Properties, translucence, and microstructure of Pacific white shrimp treated with mixed phosphates as affected by freshness and deveining

ABSTRACT:  Effects of freshness and deveining on some properties, translucence, and microstructure of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) soaked in 2.5% NaCl containing different phosphates were studied. Shrimp soaked in all solutions had increases in weight gain and cooking yield with lowered cooking loss, compared with the control ( P < 0.05). However, efficacy of mixed phosphates in quality improvement of ice-stored shrimp was lower than fresh shrimp. Deveining resulted in increased weight gain and yield ( P < 0.05). Nevertheless, samples treated with phosphates became more translucent. Shrimp stored in ice for 7 d and treated with mixed phosphates were generally more translucent than fresh counterparts ( P < 0.05). Shrimp soaked in 2.5% NaCl containing 0.875% sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) and 2.625% tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) were generally less translucent and had high weight gain and cooking yield along with low cooking loss. The microstructure study revealed that the muscle fibers were less attached with the loss of Z-disks after being treated with mixed phosphates. Cooked meats of fresh shrimp and ice-stored shrimp had more compact fiber arrangement with the shrinkage of sarcomere compared with raw samples. Disintegration was observed at the M-line in ice-stored shrimp treated with mixed phosphates after cooking, while such a phenomenon was not found in the cooked fresh sample treated with phosphates. T _max and enthalpy of both myosin and actin peaks shifted to lower values when shrimp were treated with mixed phosphates ( P < 0.05). Those changes were generally more pronounced in ice-stored shrimp. Therefore, freshness and deveining process had an impact on the quality of Pacific white shrimp treated with phosphates.     

Protein hydrolysates of salted duck egg white improve the quality of Jinga Shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis)

The influence of protein hydrolysates of salt duck egg white (PHSDEW) hydrolysed by acid protease on the quality of Jinga Shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) was analysed. Shrimp immersed in 5% PHSDEW with degree of hydrolysis (DH 3%) had the highest values of cooking yield, water retention, moisture and texture with the lowest cooking loss when compared to which immersed in 0.4% NaCl, 3.5% mixed phosphates and other PHSDEW with different DH (1%, 2% and 5%) (P < 0.05). This treatment made muscle fibres retain the most appropriate compact and regular microstructure and improved the thermal stability of shrimp protein as well (P < 0.05). SDS‐PAGE protein patterns revealed shrimp protein would dissolve out during immersion, while only could PHSDEW infiltrate into shrimp muscle. It suggested PHSDEW would be developed as a new type of water retention agent replaced phosphate used in shrimp or other seafoods, which will decrease the waste of salt duck egg white.     

Effect of monosodium glutamate on physicochemical properties and quality of Alkali‐treated Pacific white shrimp

Physicochemical properties and quality of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) treated with alkaline soaking solution (ASS; 0.75% NaOH with 2.5% NaCl) containing 3% monosodium glutamate (MSG), pH 11.5 (ASS+3% MSG) were investigated, in comparison with those treated with mixed phosphates or ASS alone. Muscle proteins underwent conformational changes as evidenced by the shift of T_max to the lower temperature and the increased negative charge when treated with ASS+3% MSG. This coincided with the higher moisture and NaCl contents (P < 0.05). Such a treatment led to the pronounced swelling of muscle fibrils as visualised by scanning electron microscope. Highest likeness score for all attributes except for flavour was observed in sample treated with ASS+3% MSG. Slightly fishy odour in the treated sample was associated with higher abundance of volatile compounds, especially alcohol and aldehyde. Thus, ASS+3% MSG could be used as the replacer of phosphate and bicarbonate for shrimp processing.     

