自保温墙材研究与应用中应明确的问题

针对目前自保温墙体材料研究和应用中在概念及应用技术上存在的问题,从建筑墙体是系统工程的概念出发,分析并提出了自保温墙体材料、墙体自保温系统及墙体自保温工程的定义。进而提出:在自保温墙材的应用中,应提供建筑节能设计需要的墙体热物理性能计算参数,即自保温墙材构成的墙体自身的计算导热系数λc和计算蓄热系数Sc,才能促进自保温墙材在节能建筑墙体中的设计应用。     

太阳能农宅设计

本太阳能农村住宅设计方案为二层，平面入口处设凹式防风门斗。堂屋、饭厅、主要卧室布置在直接利用太阳能的南侧，厕所、厨房、走道、楼梯、次要卧室布置在北侧。堂屋采用直接受益的太阳能集热方式，并开设大面积南向玻璃窗，以使阳光能直射入室内。南向卧室的集热方式采用集热蓄热墙，集热蓄热墙为２４０mm厚黏土砖墙，分槛墙式、连通式两种布置，墙上设对流风口（图１）。阳光透过玻璃外罩照到集热蓄热墙表面，使其升温，并将间层空气加热，被加热气体靠热压经上下风口与室内空气对流，使室温上升。夜晚集热蓄热墙以辐射方式向室内供热。…     

混凝土建筑墙体蓄放热特性及其影响因素分析

本文对集热蓄热墙式太阳房进行了深入研究,分析了墙集热模块中墙体的集热、蓄热特性及其影响因素,并对两种常见的外保温方式对墙体夜间放热性能的改善作用进行了讨论。     

混凝土建筑墙体蓄放热特性及其影响因素分析

对集热蓄热墙式太阳房进行了深入研究,分析了墙集热模块中墙体的集热、蓄热特性及其影响因素,并对2种常见的外保温方式对墙体夜间放热性能的改善作用进行了讨论。     

基于3D打印的被动式墙体热工构造的研究

基于建筑3D打印研究被动式墙体热工构造,利用"特朗勃"墙的原理,借助建筑3D打印墙体形成的空腔可以衍生、发展成具有保温通风换气性能的墙体空气夹层。论文结合被动式太阳能集热原理,拟通过热压作用形成室内空气流动,寻找为室内供热的新思路,以减少热损失。并运用ANSYS软件对比分析不同构造墙体的热工性能,寻找最佳、合理的解决方案,实现墙体保温与构造一体化设计。     

墙体保温技术的研究与发展（二）

3新型墙体保温技术 3.1 UF-现浇泡沫墙体夹芯保温墙 UF-现浇泡沫夹芯保温墙体的保温材料是全水基发泡的环保型高效保温材料,由改性脲醛树脂和发泡液双组分液体经发泡、混合后喷出,     

建筑式太阳集热装置

本发明公开了一种建筑式太阳集热装置，包括建造在太阳照射墙体上或朝阳屋顶上的用于收集太阳能的墙面，在该收集太阳能的墙面上由表及里依次设置有隔热透光保护层、阳光吸收层、反射墙面辐射层、光热转换墙和封闭在转换墙内的用于光热交换的热媒；它们与建筑物墙体之间有一层绝热层；热媒5的封闭管路分为主干线和支线，热媒通过热能转移通道和换热器送入房间的的二次供热设备中。本发明是将太阳光转换成热能并把该热输送出去的装置。由于是利用墙体自身产热，所以实现了太阳能利用装置与建筑物的一体化。这可大大提高建筑物捕获太阳光的面积。同时本发明结构也使太阳集热装置的性能得到提高。[第一段]     

墙体保温技术的研究与发展(二)

(接上期) 3 新型墙体保温技术 3.1 UF-现浇泡沫墙体夹芯保温墙 UF-现浇泡沫夹芯保温墙体的保温材料是全水基发泡的环保型高效保温材料,由改性脲醛树脂和发泡液双组分液体经发泡、混合后喷出,固化形成的具有热绝缘性能的泡沫体[6].     

