Fault section detection system for 275-kV XLPE-insulated cableswith optical sensing technique

An on-line fault section detection system, which continuously monitors a 275-kV cross-linked polyethylene-insulated underground transmission line and instantaneously determines the section of fault at a ground fault, was developed. In the case of a ground fault, the system detects the fault current which flows from the power source to the point of ground fault and determines the fault section from the magnitude and phase information of the fault current. Optical magnetic field sensors based on the Faraday effect are used for detection of fault current, and optical fibers are used for signal transmission eliminating effects of electromagnetic induction due to a large ground fault current (5000-50000 A) or switching surges on signal transmission lines. The distance between an optical magnetic field sensor and the fault section detector/indicator can be as long as 10 km without the use of any repeaters     

Fault location observability analysis and optimal meter placement based on voltage measurements

Various transmission line fault location algorithms have been proposed in the past depending on measurements available. These methods evince that if a sufficient number of meters are placed in a power network to record the fault measurements, then the fault location can be reliably estimated. A relevant question to ask may be: how many meters are sufficient in order to derive a reliable and unique fault location estimate for a given network? This paper addresses this question by defining and performing the fault location observability analysis. An optimal meter placement scheme is proposed for determining the optimal locations to place meters so as to make the system observable while minimizing the required number of meters to reduce costs. The proposed method is especially useful for power networks where digital relays have not yet been widely adopted and measuring devices such as digital fault recorders are deployed for monitoring purposes. A sample power network has been employed to illustrate the proposed method.     

含DG配电网分层分区协同故障定位隔离技术

高密度分布式电源并网使配电网故障状况复杂,故障定位困难。针对含高密度分布式电源馈线自动化故障定位与隔离技术,构建了基于分布式智能馈线自动化系统的故障定位方案。分析了含DG配电网区域性故障判别方式,引入区域电流代数和变化作为故障区域定位的基本判据,提出了依据电流相角突变的保护判据。以19节点网络仿真模型对上述方案进行验证,此方案可快速实现故障定位与故障隔离,对高密度分布式电源的接入具有良好的适应性。     

基于主动限流控制的直流配电网保护及故障隔离方案

柔性直流配电网中直流故障易引起系统过流,严重威胁电网的安全运行。基于全桥子模块的模块化多电平换流器(FBSM-MMC)的柔性直流配电网大多利用MMC闭锁来切断故障电流,但其闭锁会导致整个直流配电网的短时停电,降低供电的可靠性,迄今尚无有效的解决方案。对此,文中提出一种基于FBSM-MMC主动限流控制的柔性直流配电网保护及故障隔离方案,共包含3个阶段:故障发生后首先利用MMC主动限流控制将换流器输出直流电流限制在1.2倍额定电流附近(阶段1),进而根据各条线路两端直流电流是否具有同步性过零特征实现故障线路的识别(阶段2),在此基础上,进一步提出基于直流断路器与快速机械开关协同配合的故障隔离方案(阶段3)。通过断开故障关联的直流断路器,并控制相应换流站的输出直流电流降低为0,使得故障线路上的机械开关亦能快速开断,从而实现故障隔离。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了四端柔性直流配电网模型,通过大量仿真验证了所提保护及故障隔离方案的可行性。     

光电互感器在特高压电网中的应用技术分析

介绍了国内外光电发展状况,从绝缘设计、制造、可靠性以及绝缘成本的角度论证了光电互感器更适于在特高压系统中推广使用。分析了特高压系统中光电互感器应用的关键技术,提出利用高压侧的均压环产生高电位电源。对于暂态的断电情况,通过在电源内设计一组超级电容器组,在断电的情况下还可供电0.5~1h,足以应付短路故障的处理。并提出修改现有的继电保护系统的接口,使之适应光电互感器输入要求。     

基于磁场测量的配电网单相接地选线及定位新方法

输电线路发生接地故障时,架空线下方磁场能反映线路故障信息。输电线路短路电流大小不同,线路下方磁场相应地不同,即输电线路下方磁场的变化能够完全反映线路中电流的变化,磁场可以应用到电力系统保护中。配电网多为单端电源供电方式,针对配电网的复杂性及传统定位方法精度不高提出了一种基于磁场的非接触式故障选线及定位的新方法。利用磁阻传感器非接触测量杆塔下方磁场,根据磁场的幅值和相位选出故障线路,确定故障点位置。磁阻传感器测量精度高,成本低,故障距离可以确定在两个杆塔之间。利用MATLAB建立线路模型,仿真验证了理论的可行性。     

Hybrid Fault Diagnosis Scheme Implementation for Power Distribution Systems Automation

Power distribution automation and control are important tools in the current restructured electricity markets. Unfortunately, due to its stochastic nature, distribution systems faults are hardly avoidable. This paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis scheme for power distribution systems, composed by three different processes: fault detection and classification, fault location, and fault section determination. The fault detection and classification technique is wavelet based. The fault-location technique is impedance based and uses local voltage and current fundamental phasors. The fault section determination method is artificial neural network based and uses the local current and voltage signals to estimate the faulted section. The proposed hybrid scheme was validated through Alternate Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations and was implemented as embedded software. It is currently used as a fault diagnosis tool in a Southern Brazilian power distribution company.     