南美白对虾与南极磷虾复合虾糜的凝胶特性

为了改善南极磷虾虾糜的品质，该研究以南美白对虾与南极磷虾为原料，按照不同质量比例（0:1、1:1、3:2、7:3、4:1）进行混合，研究了南美白对虾与南极磷虾不同比例对复合虾糜凝胶质构、持水率、蒸煮损失、色泽、流变性能和微观结构的影响。结果表明：纯南极磷虾虾糜形成凝胶能力差，南美白对虾与南极磷虾比例从1:1到4:1，复合虾糜的硬度、凝胶强度和持水率分别增加了18.28%、168.64%和5.55%，储能模量（G''）和损耗模量（G"）显著提高；白度值和蒸煮损失分别降低了4.92%和22.81%。扫描电镜结果显示，随着南美白对虾比例的提高，复合虾糜凝胶的孔洞逐渐均匀，致密。南美白对虾与南极磷虾以3:2的比例混合所得复合虾糜，其凝胶性能最好。研究结果为南极磷虾虾糜制品的开发提供理论支撑。     

Effect of ferulic acid on inhibition of polyphenoloxidase and quality changes of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during iced storage

Effects of ferulic acid (FA) on polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and the quality changes of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during iced storage for 10 days were investigated. Both FA and oxygenated FA (OFA) with different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% (w/v)) showed PPO inhibitory activity in a dose dependent manner. FA was generally more effective in PPO inhibition than was OFA. Based on activity staining, white shrimp PPO with an apparent molecular weight of 210 kDa was inhibited by FA. When whole shrimps were treated with FA solution with concentrations of 1% or 2% and stored in ice for up to 10 days, the increase in psychrophilic and mesophilic bacterial count were retarded, in comparison with the control and those treated with 1.25% sodium metabisulphite (SMS). The coincidental lower rates of increase in pH and total volatile base content were obtained. Additionally, shrimps treated with 2% FA possessed the lowest peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value during the storage. After 10 days of storage, shrimps treated with 2% FA had the lower melanosis score and higher score for colour, flavour and overall likeness, compared with the control and SMS treated shrimps (P < 0.05).     

Effect of heating on physical properties and microstructure of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) meats

Effects of heating on cooking loss, texture, colour and microstructure of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) meats from different parts were evaluated. Cooking loss increased sharply when the samples were heated for longer time, particularly more than 1 min (P < 0.05). Among all parts, tail part of both shrimps had the highest cooking loss. The shear force of all samples increased markedly when the samples were heated for longer time, especially more than 0.5 min (P < 0.05). Black tiger shrimp and white shrimp meats had the slight differences in shear force either before or after heating. L*, a* and b*‐values increased when heating time increased up to 1 min (P < 0.05). Similar microstructures between raw meats of black tiger shrimp and white shrimp were found. Cooked meats of both species had more compact fibre arrangement with the shrinkage of sarcomere, compared with raw samples. Generally, tail portion showed the denser structure than other parts.     

南美白对虾复合生物保鲜剂的优选

为解决南美白对虾易腐败以及化学保鲜剂可能引起的食品安全等问题,通过正交试验,将壳聚糖、茶多酚、乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)进行复配,优选出一种复合生物保鲜剂,并验证了其在南美白对虾防腐保鲜中的效果。结果表明：复合生物保鲜剂的优化质量分数配比为壳聚糖1.5%、茶多酚0.1%、Nisin 0.02%;经该复合生物保鲜剂处理后的南美白对虾在(4 ± 1)℃贮藏过程中挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)在第8 天还未达到30mg/100g,细菌总数在第9天才达到5 × 105 个/g,保持了较好的感官品质,货架期由4d 延长到了7～8d。处理1kg 对虾新增成本为0.17 元,具有较好的应用价值。     

