Performance evaluation of a buffer-based CSMA/CD protocol for single channel optical Ethernet LAN

Using CSMA/CD, Ethernet suffers capture effect that makes it unsuitable for supporting real-time multimedia traffic. It does not guarantee delay bound and behaves poorly under heavy load conditions, leading to excessive delay, throughput degradation and packet loss because of excessive collisions. Aim of this paper is to increase throughput and reduce average packet transfer delay of CSMA/CD-based LAN by reducing collisions and eliminating packet loss. Here, each user has a finite buffer capacity that helps to reduce collisions and Ethernet capture effect. At the same time, to eliminate packet loss, a new special-jamming signal is used. The network performance in terms of throughput, average packet transfer delay and percentage of collision based on the proposed protocol shows significant improvements. Throughput is increased more than 10% whereas average packet transfer delay and percentage of collision are reduced to less than 1.5 ms and 3%, respectively, compared to conventional protocol.     

门禁系统的CSMA／CD协议仿真

作为一种安防产品,门禁系统已经广泛使用于企业、住宅等场所,其通信的稳定性决定了产品的优劣。设计的基于ARM和RFID的自制门禁系统可以把若干台门禁控制器通过CS—MA／CD网络相互连接起来组成网络系统应用。然后通过转化与计算机相连,用门禁管理软件对各个门禁控制器进行实时监控。主要阐述CSMA／CD协议在系统中的具体设计,并进行了仿真测试,效果良好。     

非均匀CSMA/CD光纤总线LAN的性能分析

作为尝试，以ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ光纤总线ＬＡＮ为对象，应用排队服务理论，对非均匀网络环境下的系统模型进行了数学解析和评价，推导出网络性能的重要参数利用率的计算公式，并通过ＧＰＳＳ仿真对数学模型进行了初步验证，获得了满意结果。     

WSN中CSMA/CA协处理器的软硬协同设计

在分析了IEEE802.15.4关于无线传感器网络协议带有冲突避免的载波监听多点接入机制的基础上,通过采用独立的指令集、使用软件来控制射频接入流程的实现方式和复用伪随机数产生电路和CRC校验电路等技术,实现了节点芯片的CSMA/CA协处理器。给出采用了这种CSMA/CA协处理器结构的无线传感器网络节点基带芯片的FPGA硬件资源消耗情况,并搭建了该节点芯片与CC2420进行相互通信的测试平台,给出了测试结果,分析时延情况表明,节点芯片在资源有限的情况下获得了较高的处理速度,并实现了对多射频收发芯片支持的灵活性。     

基于IEEE 802.15.4的CSMA/CA性能分析与研究

针对目前无线传感器网络所采用的IEEE802.15.4通讯协议进行研究及分析,包括了碰撞发生后的重传机制,也就是IEEE 802.15.4所使用的CSMA/CA算法,对于整体网络通信所造成的影响.经分析评估以及程序仿真后,将针对网络状况来找出CSMA/CA算法的三个重要参数对系统性能的影响.     

基于二次碰撞的CSMA/CA算法的优化

基于时隙的载波监听多址接入/冲突检测（Carrie Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoid,CSMA/CA）算法在处理第一次CCA检测信道为闲,第二次CCA检测信道为忙的情况时存在两个主要的缺陷,针对这两个缺陷引入两个参数FN、SN来提高节点成功接入信道的概率.最后应用NS-2软件进行仿真结果表明,改进的CSMA/CA算法在吞吐量和平均网络时延方面优于原算法.     

基于IEEE802.15.4退避算法的改进机制

IEEE802.15.4是供低速率、低功耗和低成本设备使用的短距离无线通信的协议,定义了低速无线个域网(LR-WPANs)的MAC层和物理层规范.由于在例如无线体域网(WBAN)应用中,能量消耗是备受关注的问题,因此提出了一种基于时槽机制的CSMA/CA过程中改进的退避算法,在每次CSMA/CA开始时根据过去的传输状况动态地调整竞争窗口的最小值.通过NS-2进行仿真,实验结果表明这样的改进方案在业务负载比较高或者包的大小比较小的时候可以减少数据包碰撞概率和重传概率,从而可以减少功耗并且提高吞吐量性能.     