Development of Fault Section Detecting System for Gas Insulated Transmission Lines

A fault section detecting system using optical magnetic field sensors developed for gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) is reported. A bismuth silicon oxide (Bi12SiO20, or BSO) single crystal was adopted for the optical nagnetic field sensor. A method of mounting the sensors to GIL which enables the sensors to detect the conductor current from outside the enclosure was developed. With the developed fault detector, faults occurring inside a section of GIL between sensors are detected by discriminating the phases of conductor currents detected by the sensors. The system was confirmed to have sufficient performance for application to commercial GILS.     

基于暂态信息的小电流接地故障区段定位

提出一种适用于配电系统架空线路的小电流接地故障区段定位新方法。该方法利用故障暂态电压、电流特征频段内分量计算无功功率,根据故障点前后暂态无功功率方向的不同确定故障区段。在故障信息不易获取的检测节点处,提出利用电磁场感应获取故障暂态信息的方法,通过测量架空线路下方垂直地面方向电场获取小电流接地故障暂态电压信息,测量水平方向磁场获取故障暂态电流信息,详细阐述了最佳检测点的计算思路,并以一典型10kV架空线路为例验证了该方法的可行性。最后阐述了利用该方法实现故障区段定位需要解决的若干关键问题。     

Development of fault detector for 33-kV ungrounded power line

A fault section detection system is being developed for 33-kV ungrounded power line. The fault section is obtained from the relation of two point zero-phase currents on power line. This fault detector is composed of optical current sensors and the processing unit and solar battery system. The optical current sensor consists of a Faraday cell and a porcelain bushing. Zero phase current on the processing unit is obtained through a three-phase composer with auto gain control and residual current eliminator. This fault detector has the ability of 0.15 A zero-phase current detection fault factory test; in field tests, this fault detector detects ground fault.     

Low cost microcontroller based fault detector,classifier, zone identifier and locator for transmission lines using wavelet transform and artificial neural network: A hardware co-simulation approach

A low cost, fast and reliable microcontroller based protection scheme using wavelet transform and artificial neural network has been proposed and its effectiveness evaluated in real time. The proposed scheme, based on the hardware co-simulation approach performs all the functions of transmission line protection i.e. fault detection/classification, fault zone/section identification and location estimation. The fault detection/classification and zone identification algorithms use fundamental frequency current component to estimate a fault index. The fault location estimation module uses wavelet transform coefficients in hybridization with a parallel artificial neural network structure. For hardware implementation, a 8-bit ATmega microcontroller is used and interfaced with the simulated power system model using Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The scheme is tested on a power system model of 400 kV, 50 Hz three phase double circuit line with source at both the ends. Laboratory tests have been performed in real time for 20,000 fault cases including evolving faults with varying fault resistance, fault inception angle, fault distance, direction of power flow angle and its magnitude. The tests confirm the suitability and reliability of proposed scheme even with Current Transformer (CT) saturation. The implementation of the proposed approach on a low cost microcontroller with the lesser execution time, makes the prototype ideal for implementation on a digital platform (digital relay), thus leading to financial viability and sustainability of the protection scheme.     

基于电弧外特性的故障定位信号发生器优化设计

配电网的复杂性导致其故障测距精度不高。停电检修时,在线测距和定位方法无用武之地。由于离线式故障定位信号发生器实现难度大,离线故障定位技术也未获得广泛应用。文中分析了弧光接地故障的伏安特性,提出了双信号发生器并联轮换的设计方案:高压小电流信号发生器用于产生高电压,重新击穿故障点;低压大电流信号发生器提供大电流维持故障状态稳定。给出了双信号发生器功率容量优化设计方法,分析了信号发生器切换及工作过程。优化的双信号发生器总功率容量不足单信号发生器功率容量的1/10。理论分析和现场实验证实了方案的可行性。     

基于零序特征量的配电网接地故障区段定位方法

针对现有配电网故障区段定位方法存在对不同接地故障的适应性不强、灵敏度低等问题,分析了谐振接地配电网在发生经不同过渡电阻接地故障时,故障点上、下游的零序电流和零序电压暂态分量的特征,得出了故障点上、下游零序电流在1个工频周期内的积分与零序电压差值的比值(零序特征量)存在较大差别的结论。基于这一结论提出一种能够适用于谐振接地配电网接地故障区段定位的方法。仿真结果表明所提故障区段定位方法在高阻接地故障、低阻接地故障和非线性弧光接地故障下都具有较好的可行性。     

