非稳态流体力作用下两相流管束流弹失稳研究

流弹失稳会引起传热管振幅过大而发生磨损破坏,是两相流作用下蒸汽发生器管束流致振动的重要机理。为了较为准确地预测两相流作用下圆柱管的失稳临界流速,对试验测量的两相流非稳态流体力进行参数拟合,建立了气-水两相流作用下单管的动力学模型。通过无量纲化,运用Galerkin方法对方程变量进行离散后,联立求解方程得到了不同空泡份额的临界流速。数值结果表明,数值解与试验测得失稳临界流速较为吻合,验证了该模型可用于两相流传热管临界流速的预测。      

基于UDF的二维管束流弹失稳模拟研究

针对现有流弹失稳模拟研究中的流固耦合模型存在计算精度较低、计算成本巨大的问题,建立了一种可以预测管束临界流速的二维单向流固耦合模型,该模型基于商用ANSYS Fluent软件,通过SST k-ω湍流模型进行流场计算,再由自编译的用户自定义函数（UDF）提取管子所受的流体力,并利用4阶Runge-Kutta法求解结构动力学方程实现单向流固耦合计算。利用该模型对节径比为1.5的转角三角形排布管束进行了流固耦合计算,得到了中心管的临界流速、振幅时程曲线及振幅频谱图,并通过水洞实验进行了验证。结果表明,本模型以较低的计算成本准确地预测了临界流速,同时也获取了管子真实的振动特征,模拟计算的中心管振幅时程曲线及振幅频谱均与实验相近。此外,模拟计算获取的阻力和升力系数数据表明,随着流速增大,阻力和升力系数时程曲线经历了从紊乱到规律的变化,换算流速达到2.44时,阻力和升力系数主频包含管子在静水中固有频率的成分。      

核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管束流弹失稳评价关键参数分析及实验研究

针对某压水型核电厂新研发蒸汽发生器的传热管，采用ASMEBPVC-Ⅲ推荐的半经验公式及相应参数取值，计算得到了悬臂传热管在空泡份额为0%（单相水）、10%、20%、50%、80%、90%下的流弹失稳临界流速。同时，设计开展了悬臂传热管阵在各空泡份额下的流致振动实验，测得了传热管流弹失稳临界流速、动水中的振动阻尼比及固有频率等关键参数。实验中测得的振动阻尼比主要包含了两相阻尼与粘滞阻尼，随空泡份额的变化而变化，范围为1.51%～3.98%，考虑测量不确定度后，该值可用于本文所述蒸汽发生器设计，且具有一定的保守性。分析结果表明，规范推荐的公式及参数计算所得传热管流弹失稳临界流速和实验结果趋势相同、规律一致，前者较后者有较大的保守性，安全系数在1.5以上；采用实验测得的阻尼比及固有频率重新计算得到的临界流速安全系数有所下降，但仍高于1.1。通过实验和分析，讨论了文中所述新研发核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管束流弹失稳评价关键参数取值及分析方法的合理性与保守性，可用于工程产品的设计及分析。     

垂直上升横掠水平管束的两相流空泡份额模型研究

与管内两相流空泡份额模型相比,垂直上升横掠水平管束的两相流空泡份额研究成果相对有限。利用垂直上升的气-水两相流横掠水平管束的实验数据,对现有的空泡份额计算模型进行对比分析,并对2种现有模型的拟合公式进行修正。采用其他实验结果对本文重新修正的空泡份额模型进行验证,结果表明:与原始模型相比,修正的空泡份额计算模型给出的空泡份额预测值更好。     

基于竖直圆管空气-水两相流实验的相间曳力模型研究

研究两相流相间阻力特性对系统程序关键本构模型封闭具有重要意义。本文基于竖直圆管开展了空气-水两相流实验,采用四探头电导探针对空泡份额、气泡弦长和界面面积浓度等气泡参数的径向分布进行了测量。结果表明空泡份额和气泡弦长呈现“核峰型”分布,而界面面积浓度并没有表现出随流速的单调关系。进一步开发了泡状流和弹状流的相间曳力模型,考虑了液相表观流速与管径对气泡尺寸分布的影响,建立了临界韦伯数与不同液相流速的关系。计算得到的空泡份额和界面面积浓度与实验数据整体符合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,为两相流相间阻力特性研究提供参考意义。     

双弹性管流固耦合振动的数值模拟

为研究反应堆结构中诸如燃料棒、蒸汽发生器和其他换热器等管束类结构的流固耦合振动问题,利用有限体积法离散大涡模拟的流体控制方程及有限元方法离散结构动力学方程,结合动网格技术,建立了三维流体诱发弹性管束振动的数值模型,实现了计算结构动力学与计算流体力学之间的双向耦合。得到横流作用下单管的振动响应,并与已有的实验数据比较,证明了本文模型的合理性;对横流作用下的两串列管、两并列管的流固耦合振动进行了数值模拟,着重研究了节径比为1.2、1.6、2、3、4的两弹性管在不同流速作用下的动力学响应及流场特性;得到串列管、并列管的临界间距与临界流速。     

