不同应力上限和加载速率下的黄砂岩疲劳特性研究

为研究黄砂岩单轴疲劳加载的特性,开展了不同应力上限和加载速率下的单轴疲劳荷载试验。试验结果表明：黄砂岩的疲劳试验曲线受到单轴压缩应力—应变曲线的控制,疲劳极限变形与峰后对应变形一致;砂岩疲劳过程的不可逆变形和耗散能密度均具有三阶段演化规律,依据倒“S”型损伤模型,验证了黄砂岩疲劳损伤三阶段演化规律;分析认为三阶段规律的本质是砂岩的塑性变形和内部孔隙微裂纹生成以及扩展速度的不同所呈现的结果。研究表明应力上限和加载速率对疲劳寿命有显著影响,根据所得应力—寿命公式,可以估计砂岩在一定条件下的疲劳寿命。     

Field and Laboratory Testing of St. Peter Sandstone

The purpose of this project was to evaluate mechanical properties of St. Peter sandstone by in situ testing, and to compare the field data with laboratory results. Direct shear tests were conducted to evaluate the strength-dilatancy behavior, and thin-section microscopy was used to help explain the significant friction angles associated with the material. St. Peter sandstone is nearly cohesionless, but it possesses a friction angle of 57–63° at low confinement. The large angle of internal friction at failure may be due to locking of sand particles or to postdepositional quartz overgrowths. Tests on pulverized densely packed sand and loosely packed sand were conducted in the same manner as the intact specimens and yielded friction angles of about 42 and 34°. Pressuremeter tests were performed in situ and the results were interpreted using an elasto-plastic analysis in terms of total stresses. By appropriate consideration of system stiffness, Young’s modulus was found to be about 0.5 GPa, slightly lower than the laboratory value, although unload-reload cycles were not attempted. Assuming associative behavior, the friction angle was estimated to be at least 56°.     

砂岩单轴循环加卸载试验及声发射特征研究

通过对砂岩进行循环加载试验,揭示了砂岩在循环加卸载过程中的强度变化及声发射特性。试验利用电液伺服岩石三轴试验机和SDAES数字声发射检测仪采集系统,对两组砂岩试样分别进行单轴抗压、单轴循环加卸载试验。试验结果表明岩样在经过循环加卸载后试样的单轴抗压强度略有增大,循环加卸载过程中在伴随着岩样内部原始天然裂隙的压密、新生裂纹的产生、扩展和贯通的同时,也伴随着声发射不断产生。声发射事件在砂岩再次加载应力到达上次加载最大应力前极少发生,达到上次加载最大应力以后则大量发生,说明砂岩岩样在循环加卸在作用下存在声发射的Kaiser效应,而无Felicity效应产生。     

冲击荷载下岩石裂纹扩展研究进展

为了给深部资源开采和大型地下空间工程中围岩体的变形机理及稳定性控制提供理论基础,通过查阅大量关于表征岩石裂纹扩展的裂纹扩展模型、应力强度因子和断裂韧性的国内外文献,总结了前人的研究成果。依据现有研究,提出了动荷载作用下岩石裂纹扩展的几点建议：（1）综合考虑弹性力学、断裂力学和损伤力学建立岩石材料从微观断裂到宏观破坏这一演变过程的理论模型,使理论模型更加适应岩石材料的非线性特征;（2）采用分形、自组织和混沌等非线性理论表征动荷载作用下岩石内部以及表面裂纹的扩展演化特征;（3）采用颗粒离散元和有限差分模拟岩石材料裂纹扩展演化特征。     

基于RHT模型双孔同时爆破均质岩体损伤的数值模拟

为探究双孔爆破时炮孔间距和额外自由面对爆破过程中爆破损伤的影响,基于RHT（Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma）损伤本构建立了多组三维数值模型,利用模型损伤云图研究不同爆破条件下的岩石爆破过程,通过自定义变量—有效损伤率的变化探究炮孔周围岩石损伤的时空演化过程。结果表明：随着炮孔间距的增加,岩石有效损伤率逐渐递减,相同截面处的有效损伤率在炮孔间距最小的方案中最大,相邻炮孔间的爆破能量叠加作用随炮孔间距的增大而减弱,合适的炮孔间距可以获得更加理想的爆破效果;岩石有效损伤率随着自由面到炮孔中心处距离的增大而逐渐减小,爆破能量倾向于向自由面方向传播,额外自由面对爆破能量分布的影响随自由面与炮孔间距的增大而减弱。数值模拟结果对研究双孔爆破能量的传递法则具有一定的借鉴意义。     

高应变率下红砂岩"冻伤效应"

