蒸汽发生器U型管低含气率两相倒流现象研究

针对立式倒U型管自然循环蒸汽发生器传热管内的两相倒流现象,基于均相流模型,建立了U型管内低含气率两相流动传热理论模型,给出了U型管的进出口压降-质量流量曲线,分析了U型管内出现两相倒流现象的机理,研究了二次侧流体温度和入口含气率对倒流现象的影响规律,并与单相倒流进行了对比。利用RELAP5/MOD 3.3程序对相同条件下的倒流问题进行了计算。研究表明,提高蒸汽发生器二次侧工作压力可减少倒流,两相流入口含气率越高,倒流越易发生,两相流较单相流在U型管内更易倒流。     

自然循环蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管流量分配计算

针对自然循环工况下蒸汽发生器部分倒U型管内存在倒流现象,通过对倒U型管内流动传热特性进行分析,获得了倒流发生的判断依据,从而编制了流量分配计算程序。采用该程序对某型蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管流量分配进行了计算,通过将结果与实验值进行对比分析,对程序可信度进行了验证,并采用该程序对蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管主要热工参数随进出口压降变化情况进行了计算分析。结果表明,倒流现象发生在短管内,倒流的发生使得蒸汽发生器一次侧净流量和单位时间输热呈阶梯下降,对反应堆安全产生较大的影响。     

自然循环蒸汽发生器倒U型管内倒流特性的无量纲分析

针对自然循环工况下,蒸汽发生器部分倒U型管内存在倒流现象,利用无量纲分析方法建立管内流体控制方程,提出了阻力数和传热数等无量纲准则,并对蒸汽发生器倒U型管倒流的影响因素进行分析。结果表明,阻力数对倒流发生的无量纲进出口压降和流速有较大的影响;传热数对倒流发生的无量纲进出口压降有较大的影响,而对流速影响较小。     

U型管内蒸汽冷凝回流压降特性的研究

进行了单根 U型管内蒸汽冷凝回流实验。 U型管的内径为 20mm,总高度为 4.1m和 7.0m两种。在系统压力 0.1～ 6.0MPa、蒸汽质量流速 4～ 45kg/m2· s、二次侧进口冷却水温度 20～ 196℃的范围内,研究了 U型管内蒸汽冷凝回流的流动及其压降特性。     

蒸汽发生器内二次侧水位对倒U型管内倒流特性的影响分析

在自然循环条件下,蒸汽发生器(SG)倒U型管内的流体流动会不稳定,可造成一部分倒U型管内流体处于倒流状态。基于Boussinesq假设,建立了与SG二次侧水位有关的倒U型管内流体一维守恒控制方程,采用线性微扰理论分析SG二次侧水位对倒U型管内倒流特性的影响,并采用RELAP5/MOD3.2程序进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在一定倒U型管进口条件下,SG二次侧水位的降低使倒U型管内流动的特征压降增大,特征流量减少,稳定性参数增加,相对于正常水位时更易不稳定,倒流更易发生,长管较短管更易发生倒流。     

海洋条件下自然循环蒸汽发生器U型管内倒流特性研究

当压水堆处于自然循环工况时,蒸汽发生器U型管内可能发生倒流现象,导致一回路流动阻力增大、自然循环流量降低,为反应堆安全运行带来不利影响。基于RELAP5程序建立了海洋条件下的附加力模型及控制体空间坐标求解模型,对蒸汽发生器所有U型管进行建模和节点划分,计算了海洋条件下蒸汽发生器内U型管的倒流临界质量流量及进出口压差,最后分析了3种海洋条件对U型管内流体倒流的影响。结果表明,倾斜条件下有可能会改变倒流现象;而在航行过程中可能遇到的起伏条件都无法改变倒流现象;当摇摆条件比较剧烈时有可能改变倒流现象。      

