乳酸菌胞外多糖免疫活性的研究进展

乳酸菌胞外多糖是乳酸菌在生长代谢过程中分泌到细胞壁外的一种天然高分子化合物。由于其能够改善发酵乳制品风味与质地,并具有多种生理活性,近年来受到国内外学者的普遍关注。根据近年来国内外乳酸菌胞外多糖免疫活性的研究现状,综述了产胞外多糖乳酸菌的种类、产量以及乳酸菌胞外多糖对特异性和非特异性免疫方面的影响,并对乳酸菌胞外多糖免疫调节活性及结构性质之间的构效关系进行了总结,旨在为乳酸菌胞外多糖的进一步开发和利用提供一定的理论基础。     

乳酸菌胞外多糖及其对酸乳品质的影响

综述了乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究,包括胞外多糖分类、生物合成、影响合成因素,并讨论了乳酸菌胞外多糖对酸乳品质的影响。     

乳酸菌胞外多糖及其对酸乳品质的影响

综述了乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究,包括胞外多糖分类、生物合成、影响合成因素,并讨论了乳酸菌胞外多糖对酸乳品质的影响。      

乳酸菌胞外多糖的生理功能及其在食品中的应用

本文概述了乳酸菌胞外多糖的生理功能、生理活性的研究现状，介绍了乳酸菌胞外多糖在酸奶、干酪等产品上的应用及最新研究进展，展望了乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究开发前景和方向。     

乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究进展

乳酸菌胞外多糖是一种天然的、具有诸多生理功能的生物高分子聚合物。乳酸菌可以产生不同结构的胞外多糖,根据多糖的组成不同可以将其分为同型多糖和异型多糖。本文对乳酸菌胞外多糖的种类、结构、生物合成、生理功能、分离纯化方法以及应用前景进行了综述。     

影响乳酸菌胞外多糖产量的因素

乳酸菌胞外多糖是乳酸菌在生长代谢过程中分泌到细胞壁外、常渗于培养基中的一类天然生物高分子聚合物。乳酸菌胞外多糖不仅具有多种生物活性,而且还可作为食品增稠剂和稳定剂等,在改善发酵乳品质地和流变学特性等方面发挥重要作用。但是至今,乳酸菌胞外多糖的产量依旧较低,从而限制了其广泛应用,因此深入了解影响乳酸菌胞外多糖产量的因素具有深远的意义。文章综述了菌体自身遗传特性、培养基成分、培养条件及提取条件对胞外多糖产量的影响,并探讨提高其产量行之有效的措施,以期推动乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究和应用。     

乳酸菌产胞外多糖的研究

综述了乳酸菌产胞外多糖的研究进展，包括产胞外多糖的菌株、影响生物合成的因素等，并介绍了乳酸菌产胞外多糖的开发及应用。     

乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究进展

乳酸菌胞外多糖是乳酸菌在生长代谢过程中分泌到细胞壁外、常渗于培养基中的一类天然的生物高分子聚合物。由于胞外多糖具有降低胆固醇、抗肿瘤、促进菌体在肠粘膜上的粘附和免疫应答以及可作为食品增稠剂和稳定剂等重要的生理和物理特性而成为近年来的研究热点。了解乳酸菌胞外多糖的合成途径、结构以及构效关系,对于提高乳酸菌胞外多糖产量、深入了解其生物活性相关机制具有重要的意义。综述了乳酸菌胞外多糖的分类、构效关系、生物合成机制以及生物活性。     

乳酸菌胞外多糖肠道黏附及免疫调节作用研究进展

乳酸菌作为公认的食品级益生菌,在医学、食品科学及人类健康中发挥重要作用。乳酸菌的胞外多糖作为其主要的细胞外分泌物与其相应生物学功能的发挥密切相关。本文旨在从乳酸菌胞外多糖的理化特性和分子结构方面入手探究其调节免疫的机制,并总结乳酸菌胞外多糖在调节胃肠道功能和进入体内后的免疫调节等方面的特性。以期为乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究和应用奠定理论基础。     

乳酸菌胞外多糖的流变学特性和分子结构修饰

乳酸菌胞外多糖在乳品加工中具有重要作用。在发酵过程中,胞外多糖的形成有利于改善产品的流变学特性,并赋予产品优良的感官特性和营养保健性能。不同的乳酸菌在胞外多糖的产量、化学组成、分子量、带电情况和侧链分支等方面具有很大差异。通过对胞外多糖进行分子结构修饰,可以优化其功能特性,并获得具有特定用途的食品改良剂。有些乳酸菌胞外多糖具有抗肿瘤和免疫调节活性,有益于人类健康;或者可能用作益生元,有益于胃肠道菌群微生态平衡。本文着重讨论乳酸菌胞外多糖的流变学特性和多糖的分子结构修饰,探讨胞外多糖结构与功能的关系。,     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

