Experimental studies of heat transfer during steam condensation on a vertical multirow on-line bundle of slightly inclined coil tubes with and without noncondensable gas in the bundle

We present the results obtained from experimental studies and generalization of experimental data on heat transfer intensity during full condensation of downward flow of saturated steam on the outer surface of a vertical multirow in-line bundle of slightly inclined coil tubes at a steam pressure of 0.2–2.0 MPa. Specific features relating to heat transfer that occurs during steam condensation on a vertical coil tubing in the presence of heavy noncondensable gas in the space between its tubes are revealed.     

浅议当今世界海洋发电的发展趋势

地球表面的70％是海洋,这是一种巨大的能源,同时又是一种有利于环保清洁可再生的新能源,最近几年,世界各国积极开发这种新能源并取很大的进展,在此,简要介绍了当今世界海洋温差发电,波浪发电和潮汐潮流发电的原理,开发现状和发展趋势。     

世界海洋发电技术的发展展望

地球表面的70%是海洋,这是一种巨大的能源,同时又是一种有利于环保清洁可再生的新能源。最近几年,世界各国积极开发这种新能源并取得很大的进展,在此,简要介绍了当今世界海洋温差发电、波浪发电和潮汐潮流发电的原理,开发现状和展望。     

Accounting for the Effect of Noncondensing Gases on Interphasic Heat and Mass Transfer in the Two-Fluid Model Used in the KORSAR Code

A model is presented of the interphasic heat and mass transfer in the presence of noncondensable gases for the KORSAR/GP design code. This code was developed by FGUP NITI and the special design bureau OKB Gidropress. It was certified by Rostekhnadzor in 2009 for numerical substantiation of the safety of reactor installations with VVER reactors. The model is based on the assumption that there are three types of interphasic heat and mass transfer of the vapor component: vapor condensation or evaporation on the interphase under any thermodynamic conditions of the phases, pool boiling of the liquid superheated above the saturation temperature at the total pressure, and spontaneous condensation in the volume of gas phase supercooled below the saturation temperature at the vapor partial pressure. Condensation and evaporation on the interphase continuously occur in a two-phase flow and control the time response of the interphase heat and mass transfer. Boiling and spontaneous condensation take place only at the metastable condition of the phases and run at a quite high speed. The procedure used for calculating condensation and evaporation on the interphase accounts for the combined diffusion and thermal resistance of mass transfer in all regimes of the two-phase flow. The proposed approach accounts for, in a natural manner, a decrease in the rate of steam condensation (or generation) in the presence of noncondensing components in the gas phase due to a decrease (or increase) in the interphase temperature relative to the saturation temperature at the vapor partial pressure. The model of the interphase heat transfer also accounts for the processes of dissolution or release of noncondensing components in or from the liquid. The gas concentration at the interphase and on the saturation curve is calculated by the Henry law. The mass transfer coefficient in gas dissolution is based on the heat and mass transfer analogy. Results are presented of the verification of the interphase heat and mass transfer used in the KORSAR/GP code based on the data on film condensation of steam-air flows in vertical pipes. The proposed model was also tested by solving a problem of nitrogen release from a supersaturated water solution.     

Proposal of a high‐performance solid oxide fuel cell combined power generation system with carbon dioxide recovery

A new fossil‐fuel‐utilized high‐performance combined power generation system with liquefaction recovery of carbon dioxide is proposed. In the system, pure oxygen is used as the oxidant gas to prevent the mixture of nitrogen in the exhaust gas and to make the liquefaction recovery of carbon dioxide possible. Solid oxide fuel cell is selected as the topping cycle. The exhaust fuel gas of the solid oxide fuel cell is afterburned with its exhaust oxidant gas of pure oxygen and the heat of the combustion gas is utilized in the bottoming cycle. Nonequilibrium MHD/noble gas turbine cycle is selected as the bottoming cycle because the temperature of the combustion gas reaches about 2300 K. It is made clear through detailed examination of energy balance that the total thermal efficiency of the system using natural gas (methane) as the fuel reaches 63.24% (HHV) or 70.18% (LHV). This efficiency is very high as for the system with carbon dioxide recovery. The proposed system, therefore, has excellent performance, and further research and development is warranted. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(4): 12–21, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10146     