被动式太阳能集热蓄热墙对室内湿环境调节作用的研究

长期以来,关于被动式采暖降温技术的研究,主要集中在不同结构、材料等对室内热环境影响的分析评价方面,而关于被动式集热蓄热墙体对室内湿环境调节作用的性能研究很少.由于外围护结构的结露现象影响建筑的寿命、室内空气品质和人体舒适性而被人们广泛关注.为了解决结露的问题,通常采用的方法是加强外围护结构的绝热保温性能或适时地进行通风换气.在我国寒冷地区,随着建筑节能相关的规范标准的颁布实施,外墙的结露问题得到了较好的解决,但外窗的结露现象依然普遍存在.本研究在两间分别采用被动式集热蓄热墙体和普通保温节能墙体的同实体大的实验房屋中,利用多点温湿度及风速的计算机巡回监测系统等,对室内外温湿度、风速、太阳辐射强度及墙体内温度等参数在采暖期进行了长期实测,并通过对大量测试数据的分析,对被动式太阳能集热蓄热墙体对室内湿环境的调节作用进行了深入地实验研究,同时对由于采用集热蓄热墙体所带来的湿环境的明显改善进行了机理分析.     

加气砼砌块墙与粘土砖墙造价对比分析

对自保温加气砼砌块墙与加保温砂浆的粘土烧结砖墙的工料分析比较表明,前者的综合造价低于后者;对某27层框剪结构与某9层框架结构都分别输入加气砼砌块墙体荷载与粘土砖墙体荷载计算,结果表明,加气砌块墙体因自重轻而比粘土砖节省结构构件造价的优势不明显,对于利用天然地基的基础工程,加气砌块墙比粘土砖墙可以节省一定的造价.     

Heating energy consumption and resulting environmental impact of European apartment buildings

Buildings have direct environmental impacts, ranging from the use of raw materials for their construction and renovation to the consumption of natural resources, like water and fossil fuels, and the emission of harmful substances. Data on heating energy consumption were collected during the audits of 193 European residential buildings in five countries. The available data were analysed in order to assess the influence of envelope thermal insulation, age and condition of heating system, on the heating energy consumption and the resulting environmental impact. About 38% of the audited buildings have an annual heating energy consumption more than the European average (174.3 kWh/m²), about 30% of the buildings have higher airborne emissions than the European averages and 23% of the buildings have higher solid waste emissions than the European averages. Polish buildings have the highest average heating energy consumption (63% of the buildings above the European average). French and Polish buildings have the highest production of airborne emissions, while Polish buildings have the highest emissions of solid wastes.     

Comparison of environmental impacts of two residential heating systems

This paper presents a comparison of environmental impacts of two residential heating systems, a hot water heating (HWH) system with mechanical ventilation and a forced air heating (FAH) system. These two systems are designed for a house recently built near Montreal, Canada. The comparison is made with respect to the life-cycle energy use, the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the expanded cumulative exergy consumption (ECExC), the energy and exergy efficiencies, and the life-cycle cost. The results indicate that the heating systems cause marginal impacts compared with the entire house in the pre-operating phase. In the operating phase, on the other hand, they cause significant environmental impacts. The HWH systems with a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) using either electricity or natural gas have the lowest life-cycle energy use and lowest ECExC. The HWH and FAH systems using electricity as energy source have the lowest GHG emissions. Finally, the FAH systems have, on the average, a lower life-cycle cost than the HWH systems.     

Life cycle assessment of vertical and horizontal flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment considering nitrogen and carbon greenhouse gas emissions

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to compare the environmental impacts of vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) and horizontal flow constructed wetlands (HFCW). The LCAs include greenhouse gas (N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄) emissions. Baseline constructed wetland designs are compared to different treatment performance scenarios and to conventional wastewater treatment at the materials acquisition, assembly and operation life stages. The LCAs suggest that constructed wetlands have less environmental impact, in terms of resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The VFCW is a less impactful configuration for removing total nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Both wetland designs have negligible impacts on respiratory organics, radiation and ozone. Gaseous emissions, often not included in wastewater LCAs because of lack of data or lack of agreement on impacts, have the largest impact on climate change. Nitrous oxide accounts for the increase in impact on respiratory inorganic, and the combined acidification/eutrophication category. The LCAs were used to assess the importance of nitrogen removal and recycling, and the potential for optimizing nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands.     