Food oral processing—A review

Food oral processing is an essential procedure not only for the consumption and digestion of foods but also for the appreciation and pleasure of food texture and food flavour. The consumption of a food inside mouth involves various oral operations, including first bite, chewing and mastication, transportation, bolus formation, swallowing, etc. Exact mechanisms and governing principles of these oral operations are still not fully understood, despite of continuous efforts made by scientists from food, psychology, physiology, dental and clinical studies, and other disciplines. This article reviews recent progresses and literature findings about food processing and transformation in mouth, with particular attention on the physiology and rheology aspects of oral operations. The physiological behaviour of human's oral device is discussed in terms of biting capability, tongue movement, saliva production and incorporation, and swallowing. The complexity of oral processing is analysed in relation to the rheology and mechanical properties of foods. The swallowing and oral clearing process is also examined for its criteria, triggering mechanism, bolus deformation, and the rheology of swallowing.     

Evaluation of mycotoxin-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary

In the period between December 5, 1991 and September 17, 1998, 760 maize, 367 wheat, 119 soybean, 222 barley, 85 bran, 32 triticale, 60 oat, 14 rye and 22 sunflower samples were investigated for the presence and concentration of seven fusariotoxins (T-2 toxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, fusarenone-X) and OTA. The comparison of analytical data with those of the relevant literature revealed that although the incidence rate and/ or concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins and OTA in Hungarian-grown cereals is occasionally considerable, the position of the country is not worse than the average of countries. Our findings indicate that soybean tends to be good substrate for trichothecene-producing fungi and the rate of contamination is regarded as substantial. The commodities were assorted into one of three quality categories. The proportion of objectionable samples was only 3.0, 2.2, 2.3 and 1.7% in maize, wheat, barley and soybean samples, respectively. However, this low rate of objection might still be a source of great economic loss. The proportion of objectionable samples was much higher in the case of bran, oat and triticale (7.1, 6.7, and 6.3%, respectively). The results of the present investigation indicate a need for regular screening for mycotoxins of importance and individual appraisal of each commodity from the point of their use in animal feeds.     

Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds,Their Extraction,and Possible Utilization

Fruits and vegetables are the most utilized commodities among all horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed, due to their nutrients and health‐promoting compounds. With the growing population and changing diet habits, the production and processing of horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, have increased very significantly to fulfill the increasing demands. Significant losses and waste in the fresh and processing industries are becoming a serious nutritional, economical, and environmental problem. For example, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and may reach up to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables produce significant wastes of by‐products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and oils, among others. These phytochemicals can be utilized in different industries including the food industry, for the development of functional or enriched foods, the health industry for medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry, among others. The use of waste for the production of various crucial bioactive components is an important step toward sustainable development. This review describes the types and nature of the waste that originates from fruits and vegetables, the bioactive components in the waste, their extraction techniques, and the potential utilization of the obtained bioactive compounds.     

Global distribution,toxicity to humans and animals,biodegradation, and nutritional mitigation of deoxynivalenol: A review

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main types of B trichothecenes, and it causes health-related issues in humans and animals and imposes considerable challenges to food and feed safety globally each year. This review investigates the global hazards of DON, describes the occurrence of DON in food and feed in different countries, and systematically uncovers the mechanisms of the various toxic effects of DON. For DON pollution, many treatments have been reported on the degradation of DON, and each of the treatments has different degradation efficacies and degrades DON by a distinct mechanism. These treatments include physical, chemical, and biological methods and mitigation strategies. Biodegradation methods include microorganisms, enzymes, and biological antifungal agents, which are of great research significance in food processing because of their high efficiency, low environmental hazards, and drug resistance. And we also reviewed the mechanisms of biodegradation methods of DON, the adsorption and antagonism effects of microorganisms, and the different chemical transformation mechanisms of enzymes. Moreover, nutritional mitigation including common nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and microelements) and plant extracts was discussed in this review, and the mitigation mechanism of DON toxicity was elaborated from the biochemical point of view. These findings help explore various approaches to achieve the best efficiency and applicability, overcome DON pollution worldwide, ensure the sustainability and safety of food processing, and explore potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of DON in humans and animals.     

小球藻作为食品利用的国外报道研究进展

普通小球藻和蛋白核小球藻作为新食品资源,是国际上广泛研究、养殖、应用的2种小球藻属绿藻,富含蛋白质、维生素等营养物质,可提纯或转化出大量的生物活性化合物,在食品等产业具有广泛的应用潜力。该文基于近10年来普通小球藻和蛋白核小球藻在育种、养殖、收获、下游处理、食品研发方面的国外报道,就小球藻营养成分与功效、食品领域应用及存在问题、传统和新兴微藻细胞破碎技术、产业发展策略与趋势4个方面进行综述,重点介绍国内小球藻产业不破壁藻粉消化性差的现状及工业化细胞破碎技术的优缺点,基于微藻生物精炼的理念提出了小球藻产业发展的近、中、远期发展策略,以期为国内高校院所的研发及小球藻养殖加工企业的技术信息提供参考。     

