对铝合金薄壁壳体铸造成型高质量要求,通过向ZL101A铝合金中增添Al-10Sr变质剂以及微量Ni元素,制备铝硅基精铸材料坯件,借助加热设备与SCC-44500电子万能试验机对铝硅基精铸材料进行高温压缩试验,得到不同应变率与不同温度下材料的应力-应变曲线,发现铝硅基精铸材料在各应变率及温度下的屈服强度相对ZL101A铝合金均提高。以铝硅基精铸材料进行液压泵薄壁壳体铸造工艺设计分析,基于ProCAST铸造模拟软件,采用低压铸造工艺方案对铝合金薄壁壳体低压铸造过程进行多尺度模拟,分析预测得到了温度场和流动场对铸件充型和凝固过程中缩孔缩松形成的影响,并对壳体铸件的显微组织特征进行了分析,观察得到内部二次枝晶臂间距和共晶层片间距分布状态,综合分析宏微观结果可知,适合的铸造工艺可以制备出完整高性能的铝硅基合金薄壁壳体铸件。