Evaluation of fuel-switching opportunities in the residential sector

The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of different natural gas and electricity end-use technologies in the residential sector, which compete among themselves in terms of energy consumption and carbon emissions. The analysis of 17 different technology options, which were chosen in order to match the consumption behaviour of a typical Portuguese family, has shown that the use of electric heat pumps, both for space and water-heating, combined with the use of a natural gas cooker, leads to the lowest energy consumption and to the lowest environmental impacts in terms of carbon emissions. Considering only the running costs, this choice is 45% more economic than having a natural gas centralised heating system combined with a gas cooker, and is 60% more economic than having an electric resistance space heater combined with an electric storage water heater and electric cooker, which is the worst case. The life cycle cost (LCC) analysis shows that the economic optimum is reached by the combination of a natural gas water heater with an electric storage space heater, and a natural gas cooker. The cost of conserved carbon (CCC) analysis shows that the combination of an electric heat pump water heater with an electric storage space heater, and a natural gas cooker is the best option in terms of environmental performance.     

Development of a framework of key performance indicators to identify reductions in energy consumption in a medical devices production facility

The consumption of energy in manufacturing operations is growing in significance and approaches to reduce the resulting environmental impacts are necessary. Whilst companies have focused on reducing energy at a facilities level, research indicates that specific production processes generate significant environmental impact through energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Potential energy savings have been identified in production processes; however the necessary tools are missing. The development of energy performance indicators have been described in theory but there is little evidence of their successful application in practice. This research proposes the application of a normalised co-efficient to view production and energy data and the development of a rolling energy performance co-efficient to provide alerts to ‘out-of-control’ production operations. Implementation of the approach in a large medical devices manufacturing facility has identified significant savings. Key consideration in the development of energy key performance indicators for production operations are described.     

Comprehensive life cycle inventories of alternative wastewater treatment systems

Over recent decades, the environmental regulations on wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have trended towards increasingly stringent nutrient removal requirements for the protection of local waterways. However, such regulations typically ignore other environmental impacts that might accompany apparent improvements to the WWTP. This paper quantitatively defines the life cycle inventory of resources consumed and emissions produced in ten different wastewater treatment scenarios (covering six process configurations and nine treatment standards). The inventory results indicate that infrastructure resources, operational energy, direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and chemical consumption generally increase with increasing nitrogen removal, especially at discharge standards of total nitrogen <5 mgN L⁻¹. Similarly, infrastructure resources and chemical consumption increase sharply with increasing phosphorus removal, but operational energy and direct GHG emissions are largely unaffected. These trends represent a trade-off of negative environmental impacts against improved local receiving water quality. However, increased phosphorus removal in WWTPs also represents an opportunity for increased resource recovery and reuse via biosolids applied to agricultural land. This study highlights that where biosolids displace synthetic fertilisers, a negative environmental trade-off may also occur by increasing the heavy metals discharged to soil. Proper analysis of these positive and negative environmental trade-offs requires further life cycle impact assessment and an inherently subjective weighting of competing environmental costs and benefits.     

速成墙与实心黏土砖及加气混凝土砌块的建筑节能对比分析

从墙体热工性能的要求出发,分析了速成墙与烧结实心黏土砖及加气混凝土砌块从生产、运输到使用的能耗差异。得出速成墙具有突出的节约能源、减少有害物质排放、有效利用工业固体废弃物、保护环境等优势。速成墙不仅可以代替烧结实心黏土砖、加气混凝土砌块作为非承重或承重墙体,它是一种性能优越的新型轻质墙体材料,而且可以作为保温材料用于节能建筑。使用速成墙作为墙体材料,是实现建筑节能、促进新农村建设简便有效的措施。     

An analysis to understand how the shape of a concrete residential building influences its embodied energy and embodied carbon

