空气冲击波在爆炸塔有限空间内传播规律研究

为了研究爆炸塔内乳化炸药爆炸冲击波的传播规律,利用冲击波传感器对不同药量和不同距离条件下冲击波超压进行了测试。结果表明:空爆冲击波超压随着爆心距的增加而减小但并不是呈线性递减,并且随着药量的增大而增大;反射波平均超压约为入射波的1.2倍。通过比较实验测试值与传统的理论经验公式计算值,发现入射冲击波超压相对误差在5%～40%,主要因为乳化炸药的TNT当量系数选择偏小;而反射冲击波超压相对误差在50%～133%,其原因为传统的反射超压计算公式主要针对刚性壁面,但爆炸塔内地表和墙壁铺设的为多孔隙材料,具有一定的吸能作用,且雷管碎片及爆炸产物飞出影响爆炸塔内流场。最后,基于实验测试结果及爆炸相似律原理回归拟合出适用于爆炸塔的冲击波超压计算公式,经过拟合修正后平均相对误差约在12%左右。     

爆炸冲击波作用于便携式防爆墙的绕射规律

为研究爆炸冲击波作用于便携式防爆墙的绕射规律,利用LS/DYNA软件,采用欧拉耦合的方法,分析了TNT药量不同爆距相同、TNT药量相同爆距不同以及TNT药量相同墙厚不同的条件下墙体对环流超压的影响规律,且拟合出了不同TNT药量时墙后超压峰值公式,并通过防爆墙墙前、墙后超压值与已知试验值对比,验证了计算模型的正确性.结果表明:环流超压峰值随着TNT药量的增加而增加,随着墙体厚度的增加而减少,且其超压峰值出现在墙后约2倍墙高位置处;当爆距大于2.4 m时,环流超压的峰值先递增、后递减,最大环流超压发生在约2倍墙高位置;当爆距小于2.4 m时,最大环流超压向墙体移动,距离墙体后面1.0 m左右.验证了其绕射规律与已知研究结果的一致性.     

封闭空间内爆炸冲击波超压计算模型及分布特性研究

建立了封闭空间内爆炸的冲击波超压计算模型,将冲击波在不同壁面的反射冲击波等效为不同位置镜像爆源产生的入射冲击波,密闭空间内冲击波传播和作用过程等效为爆源与镜像爆源形成冲击波相互叠加的过程,基于LAMB规则,将所有爆源和镜像爆源的冲击波叠加,从而得到封闭空间内任意位置处的超压,并进行了结构内爆炸试验。研究结果表明,装药在封闭空间内爆炸超压呈现多峰性,典型位置处的计算超压时程曲线与试验超压时程曲线符合较好,峰值超压的计算误差小于10.78%,所建模型正确,能够用于内爆炸载荷的快速计算。     

基于密闭空间内爆的核爆冲击波载荷模拟试验和数值计算方法EI北大核心CSCD

为探索核爆载荷的模拟试验与数值计算方法,通过在密闭爆坑内均匀布置导爆索,利用小药量导爆索爆炸形成均匀的内爆炸压力载荷(平面波)模拟远距爆炸的核爆冲击波载荷,测量了爆坑底面对称布置的4个测点的压力载荷,分析了其载荷特征,并在考虑装药后燃烧效应影响的基础上,采用有限元方法对试验进行了数值计算分析。研究结果表明:试验与数值计算结果吻合良好,冲击波峰值超压偏差在10%以内,准静态压力峰值最大偏差5.7%;密闭爆坑内小当量U型导爆索爆炸下各测点压力载荷呈现较好的一致性,且能有效形成平面长脉宽冲击载荷,与核爆载荷特性相近。     

基于爆炸现场破坏分析的TNT当量快速估算方法研究

综合多年一线反恐经验,针对自制爆炸装置的TNT当量估算展开研究。一方面,根据现场勘查得到的冲击波超压对人体的杀伤程度,并参考炸点位置和地质强度,计算得到爆炸物的TNT当量;另一方面,分析了在不同环境下(空气中、软性地面、硬性地面)爆炸后形成的冲击波超压△pm的计算公式,同时结合冲击波对现场的破坏程度,计算得到爆炸装置的TNT当量。最后,可由TNT当量以及现场判定的炸药类型换算得到自制爆炸装置的装药质量。该方法成功地在多次案例分析中得以运用推广。研究成果对于勘察已爆现场、侦破涉爆案件、指导公安反恐防爆工作具有重大意义。     

