餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合消化产甲烷性能及动力学分析研究

将餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥作为底物,设置VS质量比分别为1∶0,0∶1和1∶1 3组对照组,通过产甲烷性能和动力学的分析来研究单独厌氧消化与混合消化。结果表明在整个运行期间,除了可以提高产甲烷的效率,混合消化组还能缩短餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化的产甲烷时间,其甲烷产量为233.394 m L/g VS,比餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥单独厌氧消化计算值198.939 m L/g VS提高17.4%,利用一级动力学模拟3组产甲烷量,相关性系数R2均大于0.989。餐厨垃圾组、剩余污泥组和混合消化组的G∞分别为276.5、113.955 m L/g VS和248.81 m L/g VS,与实际测量值285.24、112.238 m L/g VS和233.94 m L/g VS相近。同时对反应过程中的p H、VFAs、SCOD以及脱氢酶进行了对比分析,相比于餐厨垃圾的单独厌氧消化,添加一定的剩余污泥可以平衡营养物质,降低反应体系的酸化,使混合后的底物具有较大的缓冲能力,提高系统稳定性;而对剩余污泥单独厌氧消化而言,添加一定的餐厨垃圾可以增加有机物含量,提高了产甲烷处理效果。混合消化组的脱氢酶酶活在整个反应过程都大于餐厨垃圾单独消化,最大值为657.2 TFμg/(m L·h)。     

城市食品废弃物高固体含量厌氧消化过程

在干式厌氧消化过程中,pH呈现先降后升趋势,ORP值初期迅速下降,中后期维持在-300mV左右,为产甲烷菌的生长提供了良好环境;消化早期营养丰富,微生物生长旺盛,纤维素酶活力与果胶酶活力较高,后期活力下降,主要以产甲烷菌群生长为主;氨氮与蛋白质在消化过程中变化趋势相反,后期含量相对较高;TS、VS变化呈下降趋势,去除率分别为54.96%,17.63%;CODcr从消化过程初始52332.66mg/L下降至28033.73mg/L,去除率为46.43%,累积产气量为24339mL;产气潜力为268.05mL/gTS,338.36mL/gVS。     

苹果渣与剩余污泥混合消化产氢性能研究

以苹果渣和剩余污泥为消化底物,在温度为37℃,初始pH值为8.0的条件下进行批式厌氧消化产氢试验,比较单独消化和混合消化的产气性能.结果表明,苹果渣组和剩余污泥组单独厌氧消化时,H_2产量分别是11.5 mL/gVS和8.6 mL/gVS,混合厌氧消化时,混合组的H_2产量达到16.9 mL/gVS,比计算值提高了68.16%。剩余污泥组的pH值最高,苹果渣组中SCOD浓度最高,混合组的pH值和SCOD浓度均介于两个单独消化组之间,这是由于混合组能均衡两种有机底物的营养成分,提高系统的缓冲能力。这说明混合消化不单单是两种有机物的简单叠加,两者之间相互促进,存在一定的协同作用,混合消化能够提高产氢效率。另外在整个反应过程中,苹果渣组脱氢酶的活性很低,混合组高于苹果渣组,混合组脱氢酶活性最大为384 TFμg/(mL·h),且基本维持在340 TFμg/(mL·h)左右。     

市政污泥与餐厨垃圾协同厌氧消化实验研究

本实验在中温条件下研究了不同餐厨垃圾与市政污泥配比对厌氧消化系统产气效率及VSS降解率的影响。结果表明：与市政污泥单独厌氧消化相比,协同厌氧消化可有效提高反应器的运行稳定性,其中市政污泥与餐厨垃圾配合比为0.5:1、HRT为20 d时,VSS降解效率达到71.25%,相对市政污泥单独厌氧消化提高了98.25%;当配合比为0.5:1、HRT为15 d时,产气量达到396 mL/g·VSS,相对提升了120%。说明协同厌氧消化可以显著提高厌氧消化的效率。     

