基于改进扩展卡尔曼滤波的姿态解算算法研究

为了解决标准扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)在多旋翼无人机姿态解算中精度较低的问题,提出了一种改进扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(BPNN-EKF),使得解算精度得到较大提升。针对EKF存在预测模型参数要求具有先验已知性,在工程实践中难以获得准确的参数,以及标准EKF对非线性系统采用线性化模型带来的误差等问题,利用神经网络的非线性映射能力和自适应能力对标准EKF的估计值进行补偿,减小模型以及滤波参数误差对最优估计值的影响,从而提高最优估计精度。仿真实验证明,BPNN-EKF对多旋翼无人机姿态解算精度的提升具有显著作用。     

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的被动多传感器融合跟踪

针对被动传感器观测的非线性问题,将无迹变换引入卡尔曼滤波算法中.进一步,针对其弱可观测性,采用多个被动传感器集中式融合跟踪策略,提出了基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的被动多传感器融合跟踪算法.以3个被动站跟踪为例进行仿真研究,结果表明所提出的算法可达到比经典的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法更高阶的跟踪精度.     

A new method for the nonlinear transformation of means andcovariances in filters and estimators

This paper describes a new approach for generalizing the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems. A set of samples are used to parametrize the mean and covariance of a (not necessarily Gaussian) probability distribution. The method yields a filter that is more accurate than an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and easier to implement than an EKF or a Gauss second-order filter. Its effectiveness is demonstrated using an example     

Polynomial extended Kalman filter

This work presents a polynomial version of the well-known extended Kalman filter (EKF) for the state estimation of nonlinear discrete-time stochastic systems. The proposed filter, denoted polynomial EKF (PEKF), consists in the application of the optimal polynomial filter of a chosen degree /spl mu/ to the Carleman approximation of a nonlinear system. When /spl mu/=1 the PEKF algorithm coincides with the standard EKF. For the filter implementation the moments of the state and output noises up to order 2/spl mu/ are required. Numerical simulations compare the performances of the PEKF with those of some other existing filters, showing significant improvements.     

一种基于PSO的自适应神经网络预测控制

针对非线性系统,提出了一种基于微粒群优化(PSO)的自适应神经网络预测控制方法.采用对角递归网络(DRNN)对非线性系统进行建模,并利用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)递推估计算法在线计算网络模型参数的Jacobian矩阵以实现模型参数的自适应.利用PSO算法在线优化求解非线性系统的预测控制律,以克服传统基于梯度法的非线性规划方法求解预测控制律时对初始条件非常敏感的缺点.生化发酵过程的仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方法具有良好的跟踪能力和抗干扰能力.     

基于加权最小二乘的卡尔曼滤波算法

为了将卡尔曼滤波(KF)应用于非线性系统中,利用了离散采样点将非线性模型线性化.通过加权最小二乘原理.得到近似的线性化模型,再将KF算法应用于这个线性模型中.结果表明,加权最小二乘与KF结合的方法在非线性模型中的计算结果同扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法接近,且不需要EKF那样求偏导就能很容易地应用到非线性系统中.这种方法实现容易,预测可靠,具有实际应用的价值.     

强跟踪CDKF 及其在组合导航中的应用

针对扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)在组合导航系统模型不确定时存在滤波精度下降甚至发散的问题,提出一种具有强跟踪性能的中心差分卡尔曼滤波器(CDKF).强跟踪CDKF基于强跟踪滤波器(STF)的理论框架,采用中心差分变换代替STF中的雅可比矩阵计算,兼具STF鲁棒性强,CDKF滤波精度高和实现简单的优点,有效克服了EKF在系统模型不确定时滤波失效的缺点.仿真结果验证了强跟踪CDKF的有效性.     