大豆油精炼过程中多环芳烃的迁移规律

明确大豆油精炼过程多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）风险成分的迁移规律,以便于食品中PAHs的风险防范和控制。通过对大豆油精炼生产中脱胶油、脱酸油、脱色油、脱臭油和对应加工助剂磷酸、烧碱、活性白土以及精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物样品中PAHs组分含量的检测,分析PAHs在大豆油精炼生产中的迁移规律。结果显示：大豆油精炼用加工助剂中均含有PAHs,磷酸、烧碱和活性白土中苯并[a]芘（benzo[a]pyrene,BaP）含量分别为0.95、1.84?μg/kg和0.71?μg/kg,欧盟限量控制的4?种PAHs（PAH4）（苯并[a]蒽、?、苯并[b]荧蒽和BaP）含量为2.81、16.81?μg/kg和8.85?μg/kg,美国优先控制的16?种PAHs（PAH16）含量为26.18、112.61?μg/kg和111.85?μg/kg;在大豆油水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、蒸馏脱臭过程BaP的脱除率分别为7.57%、23.57%、91.65%,水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色、蒸馏脱臭过程PAH4的脱除率分别为15.93%、10.41%、19.31%、50.91%,PAH16的脱除率分别为15.45%、11.59%、6.66%、52.99%;大豆油精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物中BaP含量分别为0.45、0.90、0.52、12.49?μg/kg,PAH4含量分别为10.14、7.39、9.69、300.50?μg/kg,PAH16含量分别为261.60、434.49、156.29、2?775.15?μg/kg。     

Textural Modification of Processing Tomatoes

Knowledge of the textural properties of processing tomatoes is crucial to ensuing product acceptability; measurement, control, and optimization of these properties through judicious selection of varieties and control of unit operations results in products that the consumer prefers. It is important to first define the terms texture, rheology, consistency, and viscosity prior to discussing principles of their measurement. The textural properties of processing tomatoes may be measured using both sensory and objective tests, and the latter may be either destructive or nondestructive in nature. The unique anatomy of tomato fruit (peel, pericarp, columella, and locules) in part dictates the method of texture measurement. Numerous factors, including variety, maturity, genetic modification, cultural particles, and environmental conditions, processing conditions, and calcium addition affect the textural integrity of tomatoes. Textural properties of raw tomatoes and most processed tomato products are reviewed in this article.     

叶幕类型对摩尔多瓦葡萄酒品质的影响

以棚架和篱架两种栽培方式的摩尔多瓦葡萄果实为试材,成熟后采收进行酿酒试验,测定水平叶幕和直立叶幕对葡萄酒品 质的影响。 结果表明,棚架葡萄酒与篱架葡萄酒可滴定酸含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但棚架葡萄酒的pH值比篱架葡萄酒高0.02,葡萄 酒色度提高44.12%,总酚、抗坏血酸含量分别提高18.65%、14.64%,抗氧化能力（铁还原能力和DPPH自由基清除能力）分别提高43.76%、 17.39%。同时,棚架葡萄酒香气物质种类比篱架葡萄酒多7种,酯类、醇类物质含量分别是篱架的3.06倍、1.36倍,其中,正己醇、辛酸乙 酯、苯乙醇含量是篱架葡萄酒的2.08倍、2.26倍、1.93倍,乙酸异丁酯、丙醇、乙酸异戊酯含量也分别高69.80%、41.87%、60.57%。 由此表 明,棚架水平叶幕可提高葡萄酒次生代谢物质含量,增加葡萄酒色调饱和度,增强葡萄酒稳定性,提升葡萄酒风味,改善葡萄酒品质。     

猕猴桃糖蛋白及其去糖链蛋白功能特性的研究

本文研究了25~60 ℃范围内温度对猕猴桃糖蛋白(CGP)及其去糖链蛋白(GPP)吸油性、溶解性、起泡性和乳化性的影响,以及CGP、GPP的浓度及其溶液pH3~7.5和0~5 g/100 mL范围的NaCl离子强度对CGP和GPP溶解性、起泡性和乳化性的影响。结果表明:25~60 ℃温度范围内CGP吸油性、溶解度高于GPP,随温度升高,CGP、GPP溶解度下降,两者的起泡性先降低后升高,CGP乳化性先降低后升高,GPP乳化性先升高后降低;不同pH条件下,CGP的溶解度始终高于GPP,pH3~6范围内CGP、GPP溶解度均先下降后升高,pH3~7.5范围内CGP、GPP起泡性和乳化性先下降后升高;随离子强度的升高,CGP、GPP溶解度均下降,且CGP的溶解度始终高于GPP,CGP的起泡性和乳化性下降,GPP起泡性先下降后升高而乳化性则相反;CGP、GPP起泡性和乳化性均随其浓度的增高而增高,1.0 mg/mL时起泡性和乳化性最高,0.2 mg/mL时最低。