柠檬酸二乙酯选择性降低烟气烟碱

通过在卷烟滤嘴中添加柠檬酸二乙酯,在不改变烟支物理状态的条件下,能够有选择性降低主流烟气的烟碱,而基本不改变焦油等其他烟气常规成分。同时卷烟感官评价结果表明添加柠檬酸二乙酯对卷烟烟气劲头、刺激、细腻程度、干燥感、杂气等都有一定的改善作用。     

纸质滤芯中三醋酸甘油酯添加量对卷烟主流烟气中苯酚释放量的影响

制备了4种不同三醋酸甘油酯添加量的纸质滤棒及相应的实验卷烟,并对其烟气常规化学指标、苯酚释放量进行了分析评价。结果表明:①三醋酸甘油酯的用量在8.0%~12.0%时,卷烟主流烟气中总粒相物、焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳等常规指标变化不大;②苯酚的释放量随着三醋酸甘油酯用量的增加逐渐降低,单位焦油苯酚释放量的降低率随着三醋酸甘油酯添加量的增加而增加,其最大降低率为34.59%;③三醋酸甘油酯添加量为12%时,纸质滤棒卷烟主流烟气中苯酚释放量较低。     

不同茶叶替代烟叶对咖啡碱烟碱的影响

将不同茶叶直接添加于卷烟烟丝中,收集萃取烟气中的烟碱和咖啡碱,用紫外分光光度法定量分析主流烟气中烟碱以及咖啡碱的变化。结果表明,茶叶能够有效的影响烟气烟碱含量,其中当绿茶添加量为20%时烟气的咖啡碱含量达到最大,同时烟碱含量降到最小。     

壳聚糖-分子筛复合物选择性吸附卷烟烟气中挥发性羰基化合物的应用研究

制备了壳聚糖-分子筛复合物,并使用扫描电镜观测了复合物的微观形态.研究了分别添加壳聚糖-分子筛复合物、4A分子筛及壳聚糖等材料的卷烟复合滤咀对主流烟气中低分子醛酮类化合物的吸附效果.研究结果表明,添加了壳聚糖-分子筛复合物、4A分子筛及壳聚糖的卷烟滤咀对主流烟气中低分子醛酮类化合物均有较好的吸附作用.且对焦油、烟碱量无明显影响;壳聚糖-分子筛复合物(添加量为2.4 mg·mm-1)对主流烟气中醛酮类化合物的吸附能力优于其它2种材料,该复合物对一氧化碳有一定的吸附,且对抽吸品质有改善,口感柔和,烟气刺激性降低.     

壳聚糖对烟草抗菌活性研究

本试验通过对不同浓度、不同种类酸溶解和不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖对烟草中主要霉菌的抑菌活性,以及加入卷烟烟丝中对其内在质量、焦油、烟碱等的影响研究,结果表明：酸溶解壳聚糖对烟草霉变微生物具有抑制作用,醋酸作溶剂较柠檬酸效果好,且施用于卷烟上对其内在品质有所改善,其主流烟气焦油、烟碱释放量也有所降低。     

AlPO-11的制备及在降低主流烟气中有害成分的研究

磷酸铝分子筛被誉为第三代分子筛,是一种常用的吸附材料。文中以氢氧化铝为铝源,正磷酸为磷源,二异丙胺为模板剂,采用水热合成法制备出AlPO-11分子筛并将其用于降低主流烟气中有害成分。通过XRD,N2吸附脱附,SEM,NH3-TPD等手段对其进行表征,对该材料降低卷烟主流烟气中苯酚、氢氰酸和巴豆醛的性能进行相关考察。通过表征表明:AlPO-11具有AEL的拓扑结构,为柱状聚集体,孔容在0.18—0.32 cm~3/g之间,比表面积在180—210 m2/g之间,孔径在2—4 nm之间。AlPO-11作为吸附材料添加于卷烟滤嘴中部10 mg/支,与实验卷烟的空白对照组相比,AlPO-11降低卷烟主流烟气中氢氰酸28%,降低苯酚28%,降低巴豆醛22%,最后对AlPO-11分子筛对苯酚吸附过程进行了动力学研究,结果表明:该吸附过程符合二级动力学模型,拟合系数在0.99以上。     

爆珠破碎对不同圆周卷烟物理性能及主流烟气的影响

为了解爆珠破碎对主流烟气中焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳（CO）、水分,以及卷烟物理性能总量、圆周、吸阻、通风的影响,试验制备了3种不同圆周的爆珠卷烟（24.3、20.0、17.0 mm）。结果表明不同圆周卷烟在爆珠捏爆后,抽吸口数、烟支重量、圆周和通风率差别不大,主流烟气焦油、烟碱、CO略有增加,水分增加最为明显,开吸阻和闭吸阻的平均值降低,变异系数增加。爆珠破碎导致吸阻降低可能是烟气常规化学指标增加的原因。此外随着卷烟圆周的减小,爆珠破碎对卷烟物理指标和烟气常规化学指标的影响逐渐降低。该研究为爆珠卷烟产品的设计分析提供参考。     