南美白对虾冰温气调保鲜效果评价

将鲜南美白对虾进行空气包装(AP)、真空包装(VP)、气调包装(MAP,75% CO2/25% N2),分别冰温(－2.3～0℃)贮藏和冰藏,通过研究样品贮藏过程中多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力、总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数(TPC)、汁液流失率(DL)的变化,结合感官指标评价冰温气调保鲜的效果。结果表明：南美白对虾的PPO活力变化与腐败变质同步;冰温结合MAP能有效防止褐变,货架期可达10d,比冰藏结合AP延长了约3倍,此时样品色泽良好,TPC、TVB-N、DL分别为5.4(lg(CFU/g))、25.6mg/100g、3.13%,而其他包装样品已腐败。VP也能较好的保持色泽,但贮藏后期汁液流失相对严重,影响外观。     

预处理对南美白对虾剥壳效果和肌原纤维蛋白的影响

采用不同方法(酶、冷冻和冰盐)对南美白对虾进行预处理,比较处理后虾壳可剥性及剥壳后虾仁质构,分析肌原纤维蛋白的理化指标和结构变化,探究预处理辅助剥壳效果及其对南美白对虾肌原纤维蛋白的影响。结果表明,与冷冻和冰盐处理相比,3.5 h酶处理辅助剥壳的剥壳用功较少,且完全剥壳率与其他两种方法无显著差异(P>0.05);Ca²⁺-ATPase活力、总巯基与活性巯基含量、内源荧光强度明显低于鲜虾,但除Ca²⁺-ATPase活力外,降低程度明显不及冷冻和冰盐处理组;其表面疏水性与鲜虾无显著差异(P>0.05),羰基含量与冰盐处理组无显著差异(P>0.05)。傅里叶变换红外光谱结果显示,预处理后肌原纤维蛋白的α-螺旋、β-转角相对含量都无显著变化(P>0.05),但酶和冰盐处理组均出现了β-折叠向无规卷曲的转变。结合十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)结果可知,冷冻和冰盐处理只改变了蛋白的结构而没有引...     

不同糖醇类物质对冷冻南美白对虾的保水效果

以冷冻南美白对虾虾仁为对象,以焦磷酸钠和蒸馏水处理分别为阳性和空白对照,比较了8 种常见糖醇类物质对冷冻虾仁的抗冻保水作用。结果表明：－18 ℃冻藏3 周后,相比于空白对照组,30 g/L甘露糖醇、木糖醇和异麦芽糖醇浸泡处理显著降低了冷冻虾仁的加压损失率和自然解冻损失率（P＜0.05）;异山梨糖醇、山梨糖醇和木糖醇浸泡处理对冷冻虾仁蒸煮损失率的改善效果显著（P＜0.05）。对8 种糖醇类物质保湿性和吸湿性分析发现,异山梨糖醇的保湿、吸湿特性显著优于其他几种糖醇（P＜0.05）,除此之外,木糖醇的吸湿、保湿特性也相对优于其他几种糖醇。虾仁感官分析结果表明,经木糖醇、甘露糖醇等处理后,冷冻虾仁的外观形态、弹性和色泽特性均显著优于空白对照组和焦磷酸钠处理组（P＜0.05）,而对于虾仁气味未产生显著性影响（P＞0.05）。综合来看,木糖醇、甘露糖醇和异山梨糖醇对冷冻虾仁的抗冻保水效果较佳,可有效地改良与保障冷冻虾仁的冻藏品质。     

Changing in processing yield and physical properties of frozen white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) treated with lysine and sodium bicarbonate

The objective of this research was to investigate the phosphate alternative use of natural compound, lysine with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), at low concentration for freezing of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Shrimp were treated with lysine, NaHCO₃ and lysine with NaHCO₃ at various concentrations and frozen in an air‐blast freezer. Thawing yield, cooking yield, colour, texture and nanostructure of the sample were studied compared to the control (nontreated sample) and sodium tri‐polyphosphate (STPP) treated one. Use of lysine/NaHCO₃ each at 1% (w/v) could improve water holding capacity (WHC) of the frozen shrimp, increasing cooking yield to 100.45% (w/w), comparable to the 101.73% (w/w) of STPP‐treated sample. The colour of the noncook‐thawed shrimp was also improved. Microstructure and lipid oxidation of the treated samples were also studied. The combination of lysine and NaHCO₃ indicated high potential use as phosphate alternative for frozen white shrimps.     

