超临界CO2萃取粉末磷脂的研究

本文以非转基因大豆浓缩磷脂为原料,利用溶剂及吸附剂去除杂质及多环芳烃得到精制大豆浓缩磷脂,经超临界CO2萃取得到大豆粉末磷脂,并通过实际生产到得到超临界CO2萃取大豆粉末磷脂。精制大豆浓缩磷脂的条件为,正己烷添加量为1.5 mL/g,凹凸棒添加量为5%,时间3 h,温度50 ℃,搅拌速度1 500 r/min,精制大豆浓缩磷脂含杂质量为0.05%,多环芳烃量为2.29 μg/kg。经超临界CO2萃取条件为,萃取压力35 MPa,萃取温度50 ℃,萃取时间130 min,得到的粉末磷脂含杂质量为0.03%,多环芳烃量为1.83 μg/kg。通过实际生产,精制大豆浓缩磷脂含杂质量为0.08%,多环芳烃量为2.97 μg/kg。超临界CO2萃取粉末磷脂含杂质量为0.06%,多环芳烃量为2.45 μg/kg,HLB值可以达到8。     

玉米磷脂的羟基化改性研究

以玉米油脚为原料,通过化学改性的方法对其进行羟基化改性。分别研究了温度、反应时间、乳酸和过氧化氢加入量4种因素对玉米磷脂羟基化改性的影响。通过正交试验对原料羟基化进行了优化,最佳工艺条件为:过氧化氢加入量为浓缩磷脂的27%(wt.%,下同),温度为70℃,乳酸加入量为5%,时间为1 h。在最佳工艺条件下,羟基化玉米磷脂的碘值由89.4 g/100 g降至66.7 g/100 g,降低25.4%。     

蛋黄磷脂的制备及脱色工艺的研究

蛋黄磷脂的纯度、提取率和色泽是评价提取效果的关键指标,为得到色泽浅,提取率、磷脂含量高的产品.本试验以磷脂蛋白粉为原料,采用乙醇为溶剂,中性活性炭为脱色剂制备蛋黄磷脂.确定了乙醇提取蛋黄磷脂的较优条件,并对活性炭脱色试验进行优化.试验结果表明,在乙醇浓度为95%,物料与乙醇比为1:7(w/v),提取时间为40 min,提取温度30℃条件下,可以得到提取率及纯度较高的蛋黄磷脂.利用活性炭脱色,结果表明,在活性炭添加量为4%,脱色时间60 min,脱色温度45℃的条件下,脱色率达到96.47%,得到提取率为23.48%,磷脂含量为95.26%的淡黄色蛋黄磷脂.通过此技术,可制得色泽好,提取率和纯度较高的优质蛋黄磷脂.     

有机相酶法制备溶血磷脂工艺

以大豆浓缩磷脂为原料,通过响应面分析法研究有机相酶法制备溶血磷脂的工艺条件,得出溶血磷脂酸值与影响因素间的回归模型,根据模型进行工艺参数优化。同时,用红外光谱法和高效液相色谱法对所得磷脂进行分析。结果表明,在正己烷有机相中利用磷脂酶A1制备溶血磷脂的最佳工艺参数:反应温度50℃、反应时间13h、加酶量4%、加水量17%、磷脂质量浓度24g/100mL,该条件下磷脂酸值为73.8mg KOH/g。该脱油溶血磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱和1-酰基-溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量分别为6.79%和4.45%。     

大豆溶血磷脂的制备及其对面包品质的影响

利用液态磷脂酶A1,在水相中催化水解大豆粉末磷脂制备溶血磷脂,得出最佳反应条件为:磷脂与溶剂比为15%、加酶量6%、pH=5.0、反应温度50℃、反应时问8h,此条件下反应得磷脂酸值为79.46mg KOH/g.并研究了溶血磷脂对面包焙烤品质的影响,发现溶血磷脂的用量在0.60%～1.0%范围内能有效增大面包体积;硬度值测定结果表明,溶血磷脂对延缓面包老化有显著效果.     