对低温冻结红砂岩进行动态冲击实验,研究高应变率下红砂岩动态力学特性的温度效应,运用损伤理论和能量理论,分析不同负温对红砂岩强度、损伤变量及能量耗散的影响,结合断口形貌分析,探究红砂岩在较低负温下动态力学强度出现劣化的原因.研究表明:较低的负温(-30℃后)会使红砂岩出现"冻伤",导致高应变率下岩石动态力学强度的急剧降低,宏观上则容易出现动力扰动下的瞬时工程灾变.根据断口形貌分析,较低的负温会导致红砂岩内部组成物质间界面处生成大量裂纹,这些裂纹尖端塑性变形能力差,在高应变率加载下极易失稳扩展发生低应力脆性破坏,而胶结物由于组成矿物成分复杂更易受负温影响,因此在动荷载和负温双重作用下往往是胶结物处先产生破坏,进而引起红砂岩整体的破裂.      

Behavior of Braced and Anchored Walls in Soils Overlying Rock

This paper presents the results of analyses on the behavior of in situ walls, using the measured data collected from various deep excavation sites with multilayered ground conditions of soils overlying rock in Korea. A variety of in situ wall systems from >60 excavation sites were considered, covering a wide range of wall types, including H-pile, soil cement, cast-in-place pile, and diaphragm. The measured data were thoroughly analyzed to investigate the effects of wall and support types on lateral wall movements as well as apparent earth pressures. A series of 2D finite-element analyses were also performed to provide insights regarding the in situ wall behavior. Based on the results, lateral wall movements and apparent earth pressures are related to primary influencing factors affecting the wall behavior and information is presented in forms to provide tools that can be used for design and analysis.     

Direct Shear Test of Sandstone-Concrete Joints

Understanding the shear behavior of sandstone-concrete joints is important for the design and analysis of concrete structures interacting with sandstone, for example rock socketed piles, rock anchors, and dam foundations. This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation into the shear behavior of Sydney Hawkesbury sandstone-concrete joints with unbonded interfaces. Joint roughness has been simulated using regular triangular asperities and fractal profiles. The tests were carried out in a large direct shear machine (with sample size up to 600 mm in length) under a range of constant normal stiffness and initial normal stress conditions. The tests showed that significant wear of the sandstone surface occurs during shear displacement, and this wear has a significant affect on the behavior of the joints. The laboratory modeling and test results are briefly described, followed by a discussion of the shear behavior of the joints.     

Model for Granular Materials with Surface Energy Forces

In light of environmental differences (such as gravitational fields, surface temperatures, atmospheric pressures, etc.), the mechanical behavior of the subsurface soil on the Moon is expected to be different from that on the Earth. Before any construction on the Moon can be envisaged, a proper understanding of soil properties and its mechanical behavior in these different environmental conditions is essential. This paper investigates the possible effect of surface-energy forces on the shear strength of lunar soil. All materials, with or without a net surface charge, exhibit surface-energy forces, which act at a very short range. Although, these forces are negligible for usual sand or silty sand on Earth, they may be important for surface activated particles under extremely low lunar atmospheric pressure. This paper describes a constitutive modeling method for granular material considering particle level interactions. Comparisons of numerical simulations and experimental results on Hostun sand show that the model can accurately reproduce the overall mechanical behavior of soils under terrestrial conditions. The model is then extended to include surface-energy forces between particles in order to describe the possible behavior of lunar soil under extremely low atmospheric pressure conditions. Under these conditions, the model shows that soil has an increase of shear strength due to the effect of surface-energy forces. The magnitude of increased shear strength is in reasonable agreement with the observations of lunar soil made on the Moon’s surface.     

Analytical Model for Fracture Grouting in Sand

A conceptual, analytical model has been developed to describe the fracture grouting process in sand. The objective of the model is to improve understanding about this process in sand and to model propagation of the fractures. The results can be used to assess the parameters that control the fracture process. It is assumed that the complicated shape of a fracture in sand can be simplified to a geometrical shape (such as a tube or a plane) as a first approximation. Filtration of the grout appears to have a significant influence on the fracture shape when grout is injected into permeable subsoil such as sand. By assuming a pressure at which a fracture starts and a minimum pressure for propagation, it appeared possible to calculate the width-to-length ratio of the fracture independent of other soil properties. Quantification of the flow inside a fracture and the filtration processes resulted in a model that has been used to study differences in fracturing behavior in model tests and field tests on fracture grouting in sand. It was concluded that the width-to-length ratio of the fractures in a permeable soil decreases if the injection pressure of the grout or the permeability of the grout cake is decreased.     

