关于场地设计的一些探讨

针对场地设计的重要性,就场地设计中的设计条件、场地总体布局、竖向设计、道路设计及绿化设计几个要点进行了探讨,以提高场地设计质量,从而提高城市生态环境及人民生活环境的质量。     

民用建筑场地规划设计研究

近年来,我国民用建筑的数量一直处于持续增长的状态,对于民用建筑场地的规划设计十分重要。介绍了场地规划设计的含义及特性,场地规划设计的内容包括场地设计条件分析、场地总体布局、场地交通组织、场地竖向设计、场地管线综合布置、场地绿化与环境景观布置、技术经济分析。对民用建筑场地规划设计中存在的各类问题,在建筑布局、道路设计、竖向设计、管线设计、绿化及景观设计方面提出措施,可为类似工程提供借鉴。     

探寻场地的场所精神——基于感官之上的场所体验

该文从创作主体的角度出发,探寻了场地特征和场所精神对于场地设计的重要意义,并从使用者的角度即以人的场所体验和视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉五大感官反应出发,通过对典型场地设计作品的解读,重新审视场地场所精神的意义。从而得出结论:知觉体验触发体验者领会场所精神,同时也揭示了场地设计的新角度,即将人类知觉体验的五要素纳入场地设计,使场地设计更具有人文性与地域性,进而完善和塑造场地的场所精神,提高场地设计作品的感染力。     

节制思维视野下的风景园林场地价值认知

针对当前过度设计的现实,重点围绕场地认知与场地设计,研究讨论了风景园林场地基本的认知和节制设计思维。试图抛弃单从景观形式或设计风格进行说教的方式,而以一种价值认知的视角,通过梳理当前风景园林场地认知的现状,试图阐释风景园林场地中所蕴含的潜在价值,并通过设计实践,对场地的自然文化价值演变进行管控。     

建筑的场地与气候响应设计——以湖南永州某行政文化中心投标方案设计为例

建筑场地的地形环境与气候条件构成了独特的设计语境,建筑的绿色设计应注重场地环境、气候条件的分析,基于场地、气候适应性进行方案创作,形成场地与气候响应设计。以永州市某行政文化中心投标方案设计为例,初步探索了场地与气候响应设计。     

场地竖向设计

结合工程实践过程中积累的场地竖向设计经验,对总图设计中的竖向设计方法和原理进行了系统的论述,介绍了场地竖向设计工作的意义、内容及设计流程,重点阐述了场地竖向设计的方法及难点,对场地竖向优化设计具有重要意义。     

谈绿色生态设计与场地环境的关系

针对场地与环境的内在联系进行了探讨,分析了绿色生态设计与场地环境关系,阐述了绿色生态设计的设计理念;指出应以务实的态度,根据不同场地实际情况进行因地制宜的设计,以达到从介入场地的角度去思考绿色生态设计的目的。     

关于场地设计的那些事儿

从多方便对场地设计的概念、重要性,以及设计手法进行剖析,区分场地和场所的不同,强调场地设计与人的相关性。     

矿井工业场地设计探析

以矿井工业场地设计为研究内容,介绍了场地防洪设计的计算方法,论述了场地竖向布置及平面布置的注意事项,使矿井场地设计达到节约土地、绿色环保的效果,从而体现出现代化矿井建设的优良风貌。     

谈论建筑场地设计中需要考虑的一些因素

在建筑工程中,场地设计是不可或缺的重要环节之一,这是建筑设计的最初阶段,其直接关系到工程是否能够顺利进行。为此,必须了解建筑场地设计需要重点考虑的因素。基于此点,本文首先简要介绍了建筑场地设计的相关内容,在此基础上论述了建筑场地设计中需要重点考虑的一些因素。期望能够对建筑场地设计质量的提升有所帮助。     

上海市体育建筑场地布局策略研究

体育建筑的场地布局包括场地功能分区、建筑实体布局、交通安排及绿地配置等,作为对场地整体形态的统筹,在场地设计中起着关键作用。通过实地调研,该文分析了上海市体育建筑场地布局现状,归纳其主要影响因素,明确场地布局原则;进而借鉴国内外优秀案例的先进理念,探讨适宜上海市体育建筑的场地布局策略。上海市近年来大力兴建体育建筑,对场地布局策略进行深入研究,具有较强的现实性。该研究期望对体育建筑场地布局有一定的理论参考价值和实践指导意义。     