芝麻磷脂羟基化改性工艺条件的研究

在乙酸催化条件下利用过氧化氢对芝麻浓缩磷脂进行羟基化改性,以芝麻浓缩磷脂碘值的降低为考察指标,研究过氧化氢添加量、乙酸添加量、反应温度、反应时间对芝麻磷脂羟基化改性效果的影响.单因素试验和正交试验的结果表明,芝麻磷脂羟基化改性的最优工艺条件为:过氧化氢添加量为11％,乙酸添加量1.8％,温度55℃,反应时间1h.在此条件下得到改性芝麻磷脂的碘值(I2)为70.0 g/100 g,较改性前的86.7 g/100 g降低了16.7 g/100 g,降低约20％.改性芝麻磷脂的乳化性为0.16,较改性前的0.52有了明显改善.     

脂肪酶催化棕榈酸和大豆磷脂的酸解反应研究

以大豆磷脂为原料,LipozymeTLIM为酶试剂,正己烷为溶剂,棕榈酸为酰基供体,对大豆磷脂和棕榈酸进行酶法酸解研究。通过实验得出较优的反应条件:液料比(正己烷/磷脂)5∶1,底物摩尔比(棕榈酸/磷脂)5∶1,加酶量(以底物总量为准)20%,反应温度65℃,反应时间60h,水分添加量(以酶量为准)2%,该条件下验证得磷脂中棕榈酸的含量可达到34.45%。     

有机相酶促粉末磷脂制备溶血磷脂的研究

选用磷脂酶A1为工具酶,以响应面为数值分析方法,在正己烷有机相中进行了大豆粉末磷脂水解制备溶血磷脂研究。探讨了反应时间,反应温度,加酶量,底物浓度,加水量,pH对其反应的影响。结果表明,溶血磷脂制备优化条件为:反应时间12.1 h,反应温度45℃,加酶量3%,底物浓度20.8%,加水量23.8%,pH 6。该条件下验证得溶血磷脂酸值(KOH)为77.8 mg/g。所得产物中磷脂酰胆碱和1-酰基-溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量分别为15.51%和3.99%,且2-酰基-溶血磷脂酰胆碱相对含量为19.6%。     

非洲山毛豆油酸法与酶法脱胶工艺优化

以非洲山毛豆毛油为试验材料,研究了酸法脱胶与酶法脱胶工艺参数对其脱胶效果的影响.在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验得出柠檬酸辅助脱胶的最佳条件为:柠檬酸添加量3.0 g/kg,脱胶温度70℃=,加水量4.5%,脱胶时间30 min.该条件下磷脂脱除率达93.95%,脱胶油的磷含量为28.91 mg/kg.利用均匀设计法确定了磷脂酶脱胶的最佳工艺参数为:脱胶时间5.5 h,酶添加量0.60 IU/g,脱胶温度57℃,加水量3.7%,pH 4.7.在此条件下脱胶油的磷含量为9.853 6mg/kg.试验证明,采用酶法可有效去除非水化磷脂,达到更好的脱胶效果.     

超声波作用下大豆磷脂的羟基化改性研究

本研究将超声波技术应用于大豆浓缩磷脂羟基化改性,提出了一种制备羟基化改性大豆磷脂的新工艺。以浓缩大豆磷脂为原料,研究了超声波作用下乳酸加入量、双氧水加入量和反应时间3个因素对磷脂羟基化改性的影响。通过正交试验确定了磷脂羟基化改性的最佳工艺条件:加入4%(m/m磷脂)的乳酸、20%(v/m磷脂)浓度为30%的双氧水、在室温(约为25℃)、功率为200 W下进行超声波反应,经过40 min后,磷脂的碘值由原来的94.2 gI/100 g降低至22.9 gI/100 g。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the