Conditions for Compaction Band Formation in Porous Rock Using a Two-Yield Surface Model

Compaction bands, a form of localized deformation found in field and laboratory specimens of high porosity rock, consist of planar zones of pure compressional deformation that form perpendicular to maximum compression. Experimentalists report compaction bands and/or shear bands (angled to maximum compression) in high porosity sandstone during a transitional loading regime with multiple active deformation mechanisms. Conditions for localized deformation are determined using a two-yield surface constitutive model and bifurcation theory. The shear yield surface corresponds to a dilatant, frictional mechanism while the cap corresponds to a compactant mechanism. Unlike a single yield surface model, the two-yield surface model predicts both experimentally observed band types for reported values of key material parameters. Observed and predicted shear band angles generally agree. Theory suggests that shear band formation may coincide with activation of the shear yield surface by a previously active cap. If the bulk hardening modulus, k, equals zero (corresponding to localization on the peak or plateau of the mean stress–volume strain curve) compaction band conditions are more favorable than for small positive values of k.     

In Situ Soil Response to Vibratory Loading and Its Relationship to Roller-Measured Soil Stiffness

An investigation was conducted to characterize and relate in situ soil stress-strain behavior to roller-measured soil stiffness. Continuous assessment of soil stiffness via roller vibration monitoring has the potential to significantly advance performance based quality assurance of earthwork. One vertically homogeneous and two layered test beds were carefully constructed with embedded sensors for the field testing program. Total normal stress and strain measurements at multiple depths reveal complex triaxial soil behavior during vibratory roller loading. Measured cyclic strain amplitudes were 15–25% of those measured during static roller passes due to viscoelasticity and curved drum/soil interaction. Low amplitude vibratory roller loading induces nonlinear in situ modulus behavior. Roller-measured stiffness and its dependence on excitation force is influenced by the stress-dependent modulus function of each soil, the varying drum/soil contact area, and by layer characteristics (modulus ratio, thickness) when layering is present. On vertically homogeneous clayey sand, roller-measured stiffness decreased with increasing excitation force, a behavior attributed to stress-dependent modulus reduction observed in situ. On the crushed rock over silt test bed, roller-measured stiffness increased with increasing excitation force despite the mild stress-dependent modulus reduction observed in the crushed rock. In this case, the stiffer crushed rock takes on a greater portion of the load, resulting in the increase in roller-measured stiffness.     

Engineering Properties of Grouted Sands

A comparison of the behavior of uncemented and grouted sands is presented. Four sands (Fontainebleau sand and three types of alluvial deposits of the Seine River) were tested. Specimens of grouted sands were prepared in the laboratory by injection of very fine cement or mineral grouts. An initial series of unconfined uniaxial compression tests and tensile tests was performed to highlight the effect of some key factors (mainly the cement-to-water ratio of the grout and the relative density of the granular skeleton) on the strength of the grouted sands. Subsequent triaxial tests showed that when a soil is impregnated by either a very fine cement grout or a mineral grout, both stiffness (secant stiffness or small-strain stiffness) and strength of the soil improve. Similar trends were observed for the behavior of both uncemented and grouted sands. The behavior of grouted sands can be roughly reproduced by applying a linear elastic, perfectly plastic model with a nonassociated Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion whose parameters can be easily determined. Finally, preliminary recommendations are proposed relative to improvements ratios of the parameters of this simple constitutive model that is still commonly used in geotechnical engineering.     

非均质岩石破裂及声发射演化数值模拟

在应变软化本构模型的基础上,考虑岩石材料非均质性和损伤过程中力学性质的弱化特性,建立了非均质岩石损伤软化本构模型,推导了损伤软化本构模型的差分格式,在VC++环境下实现了损伤软化本构模型在FLAC3D中的二次开发。研究了不同均质度对岩石变形强度等力学特性的影响,以及岩石破坏过程中的声发射演化特性。研究表明：随着岩石均质度的增高,岩石的破坏过程由延性向脆性转化,岩石峰值强度和峰值应变不断增大,而残余强度降低;当岩石均质度较低时,岩石破坏剪切带的形成会发生滞后,随着均质度的增加,单轴加载条件下岩石声发射体现出由强度低、频率高向强度高、频率低转化的特性,并表现出群震型、前震—主震—余震型和主震型3种典型模式。     

Damage Modeling of Saturated Rocks in Drained and Undrained Conditions

A new anisotropic damage model is proposed to describe the mechanical and poromechanical behavior of brittle rocks in drained and undrained conditions. Although phenomenological, the model is based on physical grounds of micromechanical analysis. Induced damage is represented by a second rank tensor, which is related to the density and orientation of microcracks. Damage evolution is related to propagation of the microcracks. The effective elastic compliance of the damaged material is obtained from a specific form of the Gibbs free enthalpy function. Irreversible damage-related strain due to residual opening of microcracks after unloading is also captured. The originality of our approach is that a poromechanical model of a saturated medium is constructed by extension of the mechanical model for dry material using micromechanical relationships. All the model parameters are determined from triaxial compression tests performed on dry material. The proposed model is applied to coupled poromechanical tests performed on typical brittle rock in saturated conditions. Comparison between test data and numerical simulations shows overall good agreement. The model proposed is able to describe the main features of poromechanical behavior related to microcracks induced in brittle geomaterials.     