The built environment is recognized as a major hotspot of resource use and environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment( LCA) has been increasingly used to assess the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings and a new trend is characterized by the application of LCA to larger systems such as neighborhoods during early design phases. Assessing urban development projects at the master-planning stage raises the issue of inventory data collection,especially for building materials which are reported to account for about 20%of primary energy consumption in buildings,and up to 45% of associated greenhouse gas emissions. Urban planners focus on the urban morphology and little information is know n about the buildings characteristics apart from their general shape. This paper proposes a simplified model for the assessment of buildings embodied energy and embodied carbon in relation w ith urban planners' design levers. The model relies on the decomposition of buildings into functional elements in order to be sensitive to the shape of the buildings. A detailed sensitivity analysis and contribution analysis of the model is conducted on two types of generic building forms,in order to investigate the influence of parameters relating to shape on the embodied energy and embodied carbon of a building. The sensitivity analysis show s that the parameters relating to shape( such as the dimension of the buildings) are more influential on the embodied energy and embodied carbon per square meter of building than the ones relating to the elements themselves( such as the wall thickness). The contribution analysis also brings evidence of the relation betw een the compactness factor and the embodied energy and embodied carbon of a building.     

Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management with regard to greenhouse gas emissions: Case study of Tianjin, China

The environmental impacts of municipal solid waste (MSW) management have been highlighted in China, due to the continually increasing amount of MSW being generated and the limited capacity of waste treatment facilities. Of particular interest is greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, aided by the Kyoto Mechanisms. China is an important case study for this global issue; however, an analysis of the entire life cycle of MSW management on GHG emissions is not available for China. This study evaluates the current and possible patterns of MSW management with regard to GHG emissions, using life cycle assessment (LCA), based on the Tianjin case. We assess the baseline scenario, reflecting the existing MSW management system, as well as a set of alternative scenarios, five exploring waste treatment technology innovations and one exploring integrated MSW management, to quantitatively predict potentials of GHG mitigation for Tianjin. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the influence of landfill gas (LFG) collection efficiency, recycling rate and methodological choice, especially allocation, on the outcomes. The results show GHG emissions from Tianjin's MSW management system amount to 467.34 Mg CO₂ eq. per year, based on the treatment of MSW collected in the central districts in 2006, and the key issue is LFG released. The integrated MSW management scenario, combining different improvement options, shows the highest GHG mitigation potential. Given the limited financial support and the current waste management practice in Tianjin, LFG utilization scenario would be the preferred choice. The sensitivity analysis of recycling rate shows an approximately linear relation of inverse proportion between recycling rate and total GHG emissions. Kitchen waste composting makes a considerable contribution to total GHG emissions reduction. Allocation choices result in differences in total quantitative outcomes, but preference orders and contributions analysis are found to be robust, suggesting LCA can support decision making.     

Transport,Housing and Urban Form: The Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Emissions of City Centre Apartments Compared with Suburban Dwellings

Buildings in cities and the activities carried out therein use a significant proportion of a nation's energy consumption and produce substantial quantities of greenhouse gases in the process. Residential buildings are a large contributor, partially as a result of the transport and housing activities of households. In this study, life cycle analysis is used to calculate the total transport and housing energy and emissions from a sample of 41 households in apartment buildings in the city centre of Adelaide, Australia and compare them with suburban households. The purpose of this is to determine whether the urban density option of higher rise dwellings offers a lower environmental impact than conventional housing. The analysis includes delivered energy and greenhouse gas emissions generated by motorised travel and activities within the dwellings, and the energy and emissions embodied in household motor vehicles and the apartment buildings. The total delivered energy consumption of apartment households was found to be lower than suburban households due mainly to higher car usage, particularly in the outer suburbs. However, the analysis of total greenhouse gas emissions provided a somewhat different comparison especially when they were considered on a per capita basis. The total per capita emissions for apartment households varied considerably but, on average, exceeded those of both the inner and outer suburban households. This resulted from lower occupancy rates and higher emissions arising from higher dwelling operational and embodied energy consumption. Overall, it cannot be assumed that centralised, higher density living will deliver per capita emission reductions for residents, once the combined per capita life cycle emissions from housing and transport have been accounted for. A more vigorous educational, promotional and regulatory approach is required to achieve greater operational and embodied energy efficiency in apartment buildings to fully realise the emissions-reducing potential of such buildings in centralised locations.