给水污泥提高剩余污泥消化稳定性及处理水水质

为了探究活性污泥好氧及厌氧消化过程中添加给水污泥对其的影响和效果,分析了在剩余污泥好氧、厌氧消化不同时间段添加不同投加量给水污泥混凝沉淀后的总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)降解效果,以对比不同条件对剩余污泥稳定性的影响。通过化学需氧量(COD)、浊度、氨氮及总氮的变化来分析加入给水污泥混凝沉淀后剩余污泥好氧、厌氧消化出水水质的变化。结果表明:在厌氧消化第8天,投加量为3000mg/L时,剩余污泥总固体(TS)下降了34.0%,挥发性固体(VS)下降了14.6%;添加给水污泥进行混凝沉淀后,最终产物出水水质变好,氨氮浓度降低;剩余污泥脱水性得到提高。在给水污泥投加量为1000mg/L时,氨氮含量下降了50.26%。     

剩余污泥与酒精糟液共厌氧消化性能研究

利用工业废料酒精糟液,对城市剩余污泥的厌氧消化实验,分别平行设计3套不同反应条件的厌氧反应系统,并对污泥产气率,最大有机负荷,反应对污泥中TS、VS和COD的去除率,厌氧后消化液污泥比阻等项目进行了测定,并对厌氧污泥的脱水性能进行了对比分析.结果表明,高温下剩余污泥添加酒精糟液共厌氧消化,与高温剩余污泥单独厌氧消化相比,其沼气产气率增加178%以上,有机负荷增加85%,污泥脱水性能由不易脱水变为接近中等脱水.城市剩余污泥和当地酒精厂工业废料酒精糟液共厌氧达到了废物利用的功效,为城市剩余污泥的工业化应用提供了依据.     

有机负荷对CSTR-UASB两相厌氧系统的影响

采用连续流CSTR-UASB两相厌氧反应装置,CSTR以人工配制的红糖水作为发酵底物,其液相末端产物作为UASB的反应底物,污水处理厂剩余污泥作为反应器的启动污泥,反应器实现稳定运行（CSTR为乙醇型发酵）后,在其它参数不变的情况下,通过改变有机负荷,研究其对CSTR-UASB两相厌氧系统的影响.有机负荷从12 kg/（m^3·d）提升至32 kg/（m^3·d）的过程分为六个阶段,结果表明厌氧活性污泥产氢能力持续升高,在有机负荷为32 kg/（m^3·d）时,最大产氢量为12.8L/d,较初始有机负荷12 kg/（m^3·d）时提高了71.9％;产甲烷量随有机负荷的升高先增大后减小,在有机负荷为24 kg/（m^3·d）时,最大产甲烷量为18.5L/d;当有机负荷提高至28 kg/（m^3·d）时,总COD去除率达最大值72％.因此,CSTR-UASB两相厌氧系统对红糖废水具有较好的降解效果,同时能源回收效率较高.     

基于竹浆制浆废水的EGSB反应器启动及颗粒污泥特性研究

分析了厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器处理竹浆制浆废水有机物的降解过程和启动规律,并对启动过程中厌氧颗粒污泥的基础性质、形态特征和微生物相进行了探讨和表征。结果表明,在废水水质逐渐变化和废水浓度逐渐提升的过程中,EGSB反应器对竹浆制浆废水COD有良好的去除效果,启动完成后期,CODCr去除率保持在68.5%以上,出水p H值为7.8~8.0,稍高于进水,反应器容积负荷为13.50 kg CODCr/(m~3·d),且处理后竹浆制浆废水获得了更佳的可生物降解性,其BOD/COD值较原水提高了46.9%;较接种污泥,启动后期颗粒污泥总量呈减少趋势,且沿反应器高度自下而上逐渐减少,而VS/TS值,中部污泥82.4%,顶部污泥73.5%,底部污泥56.7%,接种污泥44.6%,颗粒污泥活性较大程度改善;同时,启动后期颗粒污泥Ca含量的大幅度减少,Mg、Fe、Zn等含量的增加,也对改善反应器内污泥外观、尺寸、沉降性、强度及微生物群落的构建起到一定作用。     

