TA15钛合金的高周疲劳性能和断裂特征

研究了双态组织的TA15钛合金的高周疲劳性能和疲劳断裂特征,结果表明,β转变组织中次生α相的数量和形态对疲劳性能有显著影响,次生相α相的球化显著降低了合金抗裂纹扩展的能力,而大量的片状次生α相则通过造成疲劳裂纹的分枝有效地降低了疲劳裂纹的扩展速度,提高了疲劳极限.     

新型热轧低碳TRIP 钢的轧制工艺与疲劳性能

对比研究了现场不同工艺所得碳锰系车轮用钢及低碳低硅含磷铬系相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢的力学性能、微观组织、疲劳性能和疲劳断口。结果显示,较传统碳锰系车轮用钢,新型TRIP钢具有相当的屈服强度,抗拉强度明显提高了100~150 MPa,疲劳极限提高了50~140 MPa。疲劳极限随抗拉强度的提高有增大趋势。铁素体、贝氏体、残余奥氏体组织较铁素体、贝氏体、珠光体组织和铁素体、珠光体、马奥岛组织具有更好的疲劳性能。     

高频载荷下高强钢的超高周疲劳及热耗散研究

应用超声疲劳试验技术,对两种高强度钢(42CrMo4,100Cr6)在20kHz频率下的超高周疲劳性能进行测试分析.实验结果表明:两种钢的S -N曲线在106周发生了明显的变化,出现了水平渐近线.尽管23个42CrMo4钢试样用于1010周的疲劳试验,但在8.76×107循环周次以上,没有疲劳破坏发生,42CrMo4钢存在疲劳极限,而100Cr6钢的S -N曲线呈现台阶型.高精度热成像仪检测不同载荷条件下疲劳试样温度的变化结果显示:温度的变化与试验材料和加载水平有关.试样温度的快速升高发生在超声疲劳试验的初期,温度的变化反映了材料内部的热耗散过程.裂纹萌生后,微裂纹处不可逆的局部塑性变形导致裂纹萌生区温度急剧升高,疲劳试样内部温度场的变化反映材料的疲劳损伤过程.SEM观察表明:在长寿命区,疲劳裂纹常萌生于试样内部或次表层组织缺陷处.     

一种新型非调质钢弯曲疲劳性能的试样尺寸效应

使用液压伺服疲劳试验机考察一种新型(汽车前轴用)Nb+V复合微合金非调质钢的疲劳行为,绘制出S-N曲线并分析了疲劳断日特征,研究了其三点弯曲疲劳性能的试样尺寸效应及其原因.结果表明,试样的尺寸对非调质钢的三点弯曲疲劳性能有显著的影响,其三点弯曲疲劳极限随着试样尺寸的减小而增加,但是试样尺寸对疲劳试样的断口形貌几乎没有影响;在三点弯曲疲劳试验中,试样尺寸效应源于试样内部的应力梯度,小尺寸试样的应力梯度比大尺寸试样的高.     

Stellite12钴基合金的疲劳性能及其断裂机理研究

采用三点弯曲疲劳法测得光滑试样和直缺口试样的S-N曲线以研究Stellite12钴基合金的疲劳性能,并通过断口形貌观察进一步探究该钴基合金的断裂过程。结果表明:光滑试样的疲劳极限为545 MPa,约为原始抗弯强度1552 MPa的25.4%;直缺口试样的疲劳极限约为101MPa,约为静态抗弯强度517.6MPa的19.1%。对于疲劳敏感性,光滑试样与直缺口试样的疲劳敏感性分别为397和31。此外发现疲劳裂纹多萌生于近表层聚集的碳化物处,同时表面缺陷也可诱发疲劳裂纹的萌生。疲劳裂纹的扩展主要表现为碳化物的穿晶断裂,钴基体在应力比R=0.1的疲劳加载条件下虽表现出一定的韧性且呈现出较多的撕裂脊,但也呈现出一定的脆性断裂模式,因此疲劳裂纹扩展模式为真疲劳与静态疲劳的混合模式。     

超声疲劳试验方法对S06钢疲劳性能及裂纹萌生机制的影响

采用超声疲劳试验方法和试样尺寸相近的高频疲劳试验方法对S06钢进行疲劳性能试验,将试验数据和试样断口形貌进行对比,研究超声疲劳试验方法对S06钢疲劳性能和裂纹萌生机制的影响.结果表明:在相同的应力水平下,超声加载频率下S06钢的疲劳寿命高于高频疲劳试验测得的疲劳寿命;超声疲劳试验中裂纹全部从表面萌生,而高频疲劳试样裂纹有表面萌生和内部萌生两种机制.分析了超声加载频率对S06钢疲劳性能和裂纹萌生机制产生影响的原因:对疲劳性能的影响与金属材料的晶体结构和裂纹尖端的化学反应有关,对裂纹萌生机制的影响与试样表层残余应力松弛有关.     