Plasticity Model for Concrete under Triaxial Compression

Using the experimental background of 130 triaxial tests conducted on cylindrical specimens, a plasticity-based constitutive model of concrete behavior is developed. Parameters of the reference experimental database include the water:cement ratio (i.e., f′c), degree of saturation at testing, and load path used in the tests. In the model, damage is quantified by the volumetric expansion that builds up progressively in the material as it approaches failure and is caused by propagation of microcracks. This behavioral index is calibrated with reference to the available tests and subsequently used as the primary state variable in the model, determining for any stress state the degree of stiffness and strength degradation and the ductility in the response. Because failure is modeled as a damage-driven continuous process rather than a distinct event, the characteristic failure envelope is expanding (hardening) or contracting (softening) as a function of a scalar measure of plastic deformation. A nonassociated plastic flow rule calibrated against the experiments is used to describe the direction of plastic deformation. The model was tested against published triaxial test series and empirical confinement models. It was also used in the context of a finite-element formulation to study the mechanical behavior of reinforced-concrete circular columns. This particular test problem was selected because it is a real-life example of the experimental conditions used to derive the model.     

红砂岩中矿物颗粒的塑性应变分析

为定量研究砂岩中矿物颗粒在载荷作用下的塑性应变和应力,揭示岩石内部赤铁矿颗粒的变形行为,基于弹塑性力学理论和张量分析,采用X射线CT对砂岩三维结构进行扫描（空间分辨率为4.6 μm）,分析岩石内部矿物颗粒的运移规律,并提出了岩石矿物颗粒变形梯度张量计算的方法研究其塑性应变。首先对砂岩矿物颗粒位移进行提取,并采用Non Local Means滤波算法对砂岩三维数字图像去噪;然后基于砂岩三维结构,对不同矿物组分进行分割,通过构造主轴应变的变形张量,计算砂岩矿物颗粒的变形梯度和应力、应变分量。结果表明：该滤波算法对砂岩CT图像和射束硬化现象具有显著改善效果。此外,基于X射线CT的砂岩原位测试结果显示,砂岩内部存在较复杂的变形行为和应力响应,且在断裂带和非断裂区域变形行为有着显著差异;岩石内部颗粒在Z轴方向受到压应力,而在XY平面受到拉伸应力的作用,同时矿物颗粒内部存在较大的塑性应变,且试样内部颗粒的应变和应力要远远大于试样宏观应变和应力。该方法对于揭示岩体内部结构和应力、应变状态演化过程具有重要作用。     

温度对不同尺寸砂岩巴西劈裂特性影响

为研究高温与尺寸效应耦合作用下的砂岩巴西劈裂特性,分别对经过25、200、400、600、800和1000 ℃高温处理后的标准砂岩试件进行巴西劈裂室内试验,并基于颗粒流软件开展不同尺寸高温砂岩巴西劈裂数值模拟,研究砂岩巴西劈裂强度及其劣化规律、孔隙率增加相对于裂纹扩展贯通的滞后性规律。研究结果表明:（1）在25～1000 ℃的温度范围和50～100 mm的直径范围内,温度与尺寸效应对砂岩巴西劈裂强度均有显著影响,且尺寸效应影响程度更大。在加热过程中,由于岩石内部首先发生热膨胀,然后在热应力作用下产生损伤,因此砂岩劈裂强度先有所增大,在400 ℃之后持续降低,劈裂强度下降约34.66%～35.10%;随着尺寸增大,岩石内部积聚的能量释放产生大量微裂隙,导致砂岩试样劈裂强度降低,下降约55.61%～56.99%。（2）砂岩巴西劈裂强度劣化幅值与其直径之间满足负指数函数关系,可用于预测不同尺寸高温砂岩的巴西劈裂强度。（3）砂岩在巴西劈裂过程中的孔隙率增加相对于裂隙扩展贯通滞后的荷载差值随温度升高以及尺寸增大而增大;考虑两因素的耦合作用,尺寸效应对荷载差值的影响程度随温度的升高而降低,温度对荷载差值的影响程度随砂岩尺寸的增大而降低。研究成果对火灾后顶板维护,初步预测顶板强度具有一定参考意义,也可为核废料处理、地热资源开发和深井工程等涉及高温和尺寸变化的岩体工程设计提供有益参考。