The model for fracture toughness

It is pointed out that the distribution introduced by Neville [1] (for modeling fracture toughness to failures) is contained by at least two families of distributions known since the 1940s. Some elementary statistical properties of these families are discussed. Six data sets on fracture toughness are used to demonstrate that these families are much better models for fracture toughness than the one introduced by Neville [1].     

直接由KIC／KIa～（T—RTNDT）的实测数据统计分析反应堆压力容器用钢断裂韧性值的概率分布

在反应堆压力容器的结构完整性评定中,ASME规范中选择材料大量断裂韧性数据的下包络线来确定断裂韧度,这在反应堆压力容器结构完整性的概率评定中会产生过于保守的结果。为此,利用三参数威布尔分布模型和对数正态分布模型分别对起裂韧性玩数据和动态止裂韧性KIa数据进行统计分析,并给出了断裂韧性的统计分布模型。     

热喷涂纳米结构Al2O3／TiO2涂层断裂韧性的统计性质

采用压痕裂纹法测定了等离子喷涂纳米结构Al2O3／TiO2涂层的断裂韧性及其统计离散度。研究表明,采用不同载荷获得的压痕韧性呈现出较大的离散性,其分布符合韦伯分布类型。通过分析指出,随着载荷的增大压痕韧性的数值趋于集中,而导致压痕韧性产生较大波动性的根本原因在于涂层之中显微结构的不均匀性。     

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC LOADING ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED JOINTS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

To investigate the effect of dynamic loading on fracture behavior of welded joints of structural steel Q23SB and 16Mn in common use and compare the earthquake resistances of the two kinds of materials, dynamic tension and fracture toughness tests are carried out at room temperature. On the basis of the tests, the stress-strain fields near the crack tip of the compact specimens are analyzed by three-dimensional finite element model. The test results and finite element analysis results show that, the fracture toughness of welds and base metal of 16Mn steel increases with the increment of loading rate. Compared with 16Mn steel, Q235B steel is more sensitive to dynamic loading. The fracture toughness of welds of Q235B is comparatively low under static loading and dynamic loading at room temperature. Compared with the static loading, the fracture toughness of Q235B parent metal under dynamic loading decreases by about four times. Therefore, it can be concluded that compared with 16Mn steel, the earthquake re     

预测钛合金超塑成形－扩散连接(SPF/DB)界面层的断裂韧度

提出根据超塑成形－扩散连接(SPF/DB)的工艺技术参数预测扩散连接界面层断裂韧度的计算方法,并对TC4/TA2连接件,开发了相应的界面层断裂韧度的分析和预测软件系统。该计算方法首先在理论分析和试验的基础上,建立扩散连接界面层成长模型,获得扩散连接件界面层厚度的计算公式,确定材料过渡参数m的计算方法;其次对已有的混合型外载的界面断裂准则进行修正,使其适用于扩散连接件界面层断裂时能量释放率曲线的函数模型。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。分析结果表明：在允许工艺参数范围内,扩散连接件界面断裂韧度随成形温度、成形压力和保压时间的提高而提高。其中,成形压力影响最大,然后依次为保压时间和成形温度。为了提高扩散连接界面层的断裂韧度,必须通过界面层设计来提高其界面裂尖断裂混合度,而上述各工艺技术参数,正与其裂尖断裂混合度的大小密切相关。     

最弱链模型估算局部脆性区尺寸对焊接热影响区断裂韧度的影响

从最弱链模型的物理本质出发，探讨了影响焊接热影响区脆性断裂的主要因素。在一定的断裂韧度前提下，随着局部脆性尺寸的增加，焊接热影响区的脆断概率增加。当断裂概率一定时，局部脆性区尺寸增加，焊接热影响区断裂韧度下降。文中讨论了最弱链模型中各参数对断裂概率密度及断裂韧度值分布的影响。．     

玻璃/铝复合材料断裂性能的研究

本工作以玻璃为基质,以金属铝粉为分散相,制备了玻璃/铝复合材料。通过对复合材料断裂韧性的测试及对其断裂表面形貌的分析,提出了金属铝对玻璃的增韧机理。并讨论了影响增韧效果的工艺因素。     

材料断裂韧度测试中的厚度效应

在以往的材料断裂韧度测试中，只考虑了对平面应变状态下试件厚度的限制（Ｂ≥２．５（ＫＩＣ／σＳ）２）；而对于非平面应变状态下材料断裂韧度测试中均没有考虑试件厚度的限制。本文从与厚度效应密切相关的应力三轴约束入手，导出了与应力三轴约束ＴＺ相关的裂纹扩展能量释效率Ｇ的表达式，进而得出了相应的测试材料断裂韧度的修正Ｒ曲线法。最后结合３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ钢断裂韧度的实测结果校验了理论分析结果。     

Mechanical behavior and numerical estimation of fracture resistance of a SCS6 fiber reinforced reaction bonded S13N4 continuous fiber ceramic composite

Continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) have advantages over monolithic ceramics: Silicon Nitride composites are not well used for application because of their low fracture toughness and fracture strength, but CFCCs exhibit increased toughness for damage tolerance, and relatively high stiffness in spite of low specific weight. Thus it is important to characterize the fracture resistance and properties of new CFCCs materials. Tensile and flexural tests were carried out for mechanical properties and the fracture resistance behavior of a SCS6 fiber reinforced Si₃N₄ matrix CFCC was evaluated. The results indicated that CFCC composite exhibit a rising R curve behavior in flexural test. The fracture toughness was about 4.8 MPa m^1/2 , which resulted in a higher value of the fracture toughness because of fiber bridging. Mechanical properties as like the elastic modulus, proportional limit and the ultimate strength in a flexural test are greater than those in a tensile test. Also a numerical modeling of failure process was accomplished for a flexural test. This numerical results provided a good simulation of the cumulative fracture process of the fiber and matrix in CFCCs.     

31Si2MnCrMoVE钢薄板试样表面裂纹断裂韧度测试

31Si2MnCrMoVE钢是为符合固体火箭发动机壳体设计需要而专门研制的超高强度钢。随着冶炼技术的进步,31Si2MnCrMoVE钢断裂韧度不断提高,构件采用的板厚也越来越薄。由于较高的断裂韧度和较小的板厚,给钢板表面裂纹断裂韧度测试带来困难,韧带尺寸偏小,难以满足有效性判据。这种情况下,不应该用线弹性断裂力学方法评价材料的断裂韧度,而应采用弹塑性断裂力学测试材料的延性断裂韧度JIC。基于以上原因,在条件断裂韧度不满足有效性判据的情况下,采用试验与有限元分析相结合的方法,通过试验测出裂纹启裂时的条件载荷,用有限元法计算出在条件载荷作用下的延性断裂韧度JIC,再用断裂力学理论转换成表面裂纹断裂韧度KIe。用JIC作为断裂参量,就必须分析J积分的有效性,因此讨论超高强度钢表面裂纹前缘的J守恒和J主导的有效性,从而为固体火箭发动机设计提供依据。     

Tribological analysis of fracture conditions in thin surface coatings by 3D FEM modelling and stress simulations

A tribological analysis of deformations and stresses generated and their influence on crack generation and surface fracture in a coated surface loaded by a sliding sphere in dry conditions is presented. A three-dimensional finite element method (3D FEM) model has been developed for calculating the first principal stress distribution in the scratch tester contact of a diamond spherical tip with 200 μm radius sliding with increasing load on a 2 μm thick titanium nitride coated steel surface. The model is comprehensive in that sense that it considers elastic, plastic and fracture behaviour of the surfaces. The hard coating will be stretched and accumulates high tensile stresses. At the same time, it is carrying part of the load and thus reducing the compressional stresses in the substrate under the sliding tip. The first crack is initiated at the top of the coating from bending and pulling actions and it grows down through the coating. The fracture toughness of the coating is calculated by identifying from a scratch test experiment the location of the first cracks and the crack density and using this as input data.     

Dynamic fracture characteristics of highly brittle materials by using Instrumented Charpy Impact Test

In This study we investigate the dynamic fracture characteristics of a tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-6wt%Co) composite material. The dynamic fracture initiation toughness and some of the dynamic fracturing characteristics are evaluated by using the Instrumented Charpy Impact Testing (ICIT) procedure. The dependence of measured time-to-fracture on the tup impact velocity and the dynamic fracture toughness for the WC-6wt%Co composite material are obtained by using ICIT. The effect of the loading rate on fracture initiation toughness is found to be negligible when the time-to-fracture is on the order of 50μsec. At significantly higher rates of loading it is impossible to determine the apparent dynamic fracture initiation toughness because of the influence of the inertia force on fracture loading. It is found that the impact velocities affect the time-to-fracture significantly at lower impact velocities for various engineering materials. It is shown that with the decrease of tup impact velocities the time-to-fracture is increased and the dynamic fracture initiation toughness converges to static fracture toughness.     

An evaluation method of probability of elastic-plastic fracture by 2-parameter criterion

Many researchers have made a lot of progress in studying the evaluation of fracture probability of brittle materials. However, studies of fracture probability for elastic-plasticity have not been made yet. An evaluation method for fracture probability which is grafted onto a 2-parameter criterion and statistical probability analysis is not only introduced in this study, but also applied to the simple 2-dimensional model and carbon steel piping to vealuate the effect of statistical variables.     

高温长期运行Cr-Mo钢断裂性能微试样测试实验研究

开展采用小冲杆微试样试验技术评定材料断裂性能的研究.针对2.25Cr-1Mo钢(脆化态和脱脆态)及1.25Cr-0.5Mo钢,将小冲杆试验测试结果与常规冲击韧度及断裂韧度试验结果相关联,得到小冲杆试样变形过程中消耗的总变形能与常规夏比冲击功间的对应关系经验公式,以及小冲杆试样等效断裂应变与材料延性断裂韧度间的关联式,说明可以直接采用小冲杆试验结果估算材料的冲击及断裂韧度值,为无法取标准试样进行材料抗断裂性能测试场合提供了一种可行的间接测试技术.     