含柔性直流接入的架空线-电缆混合线路单端故障测距方法

准确可靠的故障测距技术对含有柔性直流接入的交流架空线-电缆混合线路的故障恢复至关重要。模块化多电平换流器配置的控制策略决定了其输出特性,将会影响现有故障测距方法的测距性能。考虑换流器控制策略对混合线路故障复合序网的影响,提出一种新型的单端故障测距方法。换流器配置的负序电流抑制策略使故障后的负序网络仅包含传统交流侧,形成的单端网络使混合线路沿线集合电压和负序电流仅在故障点处同相位,利用其独特的边界条件,根据故障点处相位差函数最小的特点实现故障测距。在PSCAD/EMTDC上搭建柔性交直流混合输电系统模型,大量的仿真结果验证了该测距方法的有效性,以及在测距精度、抗过渡电阻能力和抗干扰能力等方面的优势。     

一种新的配电网络快速保护方案

提出了一种基于通信通道的配电网快速保护方案。根据光复用技术的基本思想,研制了一种新型复合光Modem,这种光Modem除了正常的通信功能外,相邻Modem间还能快速传送电平信号(小于100μs)。在该保护方案中,相邻保护单元之间互相交换带方向的故障信息,确定故障范围,快速动作清除故障,保护方案中配置双方向重合闸。保护装置根据接收到的相邻保护流过故障电流时发出的10ms握手信号能有效确定故障边界,实现快速隔离故障和系统重构。保护装置或一次设备出现故障时,变电站出线保护可作为后备保护。该快速保护方案通过了动模实验的检验,实际应用表明该方案对有通信通道的城市配电系统有实用价值。     

基于模拟植物生长算法的配电网故障定位

将模拟植物生长算法应用于配电网故障定位,提出了将开关及设备电流转化成整型变量的方法,建立起配电网故障定位模型。对单电源辐射型配电网和中低压配电网双电源单环网的仿真实验验证了上述基于模拟植物生长算法建立的模型的正确性、有效性及高容错性。为解决配电网故障定位问题提供了一种新途径。     

基于电流计算的同杆双回线故障测距算法研究

针对当前双回线故障测距研究匮乏,且易受故障类型约束的弊端,提出了基于电流计算的同杆双回线故障测距算法。该算法不受单回线、跨线故障约束,基于线路的分布参数π型等值电路模型,利用两端电流求解实现测距,测距方程简单易解,不易受系统运行方式和两侧系统参数的影响。PSCAD故障仿真和Matlab数值计算结果表明,提出的新算法可靠实用,具有优良的测距精度,基本不受过渡电阻和故障类型的影响,适用性强。     

A single ended directional fault section identifier and fault locator for double circuit transmission lines using combined wavelet and ANN approach

Fault section identification and determining its location are important aspects to reduce down/repair time, speed up restoration of power supply and to improve the reliability. In this paper combined wavelet and artificial neural network based directional protection scheme is proposed for double circuit transmission lines using single end data to identify the faulty section and its location with reach setting up to 99% of line length. The proposed method requires the three phase currents and voltage to be measured at one end of the double circuit transmission line modelled using distributed parameter line model which also considers the effect of shunt capacitance. Approximate coefficients feature vector of the three phase voltage and current are extracted using discrete wavelet transform to train the ANN with Levenberg Marquardt algorithm. The proposed scheme involves two stages. The first stage identifies the zone/section of the fault and the second stage calculates the fault location from the relaying point. The proposed combined Wavelet and ANN based fault location scheme is also compared with ANFIS based fault location scheme. The test results of the proposed scheme show that the fault section identification and location estimation is very accurate and the average percentage error in fault location estimation is within 0.001%. This method is adaptive to the variation of fault type (both forward and reverse), fault inception angle, fault location and fault resistance. The main advantage of the proposed scheme is that it offers primary protection to 99% of line length using single end data only and also backup protection to the adjacent forward and reverse line sections.     

基于零序电流和磁场检测故障杆的配电网故障定位

随着经济的不断发展,用户对配电网供电可靠性要求不断提高。提出一种在线故障定位方法,该方法借助无线通信手段,将各分段开关处零序电流互感器的测量值汇总到主站,配合网络拓扑结构,判断故障区段,再用磁场检测的方式判断区段内的具体故障电杆。该方法不需要外加信号,直接利用故障时产生的基波信号,便可实现快速准确的故障定位。ATP仿真和物理实验证明了所述方法的有效性。     

基于故障高频电压稀疏量测的直流配电网双极短路故障定位

直流配电网分支密集,支持数据高速通信的测点相对较少,同时故障特性受配电网中电力电子设备控制策略的影响较大,导致传统配电网的故障定位方法难以适用于直流配电网。基于此,文中提出一种适用于直流配电网的双极短路故障定位新算法。基于暂态高频电流回路构建了不受控制策略影响的模块化多电平换流器和DC/DC换流器高频阻抗等值模型,然后,利用小波变换提取稀疏测点处的暂态高频电压形成节点高频电压方程。最后,将节点高频电压方程与基于贝叶斯算法的压缩感知理论相结合,求解节点高频电流稀疏向量,实现基于稀疏量测的准确故障定位。所提算法对测点数量要求低,同时不受换流器控制策略的影响,无需数据严格同步测量,理论上不受过渡电阻和负荷变化的影响。在PSCAD中搭建32节点直流配电网的仿真模型,测试数据验证了所提算法的定位效果。