T型管热混合温度波动特性研究

在反应堆发生失水事故(LOCA)时,一回路系统压力降低,产生大量蒸汽,堆芯应急冷却系统(ECCS)启动后,安注水注入冷腿后在T型管处与蒸汽发生热混合,温度会出现明显波动,同时伴随有一定的回流。本文以T型管中冷热流体混合为研究对象,开展了安注过冷水与冷腿中的饱和蒸汽热混合实验。研究内容主要为过冷水与饱和蒸汽在水平T型管发生热混合之后的水跃和回流现象,基于动量分析的方法,分析了不同流型对热混合后温度分布的影响,提出了两相流动量比关系式用于分析T型管内温度波动特性。     

自然循环条件下蒸汽发生器倒U型管流量分配特性研究

以欧洲压水堆热工实验装置（PWR PACTEL）一回路系统蒸汽发生器为研究对象,首先,基于流体一维流动模型的质量、动量和能量守恒方程建立管道进出口压降以及传热与流体流量之间的关系;其次,以遗传算法为基础开发倒U型管蒸汽发生器流量分配计算程序,采用基准实验对程序正确性和可靠性开展验证;最后,利用流量分配程序计算蒸汽发生器倒U型管管组的流量分布情况,研究管高、管长以及一/二次侧换热系数对蒸汽发生器内流量分配的影响。结果表明,所开发流量分配程序计算结果与实验吻合良好;在选定的自然循环工况下,该蒸汽发生器中长管更易发生倒流,且倒流现象呈现分布范围广、单管流量低的特点;倒U型管内正流流速与管长成反比,与管高成正比,倒流流速随着管长的增加保持不变,与管高呈反比关系;传热系数较低时,总流量与传热系数成反比关系,当传热系数高于特定值后部分管内发生倒流,总流量骤降。      

蒸汽发生器U型管单相流动不稳定性分析

自然循环条件下,蒸汽发生器并联U型管束内存在单相流动不稳定性,部分U型管内存在倒流现象,对反应堆非能动安全产生负面影响。本文通过对基本守恒方程无量纲处理,采用线性扰动分析理论,获得了Ｕ型管内流动不稳定性判断准则(特征格拉晓夫数)。结果表明,当U型管格拉晓夫数高于特征格拉晓夫数时,管内流动是不稳定的,会出现倒流现象。以某型蒸汽发生器为对象,对U型管束流动不稳定性进行判断,通过与现有判别方法进行对比,验证了建立的U型管内流动不稳定性的判别方法。在此基础上,分析了蒸汽发生器一次侧流体入口密度对倒流现象的影响,发现当入口密度降低时,倒流现象更容易发生。本文结论可为蒸汽发生器优化设计提供一定的理论支持。     

自然循环U型管蒸汽发生器管内倒流受管长影响的理论研究

自然循环U型管蒸汽发生器（UTSG）在一次侧处于自然循环工况下其部分U型管可能会出现倒流现象,这对自然循环带来不利影响。本文通过理论分析UTSG的U型管的水动力学曲线,获得U型管内发生流动不稳定时的临界压降与管长的关系,并利用系统分析程序RELAP5进行数值验证,验证结果表明:当管长增加时,临界压降呈先减后增的趋势,即小型的UTSG的最短U型管先出现倒流,而大型的UTSG最长管先出现倒流。所得结论解释了不同的仿真模拟研究得到的倒流管的分布不同的现象,为UTSG管内倒流及其管空间分布的预测提供理论依据。      

自然循环条件下蒸汽发生器U型传热管倒流分布特性的实验研究

在自然循环工况下蒸汽发生器一次侧入口流量为0.4~0.7 kg/s的参数范围内，开展了蒸汽发生器U型传热管倒流特性实验。针对9种不同长度的U型传热管，分别设置9个倒流监测点，获得了倒流在不同长度U型管中的分布特性。基于传热管压降实测数据和守恒原理，获得了蒸汽发生器一次侧的倒流总流量以及倒流U型管的数目。结果表明，在本实验参数范围内，约有61%的U型管发生倒流，使传热管正向流通面积减小为原来的39%。倒流同时导致正流流量增加60%，与不发生倒流的情况相比，U型管平均流速增大4.2倍。      