压力管道可靠性安全评定

针对管道的断裂失效模式以及安全评定过程中存在的不确定性，提出了压力管道可靠性安全评定方法。通过分析主要评定参数：缺陷尺寸、工况载荷、断裂韧性、机械强度的分布特征，对各随机变量模拟实际工况抽样，应用Monte Carlo数值计算方法确定管道上的各独立缺陷的失效概率，进而获得整个管道的失效概率。可靠性安全评定方法确实反映了评定参数客观存在的不确定性，克服了确定性安全评定方法的缺点，具有极大的应用价值。     

Effect of postpeak tension-softening behavior on the fracture properties of 2-D carbon fiber reinforced carbon composite

The fracture properties of commercial carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C/C) composites (CCM190C, CCM191C) that have different interfacial shear strength were investigated. Postpeak tension-softening phenomena were observed through the fracture mechanics test for these composites. The failure manner in the fracture process zone was primarily fiber pull-out for CCM190C and fiber breakage for CCM191C, respectively. It was confirmed that the scale of pseudo strain hardening for CCM190C with low interfacial shear strength was larger than that of CCM191C. The bridging energy at the postpeak part and the total energy consumed to produce a unit area of fracture surface were calculated based on the J-based technique. The bridging energy at the postpeak part accounted for 12.3% of the total energy consumed to produce a unit area of fracture surface for CCM190C. From this result, it can be deduced that the effect of the postpeak bridging energy on the fracture toughness is large for CCM190C. In contrast, the contribution of the postpeak bridging energy for the total energy per fracture surface was very small for CCM191C. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Chongdu Cho Yonjig Kim received B. S. and M. S. degrees in Mechanical Design Engineering and Mechanical Engineering at Chonbuk National University in 1983 and 1985, respectively. He enlisted in the army as a soldier and leaved the army in 1988, and then got a ph. D. degree in Mechanical Engineering at Chonbuk National University in 1993. Dr. Kim is currently working as a professor in his alma mater, Chonbuk National University. His major area of study is materials and fracture mechanics and he is interested mainly in fracture of fiber reinforced polymer composites.     

球墨铸铁断裂韧度的可靠性分析

通常球墨铸铁与其他铸铁材料一样被认为属于脆性材料，断裂韧度应该用线弹性力学理论进行研究。本文发现由于球墨铸铁中的石墨呈球状，当裂纹通过石墨时，裂纹扩展机理将发生相应的变化，结果显示用弹一塑性理论来研究球墨铸铁的断裂韧度是适应和有效的。对可靠度为95％球墨铸铁断裂韧度的区间估计进行分析，以便对工程中的断裂韧度提供相关的数据。     

平纹编织C/SiC复合材料层间断裂行为试验研究

通过双悬臂梁和端部切口弯曲试验分别对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的Ⅰ型(张开型)和Ⅱ型(滑开型)层间断裂行为进行试验研究,得到该材料以临界能量释放率GⅠC和GⅡC表征的层间断裂韧度值.试验后利用光学显微镜对两组试验的试样断口进行显微观察,以分析其破坏机理.结果表明:Ⅰ型层间断裂韧度值GⅠC和Ⅱ型层间断裂韧度值GⅡC分别为(737.2±57) J/m2和(1082.7±90) J/m2;Ⅰ型开裂为层间SiC基体沿初始裂纹方向的断裂破坏;Ⅱ型开裂与Ⅰ型开裂相似,但裂纹上下表面包裹碳纤维束的SiC基体发生脱落,并且出现碳纤维束中部分碳纤维剪切破坏.     

Experimental study and computer simulation of fracture toughness of sheet metal after laser forming

Fracture toughness is one of the most important mechanical properties for sheet metal in many applications. However not enough attention has been paid to the effects of laser forming conditions on fracture toughness of sheet metal. This paper presents an integrated fracture toughness model to study fracture toughness of sheet metal after laser forming. Microstructure, distribution of residual stresses and geometry of sheet metal specimen are considered in the model. Results of residual stress from microstructure-integrated finite element modelling of laser forming are incorporated in the model. Low carbon steel is used in this paper to validate the model. The results from the fracture toughness study are found to be consistent with microstructure analysis .     

含裂纹板断裂韧度厚度效应的理论与应用

从理论角度对断裂韧度厚度效应进行了研究。在线弹性断裂力学与含裂纹板的二维位移场的基础上,给出分离变量型的具有待定函数的三维位移场的表达式,进而通过几何方程与物理方程获取三维应变场和三维应力场。进一步,通过虚位移原理,使用变分方法建立待定函数所应满足的支配方程与边界条件,从而确定待定函数。基于上述分析,建立一个断裂韧度与试样厚度关系的理论表达式。最后通过两种试验材料LY12CZ(L-T)与TC4(L-T)进行了验证。