喷丸强化对材料旋转弯曲疲劳强度影响的定量研究

以往的工作已经提出了金属表面及内部疲劳极限的新概念，成功地分析了喷丸对三点弯曲（应力比Ｒ＝０．０５）条件下材料疲劳强度的影响。本文采用３００Ｍ钢研究了喷丸强化对旋转弯曲疲劳强度的影响。结果表明，经适当表面强化后，疲劳裂纹萌生于试样的次表层，萌生疲劳裂纹的；陆界应力（称内部疲劳极限）为未经喷丸强化试样疲劳极限（称表面疲劳极限）的１．３９倍，表明内部疲劳极限理论在旋转弯曲条件下仍然有效。     

TiAl合金高周疲劳行为的基本特征

综述了新型高温结构材料TiAl合金的高周疲劳行为基本特征,包括疲劳极限、疲劳强度和应力-寿命行为。分析TiAl合金高周疲劳S-N曲线特点发现,TiAl合金不具有疲劳极限,合金成分和组织形态是影响TiAl合金疲劳强度的关键因素。总结不同温度下的TiAl合金高周疲劳性能发现,当温度由韧-脆转变温度以下提高至该温度以上时,合金的高周疲劳寿命对循环应力变化的敏感性得到了明显改善。此外,还着重讨论了TiAl合金层片组织的疲劳寿命波动性问题,认为层片组织的随机取向是影响疲劳裂纹形核和小裂纹扩展过程的关键因素,从而导致合金高周疲劳寿命产生明显波动。根据该波动机理,探讨了增加TiAl合金高周疲劳寿命、降低其波动性的组织优化途径。     

ZTA15铸造钛合金高周疲劳性能研究

目的 研究ZTA15铸造钛合金的高周疲劳性能及其疲劳断裂微观机理。方法 测试ZTA15铸造钛合金的室温轴向拉伸高周疲劳性能,并对合金的金相组织和断口形貌进行观察与分析。结果 随着应力比的提高,ZTA15铸造钛合金的疲劳强度相应提高,疲劳寿命也相应延长。应力比为?1、0.06、0.5时,相应ZTA15铸造钛合金的中值疲劳强度分别为341.5、512.5、643 MPa。疲劳断口形貌显示,疲劳裂纹多萌生于试棒的表面和次表面,裂纹萌生区呈类解理断裂特征。裂纹扩展区可以观察到明显的疲劳辉纹、扩展台阶和二次裂纹等典型特征。结论 疲劳失效机理和疲劳性能差异与合金的显微组织有一定的关系。应力比对疲劳性能的影响主要作用于疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展阶段。     

喷丸对扭转疲劳性能的影响EI

对扭转试样进行喷丸和预应变,经强化后试样的对称扭转疲劳极限比磨削态提高20～30％。 断口分析表明,在疲劳极限水平附近运转的扭转疲劳断裂是由正应力引起的,断口与轴线成45°。喷丸试样的硬度分布曲线表明,在表下一定深度存在软化区,而裂纹萌生的位置比软化区更深。 喷丸后扭转疲劳极限提高的主要原因是残余压应力的作用。在喷丸前或后进行预应变均使疲劳极限下降。这和预应变时造成的损伤或在夹杂周围造成裂纹有关,它使疲劳寿命降低。     

Cyclic behaviour of 12% Cr ferritic‐martensitic steel upon long‐term on‐site service in power plants

The strain‐controlled and stress‐controlled low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of served 12% Cr ferritic–martensitic steel is conducted at room temperature. Continuous softening is observed at both control modes, and the fitting results show that the fatigue properties of 12% Cr steel are not reduced significantly after 230 000 h service at 550 °C/13.7 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy has been employed to investigate the microstructure evolution after long‐term service. It is proved that the decomposition of martensite laths structure and the coarsening of carbides at grain/lath boundaries are the main reasons why the pipe bursts after 180 000 h service at 550 °C/17.1 MPa. The fracture under both control modes has been observed by using scanning electron microscopy, and it indicates coarse carbides along grain/lath boundaries are favourable sites for micro‐crack nucleation and the secondary cracks along the fatigue striations are formed by the connection of micro‐cracks nucleated during fatigue behaviour.     