酸析黑液厌氧生物处理效果研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器对酸析黑液进行处理,分析了酸析黑液的厌氧可生化性(BD),重点研究了不同COD容积负荷和硫酸盐容积负荷下,反应器对COD和硫酸盐的去除效果,系统p H值、氧化还原电位(ORP)和甲烷产率的变化,反应器内污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)中蛋白质和多糖含量的变化以及污泥表面Zeta电位的变化,并结合扫描电镜观察酸析黑液厌氧处理前后污泥的形态特征。结果表明,该酸析黑液的厌氧可生化性较好,BD为85.07%。反应器随着进水COD容积负荷的增加,COD去除率先上升后下降。随着进水硫酸盐容积负荷的增加,硫酸盐去除率逐渐增大。当CODCr容积负荷为2.00 kg/(m3·d)时,CODCr去除率最大值在49%;当硫酸盐容积负荷提高到12.91 kg/(m3·d)时,硫酸盐去除率上升至42%左右。系统p H值随着COD容积负荷的增加而降低,ORP随着COD容积负荷的增加而降低,最后稳定在-430 m V左右,产甲烷速率随着COD容积负荷的增加先升高后降低,最大值为0.225 L/d。进水COD容积负荷的提高使得EPS中蛋白质和多糖含量升高,污泥表面Zeta电位降低,颗粒污泥表层变得紧密厚实。     

微贮干玉米秸秆和废弃物单相厌氧共消化产沼气能力分析

以干玉米秸秆和剩余污泥/猪粪作为发酵原料对预处理方式和厌氧消化工艺进行研究,旨在为现代沼气工程稳定运行提供一定的科学依据。以芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌等微生物进行复配对干玉米秸秆进行微贮预处理,研究秸秆微贮前后的组成变化及微生物多样性,在此基础上考察两相和单相厌氧消化对原料发酵沼气产量的影响,最后采用微贮秸秆和剩余污泥/猪粪进行厌氧共消化以进一步提高沼气产率。结果表明,微贮秸秆pH值降低,有机酸浓度提高,纤维素得到有效保护未被降解;微贮原料中乳酸菌为优势菌群;微贮秸秆两相和单相厌氧消化累积沼气产量分别达到292.06和411.46 mL/g TS;微贮秸秆和剩余污泥/猪粪按照比例混合进行单相厌氧共消化,累积沼气产量分别达到500.97和599.39 mL/g TS,为提高干玉米秸秆和剩余污泥/猪粪混合发酵产气量和发酵效率提供参考。     

Upgrading of anaerobic digestion by incorporating two different hydrolysis processes

The purpose of this study was to increase the efficiency of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS). Either thermochemical or biological hydrolysis was used as a pretreatment and the effects of both were investigated and compared. Two different three-stage digestion systems showed improved performance, although thermochemical hydrolysis showed better results than biological hydrolysis in a bench-scale operation. After anaerobic digestion with thermochemical pretreatment, the total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) reduction, volatile solid (VS) reduction, methane yield and methane biogas content were 88.9%, 77.5%, 0.52 m3/kg VS and 79.5%, respectively. These results should help in determining the best hydrolysis pretreatment process for anaerobic digestion and in improving the design and operation of the large-scale treatment of WAS by anaerobic digestion with hydrolysis systems.     

