非典病房通风系统及污风处理研究

针对目前SARS病房对病房通风的特殊要求，分析了现行医院通风系统的不足之处，借鉴隧道及矿山通风方式，提出了适应非典病房通风要求的新的通风系统及污风处理系统，通过和当前的病房通风方式进行比较，本文所提出的方法能有效地控制病毒的交叉感染以及有效地处理被污染的空气，具有很强的实用性和可行性。     

某医院感染楼空调与通风系统设计

以某医院感染楼为例,详细的介绍了该医院的工程概况、 设计参数、 冷热源、 空调与通风系统.简要介绍了利用空调与通风系统相互协调控制,使之各功能区域产生的压差保证各区域的空气气流的有序的流动从而保障了医护人员身体健康,在一定程度上防止了交叉感染,为此类感染楼暖通系统设计提供一定参考性.     

基于避免交叉感染需求的医院通风空调模拟分析

随着各类新型疾病的频繁发生,预防医院的交叉感染问题已成为世界性的共性问题。为有效预防传染性疾病在医院的交叉感染,本文以某医院传染科通风空调系统设计为例,通过CFD模拟了医院传染科病房的通风空调设计效果,并对模拟结果进行了分析,为解决和预防医院内的交叉感染问题提供了参考,在医院建筑领域有广泛的推广价值。     

“SARS”对未来建筑的警示

据说，佛山是广东最早发现“非典”疫情的地区，佛山很多医院的医护人员感染了“非典”，但第一人民医院幸免，有人说，这是因为佛山第一人民医院所有窗户都能打开通风，我不知道佛山医院是否安排接诊“非典”病人，但不论怎样，所有窗户都能打开，以及它那种小进深，多院落、有利自然通风、自然采光的布局确实能对医院控制非典传播起很大的作用。     

英国国家卫生部医院病房设计，英国

空间句法公司受国家卫生部医院集团委托，对6家医院病房的空间设计进行研究。国家卫生部医院集团已经向国家卫生部基金会提出建议：未来的奖金安排至少有50%的床位应拥有单人病房。这项建议的提出基于病人需求的提升和设施完善的单人病房更受欢迎的提议。     

CFD技术在雷神山医院负压病房通风系统设计中的应用实践

为应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的暴发,武汉市建造了火神山和雷神山这两座应急医院以缓解现有医疗系统的压力。为了避免应急医院医患的交叉感染,雷神山医院病房的通风系统需要针对性地设计病房的通风系统。该文借助CFD技术对雷神山医院的负压病房通风系统进行了有害气体扩散分析,从而定量把握病房内含病毒的有害空气浓度,从而为通风系统的设计优化提供建议。另外,基于病房内有害气体的浓度分布情况,也可为传染病医院的防疫工作提供参考。     

火神山医院负压病房施工技术

武汉火神山医院为全国首次采用独立通风系统集装箱负压病房的应急工程,通过通风换气及合理的气流组织,各功能区间形成压力梯度,防止新型冠状病毒肺炎病原微生物扩散,保护医护人员工作安全。医院负压病房采用模块化设计,运用集装箱式箱体活动板房和模块化拼接方式进行组装,通过密封措施确保集装箱负压病房的密闭性,是调试形成负压的重要条件。     

某非典负压病房内空气环境的技术措施分析

通过对某新建非典负压病房的空调通风系统的设计审查,施工过程监督及施工后的现场测试,总结了系统在各房间内的静压设计与压差维持、负压病房的送风量、房间的温湿度、管路保温、噪声及系统控制等方面出现的问题,并讨论了产生的原因;提出需要对负压病房的新风量大小、静压值及空调通风系统的消毒灭菌方面作进一步进行研究。另外,对类似_丁程的设计及施工也提出了建议。     

广州市第八人民医院呼吸道传染病住院楼通风空调设计

在某医院呼吸道传染病住院楼空调设计中，病房采用新风加带高效过滤器的高静压风机盘管机组．而医护人员工作区及病人活动区则采用新风加风机盘管空调系统，并针对控制传染病的要求，采用了房间负压控制、合理的气流分布、高效过滤与集中排风等技术。     

"非典"过后对医院建筑电气设计的反思

主要从重症传染医院配电设计角度，就如何避免电气运行维护人员、医护人员、病人及家属之间交叉感染的问题，提出一些建议。     

Role of air distribution in SARS transmission during the largest nosocomial outbreak in Hong Kong