4Cr5MoSiV1，8407钢的热疲劳性能

采用自约束热疲劳试验方法,对比研究了相同热处理条件的4Cr5MoSiV1,8407钢的热疲劳特性,观察分析了疲劳裂纹形貌和深度,采用热疲劳损伤因子定量研究了二种钢的热疲劳过程。结果表明：两种钢的热疲劳裂纹萌生发生在100－200次之间。8407钢热疲劳裂纹的萌生较4Cr5MoSiV1钢均匀,细小;在1600次冷热循环前,二者的热疲劳损伤程度无明显差别,在1600次热循环后,前者的热疲劳损伤程度低于后者;在较低的回火温度条件下,8407钢的热疲劳抗力稍优于4Cr5MoSiV1;而在高温回火时,8407钢的热疲劳抗力属于4Cr5MoSiV1钢。分析了这二种钢的热疲劳机制,指出决定材料热疲劳裂纹抗力的是钢的热稳定性和钢的强度或硬度。     

核电主管道不锈钢在高温高压水环境下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为

利用腐蚀疲劳测试系统研究了高温高压水环境下两种压水堆核电站一回路主管道用不锈钢的腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生行为。结果表明,316LN奥氏体不锈钢的裂纹主要在材料表面的驻留滑移带处萌生,少量裂纹在两簇驻留滑移带交界的亚晶界面处。含有少量铁素体的Z3CN20.09M奥氏体不锈钢的疲劳裂纹依次在试样表面的驻留滑移带处、相界处和点蚀坑处萌生,但主要是在驻留滑移带处。通过研究高温高压水环境下氧化膜的组成和腐蚀疲劳试样横截面的形貌,分析了疲劳裂纹在滑移带处萌生的机理。最后对比分析两种不锈钢裂纹萌生机制的异同,并讨论了铁素体对材料腐蚀疲劳性能的影响。     

微量元素对微合金非调质钢组织和性能的影响

研究了微合金元素Ｎ,Ａ１,Ｔｉ对热加工用非调质钢３０ＭｎＶＳ和冷加工用非调质钢２５ＭｎＶ组织和性能的影响。对于３０ＭｎＶＳ钢,定义了一个特征函数Ｚ,Ｚ值大于０．１４时,组织和性能较理想。对于２５ＭｎＶ钢,低Ｔｉ、高Ａ１钢具有更好的组织和性能。     

Fatigue crack propagation in cast duplex stainless steels: thermal ageing and microstructural effects

The ferrite phase of cast duplex stainless steels becomes embrittled after thermal ageing, leading to a significant decrease in fracture properties. In the present paper, the influence of ageing and solidification structure on the fatigue crack growth rates (FCGRs) and on the fatigue crack growth mechanisms in a cast duplex stainless steel is studied. FCGRs measured at room temperature increase slightly after ageing at 400 °C, due to ferrite cleavage and to the resulting irregular shape of the crack front. The crack propagates without any preferential path by successive ruptures of ferrite and austenite phases. The macroscopic crack propagation plane depends on the crystallographic orientation of the ferrite grain. Secondary cracks can appear due to the complex solidification structure. This in turn influences the FCGR. The fatigue crack closure level decreases with increasing ageing. This can be explained by a decrease in the kinematic cyclic hardening of these materials.     

Si和Nb对高强热轧高扩孔钢组织和性能的影响

为了研究Si和Nb对高强热轧高扩孔钢板显微组织、力学性能和扩孔性能的影响,在CSP连轧线上进行了3种成分试验钢的热轧试制,并对试验钢在扩孔过程中裂纹的形成和扩展行为进行了分析.研究表明:3种成分热轧钢板的显微组织均由铁素体和贝氏体组成,钢板的抗拉强度均高于610 MPa,伸长率大于24.5%,扩孔率高于104%;Si含量的增加,提高了组织中铁素体的含量,钢板的强度、伸长率和扩孔率得到提高;Nb含量的增加,细化了钢板的组织,钢板的强度和扩孔率增加明显,伸长率变化不大;试验钢在扩孔过程中裂纹主要沿铁素体和贝氏体的晶界处扩展,部分裂纹穿过铁素体晶粒.     