滴形管凝结换热性能的实验研究

采用特殊的管子形状和表面是最为常用、有效的强化换热手段。该文以滴形管凝结换热作为研究对象,阐述了烟气中水蒸气凝结换热过程的特点及强化换热的条件。对液滴在圆管和滴管不同位置处的受力进行分析,说明不同管形对液膜层厚度的影响程度。通过回收天然气锅炉排烟余热实验,研究滴形管的凝结换热性能,分析影响换热性能的因素,并与圆形管进行比较。结果表明：烟气通过滴形换热管的压损小于圆管,温差大于圆管,冷却水温升高于圆管,换热系数高于圆管。采用滴形管对于强化凝结换热是一种行之有效的方法。     

Analysis of performance characteristics of pulsed MHD generator with gas–liquid two‐phase flow

A preliminary analysis of two‐phase flow in the pulsed MHD generator Pamir‐3U is carried out. The two‐fluid model for dusty gas flow is applied to treat the two‐phase working body which consists of combustion gas and liquid particles of Al₂O₃. One‐dimensional time‐dependent calculations show that the velocity lag and the thermal lag between the two phases are large when the particle diameter is 15 μm. The lags become small when the diameter is small because the decrease of the diameter increases the momentum transfer and the heat transfer between the two phases. When the large Lorentz force develops a shock wave, the interaction between the two phases relaxes the shock wave. The increase of the particle diameter decreases the channel current and the power output because the increased diameter decreases the energy conversion from the liquid phase. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(2): 15–23, 1999     

脉动热管传热性能实验研究

建立了铜管脉动热管实验台,分析水冷条件下充液率、工质、倾斜角和是否为闭环路等因素对脉动热管传热性能的影响。研究结果表明：随着充液率的增加,整体热阻变大,原因是管内的工作流体增加,流动摩擦阻力增大,气泡的份额减小,脉动驱动力减小,加热段冷却段的温差增大;选用蒸馏水、无水乙醇以及丙酮为工质时,丙酮在脉动热管中更容易形成循环流动而使得传热性能增强,热阻最低;不同倾斜角的实验中,垂直底加热时脉动热管热阻最低,表明重力在工质回流到冷却段起到重要的作用;环路型脉动热管传热性能在相同条件下要比非闭合回路脉动热管传热性能好。     

Design and layout characteristics of steam turbine condensers

We present the results of investigations carried out during the development of steam turbine condensing systems comprising a condenser, an air removing device, and condensate and circulation systems. It is found that the tube bundle layout and the characteristics of devices for removing noncondensable gases have an essential effect on the heat transfer intensity and pressure in the condensers. The design of the heat-transfer surface of a condenser operating with constant velocity of steam during its condensation is described, and the procedure for calculating the area and configuration of such heat-transfer surface is outlined. Results from tests of such apparatuses are presented. It is shown that the heat-transfer coefficients in them are a factor of 1.5–3.0 higher than those in the existing condensers at a moderate velocity of cooling medium. A qualitative pattern of a change in the volume filled with noncondensable gases that occurs during a decrease of thermal load or drop of cooling medium temperature is shown taking as an example condensers with steam flowing inside the condenser tubes.     

Two‐Degree‐of‐Freedom Robust Temperature Control of Peltier Device Based on Heat Disturbance Observer

Recently, the Peltier device has been attracting attention as a haptic device that can transfer heat, because it has relatively fast response characteristics among thermal devices. To transmit thermal sensation, temperature control is considered to be important. However, it is difficult to design a controller because of factors such as parameter variations, nonlinear characteristics of the device, and heat that flows from an external object. Furthermore, it is preferable that the tracking performance and disturbance suppression characteristics be designed independently. To address these factors, this paper proposes a heat disturbance observer, which is constructed by using the disturbance observer commonly used in the field of motion control. When the observer is used, the thermal system becomes robust to the above‐mentioned factors. In addition, it is possible to design the tracking performance independently of the disturbance suppression characteristics. The validity of the proposal is confirmed by experimental results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(1): 66–74, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22282     