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is primarily transmitted by bio-aerosol droplets or direct personal contacts. This paper presents a detailed study of environmental evidence of possible airborne transmission in a hospital ward during the largest nosocomial SARS outbreak in Hong Kong in March 2003. Retrospective on-site inspections and measurements of the ventilation design and air distribution system were carried out on July 17, 2003. Limited on-site measurements of bio-aerosol dispersion were also carried out on July 22. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the bio-aerosol dispersion in the hospital ward. We attempted to predict the air distribution during the time of measurement in July 2003 and the time of exposure in March 2003. The predicted bio-aerosol concentration distribution in the ward seemed to agree fairly well with the spatial infection pattern of SARS cases. Possible improvement to air distribution in the hospital ward was also considered. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our study revealed the need for the development of improved ventilation and air-conditioning systems in an isolation ward or a general hospital ward for infectious respiratory diseases. The outbreak in Ward 8A, which was in a general hospital and could house nearly 40 patients, demonstrated the cross-infection risks of respiratory infectious diseases in hospitals if a potential highly infectious patient was not identified and isolated. Our example simulation, which extended the SARS Busters' design for an isolation room to Ward 8A, demonstrated that there was room for improvement to minimize cross-infection in large general hospital wards.     

关于SARS医院空调通风系统的思考与设计实践

依据两所收治SARS患者医院的设计实践，提出了空调通风系统针对SARS医院病区的设计理念；评价了不同形式空调通风系统在SARS医院中应用的优缺点和适用条件；分析了目前尚无规范指导的负压病房最小新风换气次数和压差控制值并给出了推荐数据；还提供了一个相关设计实例。     

上海某医院SARS病房改造

为将某普通传染病房应急改造为SARS临时隔离病房，提出了应急改造的方案及采取的相应措施。在气流组织分析和该病房改造经验的基础上，完成了对该院4楼传染病区的改造。     

Policies and technical guidelines for urban planning of high-density cities – air ventilation assessment (AVA) of Hong Kong

In 2003, Hong Kong was hit by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from which many people died. The Hong Kong Government subsequently set up a Governmental Team Clean Committee to investigate possible urban design policies. Team Clean charged the task to the Planning Department, HKSAR. In 2003, it initiated a study titled: “Feasibility Study for Establishment of Air Ventilation Assessment (AVA) System.” A number of focused studies were conducted. It eventually led to the technical methodology and guidelines of the air ventilation assessment (AVA) system. Unlike many countries with guidelines for dealing with gust wind problems, AVA is a guideline for weak wind conditions specifically designed to deal with congested urban conditions. The AVA system basically establishes a method for project developers to objectively assess their designs. In 2006, the government of Hong Kong officially adopted the system and required all major publicly funded development projects to undertake the assessment. The scientific and implementation processes leading to the AVA system are reported in this paper.     

Natural ventilation for reducing airborne infection in hospitals

High ventilation rate is shown to be effective for reducing cross-infection risk of airborne diseases in hospitals and isolation rooms. Natural ventilation can deliver much higher ventilation rate than mechanical ventilation in an energy-efficient manner. This paper reports a field measurement of naturally ventilated hospital wards in Hong Kong and presents a possibility of using natural ventilation for infection control in hospital wards. Our measurements showed that natural ventilation could achieve high ventilation rates especially when both the windows and the doors were open in a ward. The highest ventilation rate recorded in our study was 69.0 ACH. The airflow pattern and the airflow direction were found to be unstable in some measurements with large openings. Mechanical fans were installed in a ward window to create a negative pressure difference. Measurements showed that the negative pressure difference was negligible with large openings but the overall airflow was controlled in the expected direction. When all the openings were closed and the exhaust fans were turned on, a reasonable negative pressure was created although the air temperature was uncontrolled.     