A second-order stochastic filter involving coordinatetransformation

In the state estimation of a nonlinear system, the second-order filter is known to achieve better precision than the first-order filter [extended Kalman filter (EKF)] at the price of complex computation. If the measurement equation is linear in a transformed state variable, the complex measurement update equations of the second-order filter become as simple as the EKF case. Further, if the vector fields carrying the noise are constant, the high-order components in the variance propagation equation disappear. This suggests that if we make the measurement equation linear and make some vector fields constant through a coordinate transformation, we can simplify the second-order filter significantly while taking advantage of high precision. Finally, with an example of a falling body, we demonstrate through a Monte Carlo analysis the usefulness of the proposed method     

Closed-Loop Behavior of a Class of Nonlinear Systems Under EKF-Based Control

We study the closed-loop behavior of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for a class of deterministic nonlinear systems that are transformable to the special normal form with linear internal dynamics. We argue that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and the estimation error exponentially converges to zero. We compare the performance of the EKF to a high-gain observer through simulation     

Online State–Space Modeling Using Recurrent Multilayer Perceptrons with Unscented Kalman Filter

A nonlinear black-box modeling approach using a state–space recurrent multilayer perceptron (RMLP) is considered in this paper. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF), which was proposed recently and is appropriate for state–space representation, is employed to train the RMLP. The UKF offers a derivative-free computation and an easy implementation, compared to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) widely used for training neural networks. In addition, the UKF has a fast convergence rate and an excellent capability of parameter estimation which are appropriate for online learning. Through modeling experiments of nonlinear systems, the effectiveness of the RMLP trained with the UKF is demonstrated.     

A comparison of simultaneous state and parameter estimation schemes for a continuous fermentor reactor

This article proposes a maximum likelihood algorithm for simultaneous estimation of state and parameter values in nonlinear stochastic state-space models. The proposed algorithm uses a combination of expectation maximization, nonlinear filtering and smoothing algorithms. The algorithm is tested with three popular techniques for filtering namely particle filter (PF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and extended Kalman filter (EKF). It is shown that the proposed algorithm when used in conjunction with UKF is computationally more efficient and provides better estimates. An online recursive algorithm based on nonlinear filtering theory is also derived and is shown to perform equally well with UKF and ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithms. A continuous fermentation reactor is used to illustrate the efficacy of batch and online versions of the proposed algorithms.     

Nonlinear Bayesian filtering via holonomic gradient method with quasi moment generating function

A symbolic-numeric method is proposed for addressing the Bayesian filtering problems of a class of discrete-time nonlinear stochastic systems. We first approximate the posterior probability density function to be Gaussian. The update law of the mean and variance is formulated as the evaluation of several integrals depending on certain parameters. Unlike existing methods, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), and particle filter (PF), this formulation considers the nonlinearity of system dynamics exactly. To evaluate the integrals efficiently, we introduce an integral transform motivated by the moment generating function (MGF), which we call a quasi MGF. Furthermore, the quasi MGF is compatible with the Fourier transform of differential operators. We utilize this compatibility to decrease the number of computations of Gröbner bases in the noncommutative rings of differential operators, which reduces the offline computational time. A numerical example is presented to show the efficiency of the proposed method compared to that of other existing methods such as the EKF, UKF, and PF.     

An enhanced linear Kalman filter (EnLKF) algorithm for parameter estimation of nonlinear rational models

In this study, an enhanced Kalman Filter formulation for linear in the parameters models with inherent correlated errors is proposed to build up a new framework for nonlinear rational model parameter estimation. The mechanism of linear Kalman filter (LKF) with point data processing is adopted to develop a new recursive algorithm. The novelty of the enhanced linear Kalman filter (EnLKF in short and distinguished from extended Kalman filter (EKF)) is that it is not formulated from the routes of extended Kalman Filters (to approximate nonlinear models by linear approximation around operating points through Taylor expansion) and also it includes LKF as its subset while linear models have no correlated errors in regressor terms. No matter linear or nonlinear models in representing a system from measured data, it is very common to have correlated errors between measurement noise and regression terms, the EnLKF provides a general solution for unbiased model parameter estimation without extra cost to convert model structure. The associated convergence is analysed to provide a quantitative indicator for applications and reference for further research. Three simulated examples are selected to bench-test the performance of the algorithm. In addition, the style of conducting numerical simulation studies provides a user-friendly step by step procedure for the readers/users with interest in their ad hoc applications. It should be noted that this approach is fundamentally different from those using linearisation to approximate nonlinear models and then conduct state/parameter estimate.     