基于激光诱导荧光法的空泡份额测量

激光诱导荧光技术作为可视化实验领域中的新技术,在核反应堆热工水力研究中得到了越来越广泛的运用。将激光诱导荧光技术应用于气液两相流空泡份额的测量中,介绍了激光诱导荧光法测量空泡份额的原理,描述了激光诱导荧光法测量空泡份额的具体实施方法,说明了图像数据的处理方法,并将该测量空泡份额方法用于气液两相流实验测量研究,在不同工况下进行了竖直通道内两相流空泡份额测量实验。实验结果表明,利用激光诱导荧光技术测得的空泡份额与理论预测结果符合较好。运用该方法能对流场内的空泡份额分布进行连续测量,且不会对流场造成干扰。     

管束结构的流致振动特性研究

为研究管束结构的流致振动问题,利用有限体积法离散大涡模拟的流体控制方程及有限元方法离散结构动力学方程,结合动网格技术,建立了正方形顺排排列弹性管束流固耦合系统的三维数值模型,并研究了不同弹性管束模型的流体力及振动响应特性。结果表明,管束结构的排列方式对流体力及动力学响应有很大的影响,5管模型能基本反映弹性管束的振动特性,而单管模型预测的临界速度较大,却可定性反映节径比为1.5正方形管束的流致振动特性。     

支承板支撑多跨管束流致振动试验研究

本文针对支承板支撑4跨传热管直管束开展流致振动基础试验。试验件由49根旋转正三角形布置的模拟传热管组成,传热管两端固定,中间3处采用支承板支撑。试验测量获得了单向横流冲刷和双向横流冲刷下不同进口流速传热管束的振动特性,获得振幅、频率、临界雷诺数等关键信息。结果表明,双向横流冲刷下的传热管较单向横流冲刷下的在更低雷诺数下发生失稳,两种流动方式下传热管发生失稳时加速度峰值频率均为104Hz,该值与单跨两端固支模型的理论计算固有频率非常接近。研究结果可为传热管束流致振动数值模拟分析提供验证。     

竖直圆管内泡状流空泡份额径向分布实验研究

常温常压下,采用光学探针测量方法,对圆管（内径50 mm）内空气 水两相竖直向上泡状流空泡份额的径向分布特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,竖直圆管内泡状流空泡份额的径向分布随气液两相表观流速不同而变化。液相流速较高时空泡份额分布呈“壁峰型”,即中心区域变化平缓,近壁区出现峰值后迅速降低;液相静止时,随气相流速增加,空泡份额增加速度沿径向向外逐渐减小,气相流速较大时分布呈“核峰型”,即空泡份额随径向位置向外呈减小趋势;液相流速较低时分布呈现出过渡型。探针测量面积加权平均空泡份额与通过重位压降得到的空泡份额的相对偏差小于10%。     

CFD与准静态理论混合的管束结构流弹失稳预测方法

为开发一种不依赖实验而预测管束结构流体弹性不稳定性（简称流弹失稳）的方法。采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法获取阻力、升力系数及其空间导数,并将3者代入预测流弹失稳的准静态理论中,提出了一种适用于管束结构的混合流弹失稳预测方法,此方法考虑了管束在横流和顺流2个方向上的不稳定性;以正三角形管束为例,计算了2种节距比（P/d）下流弹失稳特性。结果表明,基于本文提出的CFD与准静态理论混合的弹性管束结构流弹失稳预测方法,可以在不需要实验的情况下获得管束结构发生流弹失稳现象的临界速度;采用此方法计算的流弹失稳结果与文献中的实验结果吻合良好。      

Modelling of fluidelastic vibrations of heat exchanger tubes with loose supports

The existence of gaps at tube supports necessitates time domain modelling of fluid forces to predict flow-induced vibrations and associated wear in heat exchangers and steam generators. This paper presents a new time-domain model for fluidelastic instability forces of tubes with loose-supports. In this model, the fluidelastic force, which is dependent on flow velocity and array geometry, is superimposed on the turbulence forcing function. The model was used to calculate the critical flow velocity, tube response, and tube/support interaction parameters, such as impact force and work rate. The critical velocity for linear cases was accurately predicted. The critical flow velocity for the loose support case was found to be sensitive to both the gap size and the turbulence level.     

The dependence of wall lubrication force on liquid velocity in turbulent bubbly two-phase flows

Based on the significance of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of dispersed two-phase flow systems in many engineering fields, especially in nuclear energy systems, extensive analytical and numerical studies of wall lubrication force for vertical upward turbulent bubbly two-phase flow are presented. An analytical expression of the wall lubrication force considering the effect of liquid velocity is developed and analyzed. A numerical methodology for evaluating the wall lubrication force coefficients is proposed, which is based on the assumption that the balance of the forces acting on a bubble perpendicularly to the flow direction determines the establishment of radial void fraction profiles. Wall lubrication force coefficients are determined based on a reasonable agreement in radial void fraction profiles between numerical results predicted by the CFD EAGLE (elaborated analysis of gas–liquid flows evolution) code and extensive experimental database in the open literature as well as experiments performed at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute-vertical air–water loop test facility. Liquid velocity dependence of wall lubrication force is clearly shown in both analytical and numerical ways in the present study, and new correlations are then proposed for the wall lubrication force coefficients.     