柱状炸药水下冲击波连续测量研究

通过自制的压导探针,对柱状装药水下爆炸过程进行连续测量,获得了柱状炸药的爆轰波和水下近场冲击波头的时间历程演化曲线。由此计算出柱状炸药的爆速、水的冲击波速度随时间的变化曲线;进一步由水的冲击雨果尼奥关系式和界面压力、速度连续方程,计算得到了炸药爆压、水下近场冲击波超压变化曲线。结果表明,水下爆炸近场的冲击波速度近似以指数形式衰减,最初阶段衰减很快,随时间推移,衰减越来越慢,最终水中冲击波速度趋于声速。近场冲击波超压的衰减形式与冲击波速度的衰减形式相似。     

基于ICP技术的炸药冲击波压力测定

采用由137型传感器、VXI数据采集和计算机数据处理系统等组成的测定炸药自由场冲击波压力的高速动态测量系统,测得了某传爆药柱在空中爆炸时产生的空气冲击波超压曲线,并通过计算和数据拟合方法,得到了超压曲线、超压随时间变化的关系式以及不同条件下的峰值超压、正压作用时间等参数。实验表明:随着测点爆心距的增大,峰值超压递减,且测点爆心距越大,超压衰减速率越小。当爆心距为0.6m时,超压值为0.1143 MPa,而当距离为1.2 m时,超压值则为0.0323 MPa。     

柱状炸药水下冲击波连续测量研究

通过自制的压导探针,对柱状装药水下爆炸过程进行连续测量,获得了柱状炸药的爆轰波和水下近场冲击波头的时间历程演化曲线。由此计算出柱状炸药的爆速、水的冲击波速度随时间的变化曲线;进一步由水的冲击雨果尼奥关系式和界面压力、速度连续方程,计算得到了炸药爆压、水下近场冲击波超压变化曲线。结果表明,水下爆炸近场的冲击波速度近似以指数形式衰减,最初阶段衰减很快,随时间推移,衰减越来越慢,最终水中冲击波速度趋于声速。近场冲击波超压的衰减形式与冲击波速度的衰减形式相似。     

爆炸荷载作用下覆土库外部冲击波传播规律

为了研究爆炸荷载作用下覆土库外部冲击波的传播规律,采用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,结合将覆土库结构破坏与冲击波传播先后模拟的新手段,对覆土库外部距爆心比例距离小于15 m/kg~(1/3)范围内空气冲击波的传播过程进行模拟,并对模拟所得不同测线方向(0°、60°、90°、135°和180°)冲击波峰值超压和冲击波到达时间进行分析。结果表明:测点距爆心比例距离在1～15 m/kg~(1/3)范围内,随比例距离的增大,在60°和90°测线方向,冲击波峰值超压衰减率从87.63%降到26.39%;在135°和180°测线方向,冲击波峰值超压衰减率从81.19%降到1.39%。随着测点距爆心比例距离的增大,冲击波峰值超压呈指数型衰减,冲击波到达时间呈线性增加。     

爆炸荷载作用下覆土库外部冲击波传播规律

为了研究爆炸荷载作用下覆土库外部冲击波的传播规律,采用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,结合将覆土库结构破坏与冲击波传播先后模拟的新手段,对覆土库外部距爆心比例距离小于15 m/kg^(1/3)范围内空气冲击波的传播过程进行模拟,并对模拟所得不同测线方向(0°、60°、90°、135°和180°)冲击波峰值超压和冲击波到达时间进行分析。结果表明:测点距爆心比例距离在1～15 m/kg(1/3)范围内空气冲击波的传播过程进行模拟,并对模拟所得不同测线方向(0°、60°、90°、135°和180°)冲击波峰值超压和冲击波到达时间进行分析。结果表明:测点距爆心比例距离在1～15 m/kg^(1/3)范围内,随比例距离的增大,在60°和90°测线方向,冲击波峰值超压衰减率从87.63%降到26.39%;在135°和180°测线方向,冲击波峰值超压衰减率从81.19%降到1.39%。随着测点距爆心比例距离的增大,冲击波峰值超压呈指数型衰减,冲击波到达时间呈线性增加。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.