Use of microbial transglutaminase and nonmeat proteins to improve functional properties of low NaCl, phosphate-free patties made from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) belly flap meat

ABSTRACT:  This study was aimed at developing value-added low sodium chloride (NaCl), phosphate-free restructured patties using minced channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) belly flap meat. The effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and nonmeat proteins (isolated soy protein, ISP, and whey protein concentrate, WPC; 1.7%, respectively) alone and in combination were evaluated to improve cooking yield and textural properties in patties with reduced NaCl and no phosphate. The concentration effect of MTGase (0.05% to 0.7%) was also studied. The addition of MTGase increased textural properties such as binding strength, hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and springiness, but decreased cooking yield of the patties ( P < 0.05). Isolated soy protein increased cooking yield ( P < 0.05), but did not affect textural properties. Inclusion of WPC did not increase cooking yield or impact textural properties of patties. The combination of MTGase and ISP significantly increased both the cooking yield and textural properties of patties. As the concentration of MTGase increased at constant ISP, the textural properties of cooked patties significantly increased, but cooking yield decreased ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that the combination of 0.05% to 0.1% of MTGase with 1.7% ISP is optimal for development of a low NaCl, phosphate-free patty using minced catfish belly flap meat.     

Comparison of microwave-assisted induction heating system (MAIH) and individual heating methods on the quality of pre-packaged white shrimp

Microwave-assisted induction heating (MAIH) is a novel heating technology that combines microwave heating in the upper section and induction heating at the bottom. Our previous study demonstrated that optimal cooking in white shrimp can be achieved by MAIH either at 130 °C for 80 s or at 90 °C for 100 s. The objective of this study was to compare the cooking of white shrimp using microwave heating or induction heating alone with that using MAIH under the optimum cooking condition. The following three methods for cooking white shrimp were analyzed: (1) induction heating (IH) at 90 °C for 100 s or at 130 °C for 80 s; (2) microwave heating (MW) at 1300 W and 2450 MHz for 80 or 100 s; and (3) MAIH at 90 °C for 100 s or at 130 °C for 80 s. The results showed that using only induction or microwave heating gave the shrimp an uncooked or undercooked appearance; meanwhile, cold spots and non-uniform temperature distribution were observed in the thermal image of the shrimp. On the contrary, the shrimps processed by MAIH were found to be fully cooked, and a uniform temperature distribution was observed in the corresponding thermal image. Furthermore, no detectable aerobic plate count (APC), psychrophilic bacteria count (PBC), and coliform were found in the shrimp samples processed by MAIH. The color (L*, a*, b*, W, and ΔE), hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness of the samples processed by MAIH were all significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those of shrimp processed by induction or microwave heating alone, indicating that MAIH cooking shrimp exhibited better color and texture than MW or IH alone. The results showed that the shrimps heated with MAIH at both 130 °C or 90 °C had better microbiological, physical and chemical quality, as compared to MW or IH heating alone.Industrial relevanceThis novel MAIH technology allows shrimp to be heated and pasteurized after being packed, thereby eliminating the post-pollution issue. Therefore, it has a great potential for developing short-time in-package pasteurization processes in food industry.     

OXIDATIVE STABILITY, COOKING YIELD AND TEXTURE OF PORK TREATED WITH A LOW-SODIUM SALT

The effect of a low-sodium salt mixture (LSSM) on the characteristics of cooked ground pork was investigated. LSSM, similar to NaCl, exhibited a minor but definite prooxidative effect in the system examined. The cooking yield of meat containing 1% LSSM was 69.8% compared to 74.3% for 1% NaCl. The cooking yields of samples with 2 and 3% LSSM were similar to those containing 2 and 3% of NaCl, respectively (p > 0.05). Maximum shear force values of samples containing 1% LSSM and 1% NaCl were similar. However, the maximum shear force values of meats treated with LSSM at 2 and 3% LSSM (19.1 and 24.8 kg) were lower (P < 0.05) than those containing 2 and 3% NaCl (21.9 and 27.0 kg). Addition of LSSM or NaCl to ground pork also enhanced the cooking yield and firmness over those containing no salt. The color characteristics of cooked pork remained generally unaffected by LSSM.     