On-site quantification of re-entry ratio of ventilation exhausts in multi-family residential buildings and implications

Abstract Abstract In the worldwide spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, cluster of cases occurred in a number of large high‐rise residential building blocks, especially in Hong Kong. In this study, we examined one of the most likely virus‐spread mechanisms, which is related to the inter‐flat or inter‐zonal airflow through open‐windows caused by buoyancy effects. Dual tracer gases of CO₂ and SF₆ are employed simultaneously to quantify the amount of the exhaust air coming out of the upper part of the window of a floor that re‐enters the lower part of the open‐window at the immediate upper floor. It was found that the room air could contain up to 7% of the exhaust air from the lower floor, and this occurs at low wind conditions with a combination of indoor–outdoor temperature difference. The results can well explain the earlier governmental finding that DNA strings of SARS Corono‐Virus were detected within the sampled deposits on the window sills of the upper floors of the two index patients’ flats. The preliminary and yet alarming conclusion may be that, in high‐rise buildings, windows flush with a flat façade can be a major route for the vertical spread of pathogen‐containing aerosols.     

Experimental verification of tracking algorithm for dynamically-releasing single indoor contaminant

Identifying contaminant sources in a precise and rapid manner is critical to indoor air quality (IAQ) management as disclosed source information can facilitate proper and effective IAQ controls in environments with airborne infection, fire smoke and chemical pollutant release etc. Probability-based inverse modeling method was shown feasible for locating single instantaneous source in IAQ events. To tackle more realistic sources of continuous release, this paper advances the method to identify continuously releasing single contaminant source. The study formulates a suite of inverse modeling algorithms that can promptly locate dynamic source with known release time for IAQ events. Two field experiments are employed to verify the prediction: one in a multi-room apartment and the other in a hospital ward which was involved in a SARS outbreak in Hong Kong in 2003. The developed algorithms promptly and accurately identify the source locations in both cases.     

Dispersion of exhaled droplet nuclei in a two-bed hospital ward with three different ventilation systems

Effective ventilation in general hospital wards is important for controlling the airborne transmission of infectious respiratory diseases. Experiments have been carried out to increase our understanding of the interaction of the breathing flows of two individuals in a full-scale experimental hospital ward with three ventilation systems, i.e. mixing, downward and displacement ventilation. Two life-size breathing thermal manikins were used to simulate a source patient and a receiving patient. The exhalation jet from a bed-lying manikin was visualized using smoke. N2O was used as tracer gas to simulate the droplet nuclei exhaled by patients; and the spatial distribution of its concentrations was measured. Our experimental results show that for both mixing and downward ventilation, the exhaled jet penetrates a short distance and is diluted quickly by ventilation air. The exhaled droplet nuclei are well mixed in the ward. Bed distance does not affect the personal exposure of the receiving patient. For displacement ventilation, the exhaled jet can penetrate a long distance. A high concentration layer of exhaled droplet nuclei because of thermal stratification locking has also been observed with displacement ventilation. This work is useful for identifying an appropriate ventilation method that can remove droplet nuclei more effectively and minimize the risk of cross-infections in a hospital ward environment. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: As one of the major potential sources for infectious droplet nuclei in a hospital environment, exhalation flows of an infected patient can interact with the respiratory activities of other close individuals and with the room ventilation systems. Our latest results provide information on the penetration of exhalation jets into the ambient environment in different ventilation systems. This work is useful in identifying an appropriate and effective ventilation method for removing droplet nuclei more effectively, and thus minimizing the risk of cross-infections in hospital wards with multiple beds.     

SARS隔离病房内的气流组织优化研究

本文分析了SARS病毒特性及其传播机理,结合相关标准并借鉴生物安全技术提出了SARS隔离病房内的气流组织要求,给出了相应的气流组织评价指标。针对SARS隔离病房的特点,提出了多种较为合理的气流组织方案,采用数值模拟的方法比较了各气流组织方案的综合性能,从而得到了适用于SARS隔离病房内的最优气流组织方案。模拟和实验结果表明尽管都采用单侧顶送异侧下回的风口布局方式,未必所有的送风口都能满足隔离病房内气流形成合理定向流动的要求。本文为SARS隔离病房推荐了所应采用的送风口形式及其布局方案。     

独立新风变风量系统在负压隔离病房平疫转换中的应用

平疫转换病房空调系统应满足普通病房、负压病房和负压隔离病房的不同规范要求.梳理了不同的医院设计规范对各类型病房的空调系统设计参数要求,包括室内温湿度、换气次数、新风量、压力控制、气流组织、过滤等级等.总结了平疫转换病房设计参数要求.在普通变风量系统的基础上,提出了独立新风变风量系统,并以某病房为例进行了分析,给出了不同...