沸石分子筛吸附性能及其在烟气减害中的应用研究

为研究开发烟气减害新型材料,合成了高硅型Y型沸石分子筛颗粒和ZSM-5型沸石分子筛颗粒,对材料物化性质进行了表征,并将其分别添加至三元复合滤棒卷制卷烟,进行烟气减害性能评价及感官质量评价。结果表明:合成的两种分子筛颗粒满足滤棒生产上机适用性需求,卷烟试验样与对照样相比,烟气三项指标烟碱、焦油量及一氧化碳量基本不变;Y型分子筛颗粒对烟气七项有害成分中的HCN、巴豆醛的降低率分别为10.2%和7.1%,ZSM-5型沸石分子筛颗粒对烟气七项有害成分中HCN、巴豆醛、B[a]P的降低率分别为20.1%,10.6%和14.4%,烟气评价指数降低0.5。两种分子筛颗粒对卷烟感官质量影响不大。     

烟草pH值对烟气烟碱的影响

烟丝的pH值的升高,能提高烟气pH值与烟碱/焦油值,同时增加了烟气游离烟碱的含量,提高烟碱的转移率;此外对卷烟的感官品质也产生了一定的影响。     

海泡石与壳聚糖吸附卷烟主流烟气中低分子醛酮的对比应用研究

比较了分别添加海泡石和壳聚糖的卷烟复合滤咀对主流烟气中低分子醛酮类化合物和其它有害物质(如焦油、一氧化碳等)的吸附效果。研究结果表明:海泡石和壳聚糖对主流烟气中低分子醛酮类化合物均有较好的吸附作用;壳聚糖对主流烟气中醛酮类化合物的吸附能力优于海泡石,且对焦油、烟碱无明显影响,具有选择性吸附效果,其抽吸品质有所改善,口感柔和,烟气刺激性降低。     

Particle-Gas Equilibria of Ammonia and Nicotine in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

The particle-gas equilibria of ammonia and nicotine in mainstream cigarette smoke have been studied by diffusion denuder collection. The surface deposition rate of nicotine is observed to decrease as the smoke traverses the denuder, and this effect is attributed to a changing particle nicotine vapor pressure driven by the measured rapid loss of volatile ammonia from the particles, an interpretation that differs from that of prior studies. The rapid ammonia deposition is observed to be complete at a length-to-flow rate ratio of 28 s/cm 2 for an American blended cigarette, and ～38% of the total ammonia analyzed in the collected smoke appears to be nonvolatile in the aerosol, possibly bound in the particles by reaction with acids. Fitting of a theoretical model that predicts the rapid ammonia loss and changing nicotine vapor pressure to the measurements predicts that the nicotine vapor pressure over the particles in fresh smoke is about 6% of the pure component nicotine value, and the ammonia vapor pressure over the smoke particulate is considerably less than that predicted by its aqueous Henry's law coefficient. Dilution of mainstream smoke enhanced the fractional deposition of both ammonia and nicotine in the denuder tubes and provided a means to estimate the nonvolatile ammonia fraction, which varied considerably in cigarettes made with different tobacco types. Among the different tobacco type cigarettes, smoke ammonia concentration, "smoke pH," and smoke nicotine-to-particulate ratio varied with ammonia and nicotine deposition from diluted smoke when extreme values for an all burley tobacco cigarette were included in the analysis, but no trends were apparent when only the more typical range of the other cigarettes was considered.     

Astragalin Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Thrombosis and Alveolar Inflammation and Disrupts PAR Activation and Oxidative Stress-Responsive MAPK-Signaling