造纸生化污泥和餐厨垃圾混合厌氧消化实验

采用中温单相间歇式厌氧消化工艺,对造纸生化污泥和餐厨垃圾进行混合厌氧消化制取甲烷,通过设计两种物料的不同配比(以挥发性固体VS计),研究了不同配比混合物料的产甲烷性能。实验结果表明,在中温(37±2)℃条件下,各发酵瓶(3个发酵瓶编号A1、A2和A3,分别为造纸生化污泥:餐厨垃圾=1:3,2:2和3:1)的甲烷累积产量和甲烷日产量均为A2>A1>A3,其中甲烷累积产量最高值为9743 mL,甲烷日产量最高值为650 mL;各发酵瓶VS的去除率也遵循A2>A1>A3,其中最高去除率达41%;各发酵瓶中挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度和碱度大小顺序符合A1>A2>A3,其中A1出现了碱度和VFA浓度过高的现象,而A2和A3的碱度和VFA浓度均处于较适范畴。可见造纸生化污泥和餐厨垃圾混合消化产甲烷是可行的,两种物料的较佳配比是1:1。     

生物产氢过程中厌氧污泥耐酸响应的生物化学机制

生物质厌氧发酵产氢过程中积累的大量酸性物质,会对厌氧微生物产生抑制作用,进而制约氢气的持续产生。作者采用不同浓度丁酸对污泥进行胁迫,结果表明:当丁酸胁迫质量浓度为6g/L时,污泥厌氧发酵过程中丁酸、乙酸以及氢气产量最高,分别达到1 071mmol/mol,462mmol/mol和3 690mL/mol,比对照组分别提高了110%,54%和65%;此外,产氢过程中谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD)、脱氢酶以及DNA总量活性最高达到11.6μmol/(g·TS·h),6 982.12μg TF/(g.TS.h),14.72ng/mL,相对于对照组分别提高了48%,50%,10.7%;同时,经过酸胁迫后,厌氧污泥胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric sub-stances,EPS)含量有明显提高,与空白对照组相比松散型多糖和蛋白质以及紧密型多糖和蛋白质分别提高了147%,34.8%,35%,21.6%。因此,适宜浓度的丁酸胁迫可激发厌氧污泥的相关耐酸响应机制(Acid tolerance response,ATR),进而提高污泥的耐酸性能,并最终提高厌氧产氢效率。     

Thermophilic two-stage dry anaerobic digestion of model garbage with ammonia stripping

To avoid the inhibition of methane production by ammonia that occurs during the degradation of garbage, anaerobic digestion with prior ammonia production and subsequent stripping was investigated. In the ammonia production phase, the maximum ammonia concentration was approximately 2800 mg N/kg of total wet sludge in the range of 4 days of sludge retention time, indicating that only 43% of total nitrogen in the model garbage was converted to ammonia. The model garbage from which ammonia was produced and stripped was subjected to semi-continuous thermophilic dry anaerobic digestion over 180 days. The gas yield was in the range of 0.68 to 0.75 Nm(3)/kg volatile solid, and it decreased with the decrease of the sludge retention time. The ammonia-nitrogen concentration in the sludge was kept below 3000 mg N/kg total wet sludge. Microbial community structure analysis revealed that the phylum Firmicutes dominated in the ammonia production, but the community structure changed at different sludge retention times. In dry anaerobic digestion, the dominant bacteria shifted from the phylum Thermotogae to Firmicutes. The dominant archaeon was the genus Methanothermobacter, but the ratio of Methanosarcina increased during the process of dry anaerobic digestion.     

厌氧消化对造纸污泥的热值及热解残焦的影响研究

以两种不同类型的造纸污泥为底物进行厌氧消化实验,分析了厌氧消化前后污泥的热值、热解残焦以及残焦浸出液中重金属含量。实验结果表明,造纸污泥厌氧消化产生的甲烷可用来干燥污泥或以外部辅助加热的形式给热解炉供热;厌氧消化后混合污泥热值有所下降,热解系统能源自给水平得以提高;热解残焦中重金属含量与接种污泥有关,其浸出率均符合危害成分浓度限值标准。     

Optimizing the operation of a two-phase anaerobic digestion system digesting grass silage