垂直上升管内泡状流压力波传播

研究了垂直上升管内气液两相泡状流压力波的传播速度和衰减规律,为了提高压力波测量精度．实验中设计了不影响两相流动结构的调频式压力扰动装置．实验结果表明,随着含气率的增加,泡状流中压力波波速开始陡降,当含气率大于0．05以后波速缓慢下降;衰减系数随含气率的增加连续增加：工质的流速对压力波的传播没有影响;压力波的传播速度及其衰减与扰动频率有关．随着扰动频率的增加,波速及其衰减都增加本文实验验证了泡状流压力波色散特性的临界频率现象．即高于临界频率．压力波的色散特性消失．在本试验条件和参数范围内．临界扰动角频率为300Hz．     

Modeling of distribution parameter,void fraction covariance and relative velocity covariance for upward steam-water boiling flow in vertical rod bundle

In order to improve the prediction accuracy of one-dimensional interfacial force formulated by ‘Andersen’ approach, the distribution parameter in a drift–flux correlation, void fraction covariance, and relative velocity covariance has been modeled for dispersed boiling two-phase flow in a vertical rod bundle. The distribution parameter has been derived by a bubble-layer thickness model. The correlations of void fraction covariance and relative velocity covariance have been developed based on prototypic 8 × 8 rod bundle data. The correlation of void fraction covariance agrees with the bundle data with the mean absolute error, standard deviation, mean relative deviation, and mean absolute relative deviation being 0.00120, 0.0415, ?0.173%, and 1.80%, respectively. The correlation of relative velocity covariance agrees with the bundle data with the mean absolute error, standard deviation, mean relative deviation, and mean absolute relative deviation being ?0.00241, 0.0452, ?0.0316%, and 2.52%, respectively. In view of the great importance of void fraction covariance and relative velocity covariance on the one-dimensional interfacial drag force formulation, it is highly recommended to include the void fraction covariance and relative velocity covariance in the one-dimensional formulation of interfacial drag force used in nuclear thermal-hydraulic system analysis codes.     

竖直下降两相流相界面结构输运特性

竖直下降两相流具有与竖直上升两相流不同的相界面结构特征及输运特性。本文对竖直下降管内的气水两相流进行了实验研究,运用微型四头电导探针对7.5、31.5及55.5倍管径横截面处的空泡份额、相界面浓度、气泡直径、气泡频率及气泡速度等相界面结构参数的局部分布进行了测量。分析获得了相界面结构参数的沿程变化规律,并研究了气相表观流速对相界面结构发展的影响及一维相界面结构输运特性。发现竖直下降泡状流的升力指向管中心,导致相界面结构参数基本呈中心峰值分布;气相表观流速的增大会提高空泡份额和相界面浓度分布的峰度;竖直下降两相流在距入口31.5倍管径处基本达到充分发展。     

A remedy for the ill-posedness of the one-dimensional two-fluid model

A one-dimensional two-fluid model with explicit momentum flux parameters is proposed as a remedy for the mathematical ill-posedness of the standard one-dimensional two-fluid model. By constructing a simplified two-phase flow using existing correlations for the distribution parameter C_o and velocity profile, the momentum flux parameter is determined as a function of void fraction and density ratio for the whole range of flow regime. By performing a linear stability analysis for a two-phase flow in a channel described by the proposed model, an analytical expression for the growth factor is derived as a function of wave number, void fraction, drag coefficient, and relative velocity. From the analytical expression for the growth factor, the stability criteria are derived as a function of void faction, density ratio, and momentum flux parameters. It is shown that the two-phase flow in a channel described by the proposed model is stable in the whole range of flow regime.     

Hydrodynamic and Hydraulic Studies on Void Fractions in Two-Phase Flow

For gas-liquid two-phase flow, two kinds of fundamental equations have been proposed by the methods of hydrodynamics and hydraulics. The hydrodynamic equation, to avoid analytical difficulties, does not deal with two-phase flow itself, but with a hypothetical liquid flow which has actual physical quantities in the region where the liquid phase really exists and has the imaginary physical quantities of liquid in the region where the gas exists, for each instant, and with a hypothetical gas flow similarly. The hydraulic equation differs from the usual form in the treatment of friction term or interaction, and has better physical insight. These equations are analyzed mathematically and some relationship between physical quantities centering void fraction are discussed. Hydrodynamic equation shows the void fraction distribution to have relation to pressure loss and velocity distributions, and, for the case of laminar two-phase flow with axial symmetry, explicit expression is presented. By hydraulic equation, the relation between void fraction and other variables are discussed. For the upward two-phase flow with constant flow area, gas-liquid interaction force is discussed theoretically and experimentally.