Inhibition of melanosis formation in Pacific white shrimp by the extract of lead (Leucaena leucocephala) seed

Lead (Leucaena leucocephala) seed extract was prepared using distilled water as a medium. An extraction yield of 26.16 g/100 g of seed was obtained after extraction at room temperature for 12 h. Total phenolic and mimosine contents in the lead seed extract powder (LSEP) were 17.4 g GAE/100 g and 8.8 g/100 g, respectively. LSEP at different concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%, w/v) showed inhibitory activity towards polyphenoloxidase (PPO) of Pacific white shrimp in a dose dependent manner. When the whole Pacific white shrimp were treated with 0.25% and 0.5% (w/v) LSEP, the shrimp treated with 0.5% LSEP had the lower melanosis score throughout the storage of 12 days and showed a higher score for colour and odour, as well as overall likeness, compared with the control (without treatment) and 1.25% sodium metabisulphite treated samples at day 12 (P < 0.05). Meat of shrimps treated with LSEP at both levels had the increase in mimosine content up to 8 days, suggesting the migration of mimosine into shrimp muscle during extended storage. Therefore, 0.5% LSEP can be used as a novel melanosis inhibitor for Pacific white shrimp.     

Effect of pyrophosphate and 4-hexylresorcinol pretreatment on quality of refrigerated white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) kept under modified atmosphere packaging

ABSTRACT:  The effect of pretreatment with pyrophosphate and 4-hexylresorcinol in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (80% CO₂, 10% O₂, 10% N₂, or 80% CO₂, 20% N₂) on the quality of white shrimp during storage at 4 °C was investigated. Shrimp pretreated with 2% pyrophosphate and 0.25% 4-hexylresorcinol and stored under MAP showed the lower microbiological and chemical deteriorations as evidenced by delayed microbial growth as well as lower trimethylamine (TMA) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB) production ( P < 0.05). Additionally, the growth of coliforms was inhibited effectively. White shrimp pretreated with 4-hexylresorcinol had the lower melanosis throughout the storage compared with those without treatment ( P < 0.05). This was associated with the lowered polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in shrimp treated with 4-hexylresorcinol. Therefore, the effective retardation of microbiological and chemical deterioration of white shrimp stored under MAP with the decrease in melanosis could be achieved by pretreatment of the shrimp with pyrophosphate and 4-hexylresorcinol. Furthermore, decapitation could be another means to lower the microbial load and melanosis in white shrimp, particularly those stored under MAP.     

Phosphate Type Affects the Quality of Injected Catfish Fillets

ABSTRACT:  Catfish fillets were injected to 115% over green weight prior to tray-packing and storage at 4 °C for 1, 4, 8, and 11 d. Fillets were evaluated for yields, surface color, pH, cooking loss, tenderness, purge loss, and shelf-life. All phosphate treatments increased ( P  < 0.05) fillet tenderness, but the agglomerated blend of sodium phosphates (AGSP) increased ( P  < 0.05) pH and yields, and decreased ( P  < 0.05) CIE  L * and CIE  b * values. Psychrotrophic plate counts (PPC) of fillets treated with the agglomerated blend of polyphosphates (AGPP) were lower ( P  < 0.05) than the control at each storage time, but PPC of all samples reached 7 log CFU/g by day 8 of storage. All agglomerated phosphates and STP (sodium tripolyphosphate) improved yields and quality when compared to the nonmarinated control. However, AGSP was the most effective phosphate at increasing pick-up and yields and decreasing cooking loss due to the pH effect that causes more water to be trapped within the food system. Major quality differences may not have occurred between STP and agglomerated phosphates (other than AGSP) since injection relies solely on pH and ionic strength for marinade pickup, whereas tumbling also relies on mechanical action, which relies more on the presence of various phosphate chain lengths and solubility to impact yields. All phosphate treatments improved the quality of tray-packed, refrigerated catfish fillets that were enhanced through multineedle injection. However, AGSP also increased fillet pH, optimized yields, and improved color.
Practical Application: Use of an agglomerated phosphate blend with a high pH (AGSP) maximized the yield of catfish fillets that were marinated through multineedle injection. In addition, STP and agglomerated phosphate blends increased the yield and tenderness of catfish fillets when compared to the nonmarinated control.     