自然循环蒸汽发生器倒U型管内倒流现象影响因素研究

在某些自然循环工况下,蒸汽发生器部分倒U型管内存在倒流现象。基于一维Oberbeck-Boussinesq方程,建立了蒸汽发生器并联倒U型管内单相水流动传热模型,并以两种尺寸的蒸汽发生器为例进行了计算。计算结果表明,小型蒸汽发生器内短管易发生倒流,大型蒸汽发生器内长管易发生倒流;蒸汽发生器进口水温对倒流现象的发生具有重要的影响。     

Numerical analysis of steam–air behavior in a pressurizer during reflux cooling

During reflux cooling, proper evaluation of behavior of accumulated non-condensable gases in the steam generator (SG) U-tubes is important to predict the performance of the reflux cooling. Non-condensable gases are present in the pressurizer and the possibility of migration of air in the pressurizer to the SG U-tubes is not well known. Steam and air behavior in the pressurizer during reflux cooling was, therefore, analyzed numerically using FLUENT 6.3.26 and the possibility of migration of air to the hot leg was investigated. For the analysis, the pressurizer of the ROSA-IV/LSTF experiment was employed as a calculation domain, since experimental data about the loss of the residual heat removal event during mid-loop operation are available. Two stages were assumed. (1) Phase 1: latent heat accumulated in the wall of the pressurizer and was eventually released to the outside. (2) Phase 2: the wall was heated up to the saturated steam temperature, and only heat loss to the outside occurred. The prediction indicated that in Phase 1, the air did not migrate to the surge line in either laminar or turbulent flow calculations, while in Phase 2 the air migrated into the hot leg only in the laminar flow calculation. Judging from a previous experiment on an axisymmetric free jet, the flow pattern in the pressurizer seems to be turbulent. In addition, a comparison of the analytical results of the fluid temperatures near the wall of pressurizer with ROSA-IV/LSTF experiment results indicated that the turbulent flow calculation results were more realistic. It was therefore concluded that the turbulent flow calculation was more reasonable and the possibility of migration of air to the hot leg was low in a pressurizer during reflux cooling.     

Dynamic characteristics of steam generator U-tubes with defect

This study investigates the fluid elastic instability characteristics of steam generator (SG) U-tubes with defect and the safety assessment of the potential for fretting-wear damages caused by foreign object in operating nuclear power plants. To get the natural frequency, corresponding mode shape and participation factor, modal analyses are performed for the U-tubes either with axial or circumferential flaw with different sizes. Special emphases are on the effects of flaw orientation and size on the modal and instability characteristics of tubes, which are expressed in terms of the natural frequency, corresponding mode shape and stability ratio. Also, the wear rate of U-tube caused by foreign object is calculated using the Archard formula and the remaining life of the tube is predicted, and discussed in this study is the effect of the flow velocity and vibration of the tube on the remaining life of the tube. In addition, addressed in this study is the effect of the internal pressure on the vibration and fretting-wear characteristics of the tube.     

Thermal–hydraulic characteristics of a next-generation reactor relying on steam generator secondary side cooling for primary depressurization and long-term passive core cooling

System experiments were conducted at the ROSA-V Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF) for investigation of new safety systems to mitigate consequences of postulated accidents in pressurized water rectors (PWRs). Tested systems included a steam generator (SG) secondary-side automatic depressurization system (SADS) and gravity-driven injection system (GDIS), which are candidates of safety systems for some next-generation PWR designs. The experimental results showed several thermal–hydraulic behaviors typical of these safety systems, including the primary depressurization due to natural circulation cooling, a nonuniform flow behavior among SG U-tubes, an accumulation of the non-condensable gas originally contained in the injected water, liquid holdup in U-tubes due to the countercurrent flow limiting, and long-term passive core cooling with the GDIS injection. From the assessment of the RELAP5/MOD3 code using the present data, it was found that the inability of the code to predict the U-tube nonuniform flow behavior resulted in overprediction of the primary depressurization rate at a pressure less than 1 MPa, and exaggerated oscillation of the natural circulation flow rate in the primary loop.