Epidemiological evidence shows that smoking causes a thrombophilic milieu that may play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as pulmonary thromboembolism. The increased nicotine level induces a prothrombotic status and abnormal blood coagulation in smokers. Since several anticoagulants increase bleeding risk, alternative therapies need to be identified to protect against thrombosis without affecting hemostasis. Astragalin is a flavonoid present in persimmon leaves and green tea seeds and exhibits diverse activities of antioxidant and anti-inflammation. The current study investigated that astragalin attenuated smoking-induced pulmonary thrombosis and alveolar inflammation. In addition, it was explored that molecular links between thrombosis and inflammation entailed protease-activated receptor (PAR) activation and oxidative stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-signaling. BALB/c mice were orally administrated with 10–20 mg/kg astragalin and exposed to cigarette smoke for 8 weeks. For the in vitro study, 10 U/mL thrombin was added to alveolar epithelial A549 cells in the presence of 1–20 µM astragalin. The cigarette smoking-induced the expression of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in lung tissues, which was attenuated by the administration of ≥10 mg/kg astragalin. The oral supplementation of ≥10 mg/kg astragalin to cigarette smoke-challenged mice attenuated the protein induction of urokinase plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1and tissue factor, and instead enhanced the induction of tissue plasminogen activator in lung tissues. The astragalin treatment alleviated cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema and pulmonary thrombosis. Astragalin caused lymphocytosis and neutrophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid due to cigarette smoke but curtailed infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in airways. Furthermore, this compound retarded thrombin-induced activation of PAR proteins and expression of inflammatory mediators in alveolar cells. Treating astragalin interrupted PAR proteins-activated reactive oxygen species production and MAPK signaling leading to alveolar inflammation. Accordingly, astragalin may interrupt the smoking-induced oxidative stress–MAPK signaling–inflammation axis via disconnection between alveolar PAR activation and pulmonary thromboembolism.     

功能纤维对卷烟主流烟气的吸附研究

选取牛奶蛋白纤维、聚乙烯醇纤维和海藻纤维3种功能纤维,分别植入卷烟滤嘴轴心位置制得中线滤棒并应用到卷烟中;分析了3种纤维的比表面积、微观形态和表面官能团;研究了3种纤维对卷烟主流烟气中有害成分的吸附效果,并进行了感官质量评价。结果表明:3种纤维的比表面积、微观结构和表面官能团有较大差异,海藻纤维具有较大的比表面积和沟槽结构,且酸性官能团较多显酸性,可以有效对卷烟主流烟气进行物理吸附;海藻纤维可以有效降低卷烟主流烟气中的苯酚和N-亚硝胺含量,降幅分别为49.4%和28.4%;海藻纤维应用到卷烟滤嘴中,可以与卷烟香气保持谐调,降低刺激性,改善卷烟的抽吸品质,可以作为降低主流烟气成分释放量的滤嘴用新材料。     

Effect of nicotine on lipoprotein metabolism in rats

Nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoke, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease and lung cancer in smokers. The effect of nicotine on lipoprotein metabolism was studied using rats as the experimental animal. There was a significant increase in the total cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides as well as the amount of lipids associated with very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in sera of nicotine-treated rats. The incorporation of ³H labeled leucine into the apo B was found to be increased both in the medium and associated cells in the hepatocytes isolated from nicotine-treated rats indicating an increased synthesis and secretion of the apo B containing lipoproteins. This was further confirmed by the higher incorporation of ¹⁴C acetate into total and individual lipids of LDL and VLDL secreted into the medium as well as that associated with different lipids in the cell layer. The activity of lipoprotein lipase in extrahepatic tissues and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity were significantly lower in nicotine-treated rats. These results indicate that nicotine exerts hyperlipidemic effects particularly by increasing the synthesis and secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Since nicotine is one of the major hazardous components present in cigarette smoke and tobacco, one can extrapolate that the deleterious effect exerted by nicotine on rats extends to cigarette smokers and those who use other forms of tobacco.     

卷烟机机型对烟气成分稳定性的影响

为了考察不同卷烟机对卷烟烟气成分稳定性的影响,选取了protos70、90、M5等3种卷烟机各5台,研究了相同生产条件下不同卷烟机所生产卷烟的焦油、烟气烟碱和一氧化碳量的差异性,并对检测结果进行了统计分析和t检验。结果表明,同机型卷烟机的3项指标均为protos90protos70protos M5,且不同机型的机台间极差大于相同机型的机台间极差。t检验表明,protos90与protos M5间的差异最大,三项指标的差异性均为极显著;其次是protos90与protos70,焦油量的差异性为显著,烟气烟碱量的差异性为极显著;protos70与protos M5间的差异最小,只有烟气烟碱量的差异性为极显著。因此,利用多机型、机台卷烟机生产同牌号卷烟时,机型是影响烟气成分稳定性的重要因素。     

香烟烟丝和烟雾中甲醛的测定

分别采用一次水蒸馏法和三级水吸收法采集烟丝和烟雾中的甲醛,用乙酰丙酮分光光度法测定蒸馏液和吸收液中甲醛的含量。结果表明,烟雾中的甲醛含量随香烟燃烧速度加快而增高;烟丝和烟雾中的甲醛含量与香烟的品牌和档次没有直接关系;烟丝中甲醛含量约为6~10 mg/kg,烟雾中甲醛含量约是烟丝中的10倍;过滤嘴约能滤除烟雾中20%~40%的甲醛。