Robust unscented Kalman filter with adaptation of process and measurement noise covariances

Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) has been extensively used for state estimation of nonlinear stochastic systems, which suffers from performance degradation and even divergence when the noise distribution used in the UKF and the truth in a real system are mismatched. For state estimation of nonlinear stochastic systems with non-Gaussian measurement noise, the Masreliez–Martin extended Kalman filter (EKF) gives better state estimates in relation to the standard EKF. However, the process noise and the measurement noise covariance matrices should be known, which is impractical in applications. This paper presents a robust Masreliez–Martin UKF which can provide reliable state estimates in the presence of both unknown process noise and measurement noise covariance matrices. Two numerical examples involving relative navigation of spacecrafts demonstrate that the proposed filter can provide improved state estimation performance over existing robust filtering approaches. Vision-aided robot arm tracking experiments are also provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Robust stability of nonlinear model predictive control based on extended Kalman filter

This work deals with state estimation and process control for nonlinear systems, especially when nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is integrated with extended Kalman filter (EKF) as the state estimator. In particular, we focus on the robust stability of NMPC and EKF in the presence of plant-model mismatch. The convergence property of the estimation error from the EKF in the presence of non-vanishing perturbations is established based on our previous work [1]. In addition, a so-called one way interaction is shown that the EKF error is not influenced by control action from the NMPC. Hence, the EKF analysis is still valid in the output-feedback NMPC framework, even though there is no separation principle for general nonlinear systems. With this result, we study the robust stability of the output-feedback NMPC under the impact of the estimation error. It turns out the output-feedback NMPC with EKF is Input-to-State practical Stable (ISpS). Finally, two offset-free strategies of output-feedback NMPC are presented and illustrated through a simulation example.     

基于EM-EKF算法的RBF-AR模型参数估计

为了利用EKF（extended Kalman filter）算法对RBF-AR（radial basis function network-based autoregressive）模型进行参数估计,重构了RBF-AR模型的网络结构,将其变换成一种新型的广义径向基函数（radial basis function,RBF）神经网络.与典型三层RBF网络结构相比,该广义RBF网络增加了线性输出加权层.为了克服基于EKF神经网络学习算法由于噪声统计特性未知导致滤波发散或者滤波精度不高的问题,利用EM（expectation maximization）算法对RBF-AR模型噪声协方差矩阵进行估计.同时,通过EKF滤波实时估计RBF-AR模型参数（系统状态）,EKF平滑过程得到了更加准确的期望估计.仿真结果显示,该方法用在此变形的RBF-AR模型结构中是有效的,特别在信噪比低的情况下,估计效果比SNPOM（structured nonlinear parameter optimization method）方法好,而且还能估计出噪声方差.F检验显示了两方法估计得到的标准偏差有显著性差异.     

基于EKF神经网络的扩频系统抗窄带干扰技术

针对消除扩频系统中的窄带干扰问题,文章提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的递归神经网络预测器(RNNP)。扩展卡尔曼滤波被用于反馈修改递归神经网络的权值系数,从而准确地估计干扰信号,具有收敛速度快、预测精度高和适用于非线性处理的优点。仿真结果表明:基于EKF学习算法的RNNP相对于自适应线性最小均方差(LMS)干扰预测器、自适应近似条件均值(ACM)干扰预测器和基于实时递推学习(RTRL)算法的RNNP在预测误差的均方误差、收敛速度、信噪比改善量方面上有不同程度的改进。     

Convergence analysis of the extended Kalman filter used as anobserver for nonlinear deterministic discrete-time systems

In this paper, convergence analysis of the extended Kalman filter (EKF), when used as an observer for nonlinear deterministic discrete-time systems, is presented. Based on a new formulation of the first-order linearization technique, sufficient conditions to ensure local asymptotic convergence are established. Furthermore, it is shown that the design of the arbitrary matrix plays an important role in enlarging the domain of attraction and then improving the convergence of the modified EKF significantly. The efficiency of this approach, compared to the classical version of the EKF, is shown through a nonlinear identification problem as well as a state and parameter estimation of nonlinear discrete-time systems     

Invariant Observer Design of Attitude and Heading Reference System

An attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) is a nonlinear state estimator unit for computing orientation in 3D space. This paper designs an AHRS using three approaches: an invariant observer, an invariant extended Kalman filter (IEKF), and a conventional extended Kalman filter (EKF). The three designs are validated in experiment versus a ground truth, demonstrating the practical interest of the invariant observer methodology and the advantage of the IEKF over the EKF under model uncertainty.     

非线性随机离散系统推广卡尔曼滤波方法收敛性分析

讨论了非线性随机离散系统的推广卡尔曼滤波算法的收敛性 .基于BoutayebM的一阶线性化技巧 ,得到了确保局部渐近收敛的充分条件