合金元素Mo对材料超高周疲劳性能的影响

采用超声疲劳试验技术对42CrMo钢超高周疲劳性能进行了研究。将42CrMo钢超高周疲劳S-N曲线与已有文献中40Cr钢在相同试验方法和试验条件下得到的超高周疲劳S-N曲线进行比较,结果显示42CrMo钢超高周疲劳性能优于40Cr钢。通过分析推测,合金元素Mo增加了疲劳裂纹内部萌生的时间,进而提高了材料超高周疲劳的寿命。     

Interaction effect of adjacent small defects on the fatigue limit of a medium carbon steel

Structural steels contain various material irregularities and natural defects which cause local stress concentrations from which fatigue cracks tend to initiate. Two defects in close proximity to each other may affect local stress distributions, and thus, begin to interact. In this paper, the effect of interacting small cracks on the fatigue limit is systematically investigated in a medium carbon steel. The growth of interacting cracks, as well as the characteristics of non-propagating cracks and microstructural aspects, was closely examined via the plastic replica method. It was found that although the fatigue limit is essentially controlled by the mechanics of interacting cracks, based on their configuration, the local microstructure comprised ferrite and pearlite has a statistical scatter effect on the behaviour of interacting cracks and non-propagating thresholds. With respect to the fatigue limit, when two defects were in close proximity, they behaved as a larger single defect. However, with greater spacing between defects, rather than mechanical factors, it is the local microstructure which determines the location and characteristics of non-propagating cracks.     

High-cycle Fatigue Fracture Behavior of Ultrahigh Strength Steels

The fatigue fracture behavior of four ultrahigh strength steels with different melting processes and therefore different inclusion sizes were studied by using a rotating bar two-point bending fatigue machine in the high-cycle regime up to 107 cycles of loading. The fracture surfaces were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）. It was found that the size of inclusion has significant effect on the fatigue behavior. For AtSI 4340 steel in which the inclusion size is smaller than 5.5 μm, all the fatigue cracks except one did not initiated from inclusion but from specimen surface and conventional S-N curve exists. For 65Si2MnWE and Aermet 100 steels in which the average inclusion sizes are 12.2 and 14.9 μm, respectively, fatigue cracks initiated from inclusions at lower stress amplitudes and stepwise S-N curves were observed. The S-N curve displays a continuous decline and fatigue failures originated from large oxide inclusion for 60Si2CrVA steel in which the average inclusion size is 44.4 pro. In the case of internal inclusion-induced fractures at cycles beyond about 1×10^6 for 65Si2MnWE and 60Si2CrVA steels, inclusion was always found inside the fish-eye and a granular bright facet （GBF） was observed in the vicinity around the inclusion. The GBF sizes increase with increasing the number of cycles to failure Nf in the long-life regime. The values of stress intensity factor range at crack initiation site for the GBF are almost constant with Nf, and are almost equal to that for the surface inclusion and the internal inclusion at cycles lower than about 1×10^6. Neither fish-eye nor GBF was observed for Aermet 100 steel in the present study.     

Fatigue strength of high strength dual-phase steel sheet

Fatigue tests have been carried out on lean-alloyed dual-phase steels with tensile strengths ranging from 300–800 MPa. Smooth specimens and specimens with punched holes were tested. The fatigue strength of dual-phase steel was found to be similar to that of other types of steel (eg solution hardened or microalloyed steels) of equal tensile strength. The fatigue strength increases with increasing yield strength. For notched specimens it is also related to the yield ratio. Work and bake hardening increase the fatigue strength of smooth specimens in proportion to the increase in yield strength. For notched specimens this effect is less and is dependent on the yield ratio. Bake hardening of material which was not work hardened also increased the fatigue strength. The notch sensitivity of low yield ratio dual-phase steel is found to be low. The notch sensitivity seems to increase with increasing yield ratio.