This paper examines the optimization of an existing two-phase anaerobic digestion process using grass silage as a feedstock. The system comprises 6 leach beds connected to an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The existing system produced 305 L CH(4) kg(-1) VS added at an overall retention time of 42 days (6 leach beds emptied and fed sequentially every 7 days in series). The desired improvements were a reduction in retention time with increased methane production. It was noted in the existing system that biogas production and COD levels fell off in the last 2 days of each 7-day cycle. Thus the first change involved reduction in retention time to 30 days (6 leach beds fed sequentially every 5 days in series). This lead to a slight improvement in methane production (310 L CH(4) kg(-1) VS added). The second change was effected by separation of flows to the first stage (leach beds) and the second stage (UASB) through addition of an extra pump to optimize leaching. This led to an increase in CH(4) production (341 L CH(4) kg(-1) VS). The overall improvement from the existing system was an increase of 11.8% in methane production and a reduction in size or retention time of 40% (42 days decreased to 30 days retention time).     

Effects of temperature and hydraulic retention time on anaerobic digestion of food waste

A modified three-stage methane fermentation system was developed to digest food waste efficiently. This system consisted of three stages: semianaerobic hydrolysis, anaerobic acidogenesis and strictly anaerobic methanogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the methanogenesis. Operation temperature was adjusted from 30 degrees C to 55 degrees C, and the HRTs ranged from 8 to 12 d. The rate of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal correlated with digestion time according to the first-order kinetic model developed by Grau et al. [Water Res., 9, 637-642 (1975)]. With liquor food waste, thermophilic digesters showed a higher rate of sCOD removal than mesophilic digesters. The rates of biogas and methane production by thermophilic digesters were higher than those by mesophilic digesters regardless of HRT. Although maximum biogas production occurred when an HRT of 10 d was used, the methane yield was the highest in the reactor when an HRT of 12 d was used (223 l CH4/kg sCODdegraded). However, digestion stability decreased when an HRT of 8 d was used. The concentration of NH3-N generated in this experiment did not inhibit anaerobic digestion.     

水-碱连续提取黄皮疣柄牛肝菌粗多糖的理化性质及抗氧化活性研究

以黄皮疣柄牛肝菌Leccinellum crocipodium(Letellier.)Watliag为原料,采用水提醇沉法从黄皮疣柄牛肝菌子实体中提取得到水提粗多糖(LPS),再用碱提醇沉法从菌渣中提取得到碱提粗多糖(LPJ),研究两种黄皮疣柄牛肝菌粗多糖理化性质与抗氧化活性。结果表明:水提粗多糖LPS与碱提粗多糖LPJ得率分别为18.44%±1.30%与5.50%±0.69%。LPS呈海绵状,颜色呈浅咖色;LPJ呈蓬松粉末状,颜色呈黄褐色。LPS多糖含量、糖醛酸含量、硫酸根含量、总酚含量均显著高于LPJ(P<0.05)。LPS与LPJ抗氧化活性随着浓度的增加而逐渐增强。LPS、LPJ浓度为4 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基的清除率(87.55%±0.51%、54.31%±2.72%)、羟基自由基清除率(54.53%±1.61%、46.50%±0.64%)、ABTS阳离子自由基清除率(81.56%±4.43%、68.79%±1.23%)、还原力吸光度值(1.41±0.02、1.16±0.01)均达到最大值,而浓度为3 mg/mL时,超氧阴离子自由基清除率(89.16%±2.42%、85.94%±2.98%)达到最大值。说明LPS与LPJ具有较好的抗氧化能力,且LPS优于LPJ。     

Stimulation of anaerobic digestion of thickened sewage sludge by iron-rich sludge produced by the fenton method

In batch mesophilic anaerobic digestion of a mixture of iron-rich sludge collected from Fenton treatment of molasses wastewater (MWW) and thickened sewage sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, the methane content in the gas from the mixture was significantly higher than that from thickened sewage sludge only. When minerals in iron-rich sludge obtained by incineration were fed to thickened sewage sludge in semi-continuous experiments, the methane content obtained by digestion of thickened sewage sludge only increased approximately from 53% to 64%. These results suggest that iron-rich sludge can enhance methane production for thickened sewage sludge.