场地放大系数的理论解答

场地系数是各个国家和地区规范中考虑地震动场地效应的关键指标,决定着各类工程结构设防水准,但国内外规范就此存在显著差别。采用土层–基岩理想场地模型,导出了土层场地与参考基岩场地地震动响应定量关系解析表达。提出了场地放大系数一般规律,并通过数值模拟验证了其可靠性,在此基础上对国内外规范场地系数的合理性进行检验。结果表明:土层场地地震动响应与参考基岩场地相比,在全频域空间恒定表现为放大,场地放大系数随场地变软整体表现出增大趋势,这与美国新规范场地系数取值和规律一致;中国规范中软场地系数取值严重偏于保守,强烈地震动作用下软场地系数小于1的现象不合理,中国规范Ⅳ类场地系数普遍小于Ⅲ类的取值方案有待商榷。     

中美设计规范中场地分类和场地效应的比较

主要研究中美抗震设计中的场地分类和考虑场地效应的差异问题。首先,比较分析了一般场地、20 m深度范围内含软弱夹层场地、20 m深度以下含软弱土层场地的分类结果,发现FEMA450的场地分类对20m深度范围内软弱夹层厚度的反映比GB50011—2001更敏感,对20 m深度以下软弱土层厚度的考虑比GB50011—2001更细致。然后进行了不同场地、不同地震动水平下的反应谱比较,结果表明,FEMA450更合理地考虑了不同地震动特性下的场地效应。     

非基岩场地地震动转换的适用性分析

基于 NGA 衰减关系中的场地修正模型,将剪切波速 <> V _s30 低于 500 m/s 的非基岩场地上的强震记录转换为 <> V _s30 =500 m/s 的等效基岩记录,对等效基岩记录与基岩记录进行了统计一致性的分析,认为这种转换方法在能够保证等效基岩记录和基岩记录的统计一致性的同时,对于记录数量充足的地震能够有效减小地震动分布的离散,而对于记录数量较少的地震,如果有足够数量的等效基岩记录加入,能够改善其由于基岩记录数量不足或分布不合理所导致的不合理的地震动空间分布。这种方法对于以前限于基岩地震动数量不足或分布不合理而无法进行的研究工作,提供了一种增加可用地震动记录的可能。而对于这种方法的不足和今后需要完善的几个方面问题,也进行了初步的讨论。     

建筑工程现场签证的办理

文章从现场签证的概念出发,分析了施工企业办理现场签证的作用,针对现场签证办理中出现的问题,阐明了可以现场签证的范围以及办理的方法,最后对办理现场签证的一些难点提出了办理现场签证的一些技巧。     

Economics of on‐site vs. off‐site fabrication of rebar

Many contractors prefer on‐site fabrication of rebar while others find that off‐site fabrication is more advantageous. The economics of on‐site and off‐site fabrication of rebar need to be compared on the basis of several factors that include the project environment, wages, labour considerations, the initial investment for equipment, waste of rebar, the cost of inventory, cycle time, and supply chain management. This study presents an economic comparison of the on‐site and off‐site fabrication practices of rebar by means of a simulation model that makes use of the factors mentioned earlier. The model is populated with actual data obtained from a trade centre project in Istanbul, Turkey. The article indicates that the off‐site fabrication practice would have been more costly than the on‐site practice in the project in Istanbul, a finding that was to be expected in circumstances that prevail in most developing countries.     

软弱土层对中欧场地划分影响的比较

针对场地中存在软弱土层的多种情况,对中、欧场地划分的差异进行比较。通过对一般场地、20 m深度范围内含软弱夹层场地、20 m深度以下含软弱土层场地的剪切波速的计算,依据中国设计规范GB50011—2001、欧洲设计规范Eurocode 8分别进行场地划分。通过比较分析发现,Eurocode 8的场地分类对20 m深度范围内软弱夹层厚度的反应比GB 50011—2001更敏感,对20 m深度以下软弱土层厚度的考虑比GB 50011—2001更细致,建议中国抗震规范应进一步考虑软弱土层的影响,且将计算深度由20 m进一步向下延伸。     