采用CSMA/CA控制策略实现CATV多媒体交互通信

对采用ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＡ控制策略实现ＣＡＴＶ多媒体交互通信的介质存取方法进行详尽的分析与讨论,其最重要的特点就是发送站数据无碰撞危险,由于不存在的数据包碰撞检测,从而对数据包无最小长度要求,包可以非常短,数据吞吐量可以大大增加。     

Performance of a burst-frame-based CSMA/CA protocol: Analysis and enhancement

In this paper, we develop an analytical model to evaluate the delay performance of the burst-frame-based CSMA/CA protocol under unsaturated conditions, which has not been fully addressed in the literature. Our delay analysis is unique in that we consider the end-to-end packet delay, which is the duration from the epoch that a packet enters the queue at the MAC layer of the transmitter side to the epoch that the packet is successfully received at the receiver side. The analytical results give excellent agreement with the simulation results, which represents the accuracy of our analytical model. The results also provide important guideline on how to set the parameters of the burst assembly policy. Based on these results, we further develop an efficient adaptive burst assembly policy so as to optimize the throughput and delay performance of the burst-frame-based CSMA/CA protocol. Kejie Lu received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in Telecommunications Engineering from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 1994 and 1997, respectively. He received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at Dallas in 2003. In 2004 and 2005, he was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida. Currently, he is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. His research interests include architecture and protocols design for computer and communication networks, performance analysis, network security, and wireless communications. Jianfeng Wang received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in electrical engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, in 1999 and 2002, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from University of Florida in 2006. From January 2006 to July 2006, he was a research intern in wireless standards and technology group, Intel Corporation. In October 2006, he joined Philips Research North America as a senior member research staff in wireless communications and networking department. He is engaged in research and standardization on wireless networks with emphasis on medium access control (MAC). Dapeng Wu received B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1990, M.E. in Electrical Engineering from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 1997, and Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, in 2003. Since August 2003, he has been with Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, as an Assistant Professor. His research interests are in the areas of networking, communications, multimedia, signal processing, and information and network security. He received the IEEE Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (CSVT) Transactions Best Paper Award for Year 2001, and the Best Paper Award in International Conference on Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Wired/Wireless Networks (QShine) 2006. Currently, he serves as the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Advances in Multimedia, and an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, and International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing. He is also a guest-editor for IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), Special Issue on Cross-layer Optimized Wireless Multimedia Communications. He served as Program Chair for IEEE/ACM First International Workshop on Broadband Wireless Services and Applications (BroadWISE 2004); and as a technical program committee member of over 30 conferences. He is Vice Chair of Mobile and wireless multimedia Interest Group (MobIG), Technical Committee on Multimedia Communications, IEEE Communications Society. He is a member of the Best Paper Award Committee, Technical Committee on Multimedia Communications, IEEE Communications Society. Yuguang Fang received a Ph.D. degree in Systems Engineering from Case Western Reserve University in January 1994 and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Boston University in May 1997. He was an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology from July 1998 to May 2000. He then joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Florida in May 2000 as an assistant professor and got an early promotion to an associate professor with tenure in August 2003 and to a full professor in August 2005. He has published over 200 papers in refereed professional journals and conferences. He received the National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Award in 2001 and the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award in 2002. He has served on several editorial boards of technical journals including IEEE Transactions on Communications, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing and ACM Wireless Networks. He have also been actively participating in professional conference organizations such as serving as The Steering Committee Co-Chair for QShine, the Technical Program Vice-Chair for IEEE INFOCOM’2005, Technical Program Symposium Co-Chair for IEEE Globecom’2004, and a member of Technical Program Committee for IEEE INFOCOM (1998, 2000, 2003–2007). He is a senior member of the IEEE.     

CSMA/CD用作EPON上行接入控制方案的研究

由于以太网成熟的技术和广泛的应用,EPON(以太网无源光网络)接入技术已经成为光接入网技术中的最新发展趋势。用N×N无源星型耦合器来取代1×N无源星型耦合器,通过在无源星形耦合器处添加光环回机制,摆脱了距离的限制,成功地将传统的CSMA/CD(载波侦听多路存取/冲突检测)协议用于EPON的上行接入控制。     

一种基于CSMA/CA的VLC系统多用户接入方法研究

针对可见光的通信距离较短和带宽有限的特点,提出了一种多终端组网的可见光网络模型,对于室内可见光通信(VLC)系统多用户接入碰撞问题,我们分析了这种网络模型的特点,提出了一种基于载波侦听多路访问/冲突避免(CSMA/CA)的多用户接入方法,给出了多用户接入时碰撞概率和系统吞吐量的表达式,并进行了相应的仿真。仿真结果表明模型和接入方法合理有效。     

Saturation performance analysis of directional CSMA/CA in mmWave WPANs

The millimeter‐wave (mmWave) band offers the potential for multi‐gigabit indoor wireless personal area networks (WPANs). However, there are problems such as the short wavelength and high propagation losses. In order to compensate for these, it is highly recommended to use directional antennas at the physical layer. In this paper, directional carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is analyzed in IEEE 802.15.3c, a standard for mmWave WPANs, under a saturated environment. A Markov chain model is presented and analyzed for the no‐acknowledgment (No‐ACK) mode. For the analysis, the device interaction is considered using directional antennas over a shared channel. A Markov chain model is presented in which the features of IEEE 802.15.3c such as backoff counter freezing and the effects of using directional antennas are incorporated. The maximal number of frames that can be transmitted concurrently and successfully is derived by an algorithm, and the system throughput and the average transmission delay are obtained in the closed forms. Numerical results show that the effects of using directional antennas in CSMA/CA and the overall analysis are verified by the simulation. The obtained results illustrate the physical layer impact on the CSMA/CA medium access control protocol, and these insights can be helpful in developing a medium access control protocol for enhancing the performance of mmWave WPANs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fair MAC protocol for optical ring network of wavelength-shared access nodes