内螺旋外棘齿管对流换热与流阻实验研究

针对火力发电厂无铜化运行需求．研制并加工出一种钢质双侧强化传热管一内螺旋外棘齿管。采用通用的强化传热管试验装置,对5根不同结构参数的内螺旋外棘齿管进行了水平单管管外蒸汽冷凝和流阻特性试验研究。根据大量实验数据,拟合出实验雷诺数尺P范围内的管内换热努塞尔数Nu及阻力系数f的计算关联式,并对内螺旋外棘齿管的热力性能进行了评价。实验研究发现：所有内螺旋外棘齿管管内换热系数比光滑管提高了42％～152％,同时阻力系数增加了48％～350%。最后得出结论：无论在何种工况下运行。内螺旋外棘齿管的换热与流阻综合性能均优于光滑管。可用做发电厂换热设备的管芯。大大提高电厂热能的利用。     

采用热电半导体的小型海上太阳能集热发电系统

海洋中蕴含着多种形式的能源,且储量巨大,为了充分利用这些能源,提出了一种基于热电半导体发电技术的小型海上太阳能发电系统。这种系统利用太阳能产生热量来加热传热工质,利用海洋的波浪能实现传热工质的循环,利用热电半导体实现温差发电,从而实现将海洋太阳能和波浪能同时利用。介绍了该系统的结构组成和工作原理,通过对热电半导体的理论分析和仿真验证,发现热电半导体理论上可以实现10%的能量转化效率。由于该系统结构简单、无机械零部件、集成度高,因此具有可靠性高,维护成本低等优点,有一定的应用前景。     

Transient analysis of multi‐state dc–dc converters using system energy characteristics

The study of multi‐state dc–dc power conversion techniques is restricted by the complicated inner switching behaviors. This paper presents a general and unified transient analysis for various sorts of multi‐state dc–dc converters from a viewpoint of their system energy characteristics. With the applications to the boost converters, the proposed analytical method has indicated its advantages of high convenience and practicability to the multi‐state converters. The generalized concepts of system energy parameters of dc–dc converters are introduced and applied to the transient analysis. Consequently, the expressions of system model parameters of multi‐state dc–dc converters are deduced. The new 2nd order transfer functions are obtained to describe the large‐ and small‐signal mathematical models accurately. The model simulation and experimental results are provided to support the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy saving performance of distributed heating and cooling system

An advanced distributed heating and cooling system utilizing small‐scale high‐performance heat pumps was designed to replace the central heating and cooling system for the AIST laboratory buildings, which have a total floor area of 36,100 m², of which 20,100 m² is occupied by laboratories. In the old system, the total primary energy required for hot water was 44 TJ, and it was 12 TJ for chilled water in FY 2001. The new system is composed of small‐sized high‐performance heat pumps, with an average coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.1. After the reconstruction, the energy consumption was reduced to 37%, and with a total energy saving of 44 TJ for one year. The total CO₂ emission is estimated to be 26%, a reduction of 3000 tons per year. The energy saving is caused by the high‐performance small‐scale heat pumps, the high‐performance total system design that takes laboratory into account, and the suitable operation of the system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(2): 46–53, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20977     

翅片管外有机工质TFE凝结换热特性研究

翅片管外有机工质换热特性（凝结换热系数及液膜热阻）影响冷凝器的换热性能。理论模型基于努谢尔修正膜理论,为提高计算精度,将翅片管沿管周向划分有限个微元角,建立各个微元角内翅片侧壁和翅片间基管处的层流膜状凝结换热模型,迭代求解各个微元角内的壁面温度,根据各微元角壁面与饱和蒸汽温差,推导翅壁面及翅间基管上的液膜热阻和换热量,最后求解管子平均换热系数。管壁温度随圆周角θ增大而减小;翅壁及基管上液膜热阻随圆周角θ增大而增大;基管上液膜热阻大于壁面上液膜热阻。与实验值比较,理论模型计算精度高于积分解法计算值。     