基于二维隶属函数的场地模糊分类及其应用

首先分析了场地土及其分类的模糊性特征,并在综合考虑现行建(构)筑物抗震规范场地分类特征的基础上,构建了四类场地的二维隶属函数,实现了场地分类边界模糊化;其次给出了基于最大隶属度、加权综合及特征周期的三种场地模糊分类法,实现了场地分类连续化,探讨了各类方法在抗震结构设计中的应用;最后给出了场地特征周期连续化方法及其空间分布图,结果表明:该方法所确定的特征周期分布与现行建筑抗震规范给出的特征周期等值图吻合较好。所建场地分类法克服了在分类边界处易出现类别跳跃等不合理现象,基本实现了现行建(构)筑物抗震规范在场地分类方面的统一,为工程抗震设计中客观确定地震作用及采取合理抗震对策等奠定了基础。     

Effect of industrial pollution on soil-to-plant transfer of plutonium in a Boreal forest.

Plutonium in a forest ecosystem was studied at different distances from the copper and nickel smelter at Monchegorsk, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Soil and plant samples were collected 7 (site A), 16 (B), 21 (C) and 28 (D) km from the smelter and at a reference site situated in Finland, 152 km from Monchegorsk. The deposition of Cu in litter and in the organic layer decreased from 10700 mg/m2 at site A to 33 mg/m2 at the reference site, the deposition of Ni from 14300 to 29 mg/m2. From the reference site to site A, the volume of the litter layer increased almost five-fold. Most of the 239,241Pu in soil was found in the organic layer and in the litter layer. When industrial pollution increased, the content of 239,240Pu in the litter layer increased (from approx. 0.5 at site D to 15 Bq/m2 at site A) whereas, that in the organic layer decreased (from approx. 20 at site D to 5 Bq/m2 at site A). Four different plant species typical for the subarctic environment were collected at each sampling site: Deschampsia flexuosa (forest hair grass); Empetrum nigrum (crowberry); Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry); and Vaccinium citis idaea (lingonberry). The concentration of 239,241Pu increased with pollution in Deschampsia flexuosa (from approx. 2 at site D to 7 mBq/kg at site A), Empetrum nigrum (from approx. 3 at site D to 14 mBq/kg at site A) and Vaccinium myrtillus (from approx. 1 at site D to 8 mBq/kg at site A). In Vaccinium vitis idaea, the Pu concentration did not have any clear trend of association with pollution. With the exception of Vaccinium vitis idaea, the aggregated transfer factors of plutonium (m2/kg) for the plants studied increased almost ten-fold from site D to site A, the range being 3 x 10(-5)-3 x 10(-4) m2/kg for Deschampsia flexuosa, 7 x 10(-5)-5 x 10(-4) m2/kg for Empetrum nigrum and 3 x 10(-5)-3 x 10(-4) m2/kg for Vaccinium myrtillus. The most likely explanation for the higher transfer factors of plutonium near the smelter is contamination of the plants by litter rather than root uptake.     

Selecting optimal monitoring site locations for peak ambient particulate material concentrations using the MM5-CAMx4 numerical modelling system

Installation of temporary or long term monitoring sites is expensive, so it is important to rationally identify potential locations that will achieve the requirements of regional air quality management strategies. A simple, but effective, numerical approach to selecting ambient particulate matter (PM) monitoring site locations has therefore been developed using the MM5-CAMx4 air pollution dispersion modelling system. A new method, ‘site efficiency,’ was developed to assess the ability of any monitoring site to provide peak ambient air pollution concentrations that are representative of the urban area. ‘Site efficiency’ varies from 0 to 100%, with the latter representing the most representative site location for monitoring peak PM concentrations. Four heavy pollution episodes in Christchurch (New Zealand) during winter 2005, representing 4 different aerosol dispersion patterns, were used to develop and test this site assessment technique. Evaluation of the efficiency of monitoring sites was undertaken for night and morning aerosol peaks for 4 different particulate material (PM) spatial patterns. The results demonstrate that the existing long term monitoring site at Coles Place is quite well located, with a site efficiency value of 57.8%. A temporary ambient PM monitoring site (operating during winter 2006) showed a lower ability to capture night and morning peak aerosol concentrations. Evaluation of multiple site locations used during an extensive field campaign in Christchurch (New Zealand) in 2000 indicated that the maximum efficiency achieved by any site in the city would be 60-65%, while the efficiency of a virtual background site is calculated to be about 7%. This method of assessing the appropriateness of any potential monitoring site can be used to optimize monitoring site locations for any air pollution measurement programme.