In this paper, a WDM optical ring consisting of access nodes with fixed transmitter-n fixed receivers (FT—FR ⁿ ) is considered. As access nodes share a wavelength channel there is trade-off between node throughput and fairness among them. In order to abbreviate the transmission unfairness and to increase the throughput, we propose p-persistent medium access control (MAC) protocol. Each node uses the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol to transmit packets, and decides whether to use a local empty slot with probability p when a transferred packet based on source-stripping is dropped and emptied. Numerical prediction for the proposed MAC protocol is introduced to compute the maximum node throughput under uniform traffic condition. For more detail results, we use network simulation with self-similar traffic and introduce various results. The proposed MAC protocol gives better node throughput than non-persistent protocol and shows an improved fairness factor than 1-persistent protocol. Through simulation, we also find the reasonable probability of p-persistent protocol for a given architecture.     

Formal Specification and Model-Checking of CSMA/CA Using Finite Precision Timed Automata

1 Introduction Ani mportant activity within the engineering of com-munication andreal-ti me protocolsisto validate whethera given protocol functions as expected.Formal methodscan support this activity to a large extent . During thelast few years ,the formal specification and verificationof networking or telecommunication systems using for-mal tools[1 ~2]has attracted muchinterest fromacademiccommunity and industrial developers . In fact , therehave been some publications to discuss the specifi…     

带有网络分割的CSMA／CD技术

通过在ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ局域网中引入网络分割这一新概念，建立了以太网模拟模型，改善了ＣＳＭＡ／ＣＤ技术在重负载下的性能。     

Performance Analysis of Buffered CSMA/CD Systems

This paper presents a new approximation approach, called tagged user approach (TUA), for the queueing analysis of slotted CSMA/CD systems with a finite user population having either finite or infinite user buffer capacity. By assuming a symmetric channel, the performance analysis of the overall system is determined by the performance of an arbitrarily selected user, called the tagged user. With the further assumption that each user always operates with its equilibrium probability, the packet service time distribution can be obtained using a state flow graph by studying the channel contention scheme. The obtained packet service time distribution is then applied to the queueing analysis of the tagged user using the standard queueing theory. That is, the analysis of the channel contention scheme and the analysis of the user queueing behavior are decoupled in this paper. Hence, TUA can be applied to complicated systems such as those where each user buffer may have bulk packet arrivals and random service discipline as long as the corresponding queueing theory is available. Since a state transition probability matrix is not required in TUA, the required amount of computation is quite small. Simulation results verify the high accuracy of the analysis.     

Improving CSMA/CA network performance under hidden collision

Dynamic spectrum access policy allows a secondary user (SU) to access a primary user (PU) channel when it is idle. However, the idle state may result from the PU's silent activities, which can be wrongly perceived as an opportunity for the SU to access the channel and lead to “hidden collision” when it effectively tries to access the channel under this condition. At best of our knowledge, this issue has yet to be addressed in the literature. In this paper, we will first define a three‐state model that describes hidden collision conditions, then propose a probabilistic model in which a transient state is added to force the SU to wait a certain period of time before accessing the channel, thereby translating into better protection for the PU. Based on this model and using Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance protocol, we will evaluate the PU's and SU's throughput and delay with and without transient state as well as the gain in using our approach. Our computation results show a substantial improvement of the PU's throughput from 19.6 to 61.1%.     

基于CSMA/CD的教学实验的设计与实现

设计并实现了一种适用于教学的基于CSMA／CD机制的实验,重点给出了CSMA／CD机制的原理以及与此相关的信道共享技术、早期冲突、晚期冲突、以太网捕获等。实验界面知识点丰富,有助于学生掌握上述知识要点,在教学实践中获得了很好的效果。     

Multi‐hop communications in directional CSMA/CA over mmWave WPANs

In this paper, we consider the multi‐hop communications in contention period of medium access control protocol over millimeter‐wave band. A relaying devices selection policy and a grouping algorithm are proposed, and the directional carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance protocol in the immediate acknowledgement mode for IEEE 802.15.3c is considered under saturation environments. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of using directional antennas and relaying devices in contention period. A sensing region and an exclusive region are computed probabilistically and used in the grouping algorithm. Numerical results show that the narrower radiation beamwidth allows to use a channel more spatially, and the effect of using relaying devices increases as the beamwidth and number of devices increase. Those effects are presented in the throughput and average delay. The obtained results will be used as performance criterion for the multi‐hop communications in millimeter‐wave wireless personal area networks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.