Bacillus sp.CAMT22370源葡萄糖氧化酶对南美白对虾贮藏性能的影响

培养Bacillus sp.CAMT22370菌株并提取葡萄糖氧化酶制成质量分数0.1%的粗酶液,分别以亚硫酸钠、植酸和VC为对照,探讨所得葡萄糖氧化酶对南美白对虾冷藏过程中感官、质构、挥发性盐基氮含量、菌落总数等品质指标的影响。结果表明,经葡萄糖氧化酶浸渍处理后于4℃冷藏120 h,感官评分在10分以上,不仅能有效防止对虾褐变,而且对其色泽、气味、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和黏附性等品质指标都有良好的保持作用,显著优于空白对照组(P0.05),挥发性盐基氮含量和菌落总数分别为20.40 mg/100 g和4.41(lg(CFU/g)),表明Bacillus sp.CAMT22370源葡萄糖氧化酶对南美白对虾冷藏保鲜有一定的作用。     

冰温技术结合保鲜剂对南美白对虾品质的影响

研究冰温技术结合4- 己基间苯二酚(4-hexylresorcinol,4-HR)等保鲜剂对延缓虾类黑变和保持品质方面的效果。通过正交试验确定保鲜剂的配方(M),以冻结试验确定冰温贮藏温度,测定贮藏设备的温控范围,通过评定南美白对虾的黑变感官得分,测定多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH 值和菌落总数(TBC)等鲜度指标评价保鲜效果差异。结果表明：南美白对虾的冰温带为－ 2.2～0℃,贮藏设备温度波动满足冰温技术要求,M 保鲜剂配方为0.01% 4- 己基间苯二酚+1.5% 柠檬酸+1% 抗坏血酸,冰温能显著减缓TVB-N 值、pH 值和TBC值增加速度,M 配方保鲜剂能有效抑制虾的多酚氧化酶活性和黑变,冰温技术结合M 配方保鲜剂保藏南美白对虾能互补二者优缺点,能显著减低黑变感官得分,PPO 活性、TVB-N、pH 值和TBC 的增长速度。比(4 ± 1)℃冷藏的货架期延长近1 倍。冰温技术结合保鲜剂能有效防止虾类黑变和延长品质货架期。     

Factors Affecting the Palatability and Shelf Life of Precooked, Microwave-Reheated Beef Roasts

Beef infraspinatus roasts were used to determine the effects of phosphate injection and acetic acid treatment on precooked microwave-reheated beef roasts. Treatments consisted of roasts pumped 10% of their weight with water, water containing 4.75% tripolyphosphate, water containing 4.75% tripolyphosphate and 10% NaCl, and roasts with no added water. After cooking, roasts were halved, and one half of each roast was dipped in 3% acetic acid before vacuum-packaged, refrigerated storage. Results showed roasts that contained both salt and phosphate had the lowest cooking losses, TBA numbers, Warner-Bratzler Shear values, and were rated by sensory panelists as the most palatable. Treatment with acetic acid significantly (P<0.05) lowered bacterial counts without adversely affecting sensory qualities of the precooked microwave-reheated beef roasts.