Characteristics and economic evaluation of a CO2‐capturing solar thermal hybrid power generation system with heat storage

For wide use of a power plant utilizing solar energy, improvement of its economics is important. Both the economics and characteristics of a CO₂‐capturing solar thermal hybrid power generation system are evaluated in this paper. Since a relatively low temperature steam of 220 °C is produced by using solar thermal energy and is utilized as the working fluid of a gas turbine, the solar collector can attain high heat collecting efficiency. The net fuel‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency of the hybrid system is estimated to be higher than 60% on the lower‐heating‐value‐ basis. It has been estimated that the gross income and the period of depreciation of the proposed system are 34.8 × 10⁵ yen/year and 8.89 years, respectively, and that the system is economically feasible, under the assumptions of a solar collector area of 10 ha, a maximum net power output of 4 MW, and a heat storage capacity of 2000 m³. The amount of fuel saving and reduction of CO₂ emission of our system, compared to a conventional natural gas firing plant, are also estimated in the paper. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 126(4): 21–29, 1999     

Control of Thermal Conductance of Peltier Device Using Heat Disturbance Observer

In industry, temperature control and heat flow control are now applied in many thermal devices, including Peltier devices, which facilitates heat transfer by the Peltier effect. Generally, temperature control compensates for heat flowing from the external environment, while heat actively flows into the system during heat flow control. Thus, temperature control and heat flow control differ from each other. However, there have been no detailed discussions of a thermal control process in which the thermal conductance control ranges between 0 and ∞. This paper focuses on thermal conductance control and the construction of a thermal conductance control system for a Peltier device using a heat disturbance observer. When using the thermal conductance controller, the thermal conductance control is altered and the system becomes thermally compliant with the external environment. This paper also presents experimental results that confirm the validity of the proposed control system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(4): 44–52, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22411     

Simulating film condensation of steam from steam-gas mixtures with different compositions on the outer surface of vertical tubes used in a heat exchanger

A mathematical model of heat-and mass transfer processes in surface-type heat exchangers that use mixtures of steam with various noncondensable gases as heat carriers is presented. The results of numerical calculations are compared with experimental data reported in the literature. It is shown that the thermal-physical properties of the noncondensable component in a steam-gas mixture have an essential effect on the distribution of concentrations and temperatures over the heat exchanger length and on the heat flux transferred in it.     

采用热管冷却技术的太阳能光伏电–热一体化系统性能分析

太阳能光伏电–热（photovoltaic-thermal,PV-T）一体化系统将光伏组件与太阳能热利用系统组合在一起,具有较高的太阳能综合利用效率。针对热管具有高效传热和均温性能的特点,提出一种采用热管冷却技术的太阳能光伏电-热一体化系统;基于光伏电池板传热过程特点及换热器的传热有效度——传热单元数（ε-NTU）法,对热管式PV-T系统的电池板温度、冷却流体出口温度以及系统电效率和热效率等热电转换性能进行了理论分析和计算。结果表明,热管式PV-T系统的电池温度变化幅度在2.5℃以内,系统电效率和热效率分别达到6.99%～7.46%和51.0%～63.2%。该文提出的理论方法为研究热管式PV-T系统热电转换性能提供了一种新的途径,可用来分析和讨论相关参数对热管式PV-T系统性能的影响。     

立管冷凝强化传热研究的进展

立管冷凝强化传热技术是利用Gregorig效应在凹槽的顶端产生薄膜冷凝,并通过凹槽有效地排液,从而达到强化膜状冷凝换热的目的。为此,对波形曲面凹槽管、垂直余弦形沟槽管、V形纵槽管、垂直光管设置纵向金属丝、立式螺旋槽管和小螺旋角的内外螺旋三角翅片管在强化冷凝热方面研究的进展作了概述,并介绍了制备低表面能合金材料以实现稳定滴状冷凝的冷凝换热强化新技术。最后指出,立管冷凝强化传热技术在电站的立式加热器中应用,可以较大幅度地提高给水温度,实现节能增效。