基于滑动时间窗的雷达脉冲列分选方法

电磁空间中大量存在着相互交错的固定重频雷达脉冲列,例如海面大量舰船发射的导航雷达信号、机载脉冲多普勒雷达在不同时段发射的相干脉冲列等。这些脉冲列以时间片段的形式存在,电子侦察分析系统无法事先确定其起止时刻,给这类雷达的重频参数估计和脉冲分选造成了较大困难。该文首先分析脉冲列的短持续时间特性给传统脉冲分选方法性能造成的负面影响,然后引入滑动时间窗思想来削弱这一影响,并据此提出脉冲重频间隔(PRI)高精度估计和脉冲分选方法。仿真结果验证了新方法的重频参数估计和脉冲分选性能。     

Spectrum estimation of interleaved pulse trains

We consider signals consisting of a finite though unknown number of periodic time-interleaved pulse trains. For such signals, we present a novel approach for determining both the number of pulse trains present and the frequency of each pulse train. Our approach requires only the time of arrival data of each pulse. It is robust to noisy time of arrival data and missing pulses and, above all, is very computationally efficient. If N is the number of pulses being processed, the computation required is of the order of N log N     

The limits of extended Kalman filtering for pulse traindeinterleaving

Some signals are transmitted as periodic pulse trains. If more than one pulse train is transmitted over the same communication channel, a challenge is to separate them for source identification at the receiver. This is known as pulse train deinterleaving and is clearly a fundamental problem in the study of discrete-event systems. Frequently, the only relevant information at the receiver is the time of arrival (TOA) data, which is usually contaminated by jitter noise. Perhaps there are also missing or overlapping pulses. In this paper, we present an approach for deinterleaving pulse trains and estimating their periods using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). A naive application of EKF theory is not attractive because of discontinuities in the signal model. Here, a form of smoothing of the discontinuities is proposed so that the EKF approach becomes attractive. The advantage of this EKF approach is that it is less computationally expensive than most previously proposed methods, which are of order N², where N is the number of pulses being processed. The computation required here is of order N. The method proposed appears to give useful results for up to seven or so pulse trains, particularly when there is some a priori information on the pulse frequencies, which can be obtained using computations of order N log N     

An interval-amplitude algorithm for deinterleaving stochastic pulsetrain sources

We consider the deinterleaving of pulse trains transmitted by N independent sources. The deinterleaving problem considered has applications in spectral estimation, where N (known number) stochastic parameterized sources are sampled using a fast sensor recording the sign of the signal from each source. Due to communication constraints, the recorded signals-pulse trains or sequences of zeros and ones-are superimposed and transmitted through a single Gaussian communication channel. The aim of this paper is to estimate the parameters that characterize the sources and identify those sources that are responsible for the observed noisy pulses. Our proposed algorithm, subject to modeling assumptions, optimally combines hidden Markov model and binary time series estimation techniques and yields maximum likelihood parameter estimates of the sources     

Radar resolution properties of pulse trains

The concept of pulse compression has stimulated interest in the range and Doppler resolution properties of radar signals, but most of the theoretical investigations to date have been concerned with single pulse signals. The properties of coherent pulse trains, a practically important class of radar signals, have not received adequate treatment in the literature. Little information appears to be available on pulse trains using pulse-to-pulse waveform coding, frequency shifting, or repetition period staggering. The present paper attempts to fill a gap in the radar literature by analyzing the resolution potential of pulse trains. The treatment is limited to the practical class of pulse trains where all component pulses have identical envelopes and bandwidths, but the waveforms under these envelopes, frequency bands and repetition interval are left arbitrary. The results of the study convey an understanding of the effects of pulse train coding and thus give a clear indication of both the potential and the limitations of pulse trains in radar applications.     

一种脉组间步进频雷达速度估计误差的改进方法

在脉组间步进频信号的脉组内利用傅里叶变换测速时,针对测速误差对合成距离像的影响,提出了二分迭代法。该方法通过log2N次迭代操作便可使测速精度提高N倍(N为脉组个数),通过相关补偿后的合成距离像的走动不超过半个距离分辨单元。此外,由于测速精度提高速率是以2为底的指数增长,且每次迭代为脉组内FFT操作,因此该方法具有较少的运算量。仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

Malfunctioning of Microcontroller Irradiated with Ultrashort Ultrabroadband Pulse Trains

Effect of the number of ultrashort ultrabroadband pulses with a repetition rate of 1 kHz on malfunctioning of microcontroller in radio transparent housing is studied when the device is irradiated using pulse trains at a pulse duration of about 10^–10 s and radiation frequencies ranging from 1 to 30 GHz. The radiation is received by internal conducting stripes that connect the electronic circuit and external outputs. The malfunction probability is determined by the number of pulses in the pulse train, pulse number, and electric field strength. It is shown that malfunctioning is predominantly caused by the leading pulses in the pulse train.     

Electric Field Pulse Trains Occurring Prior to the First Stroke in Negative Cloud-to-Ground Lightning

In this study, we examine the characteristics of electric field pulse trains that are attributed to preliminary breakdown in negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges and compare them to those of similar pulse trains associated with attempted cloud-to-ground leaders. The data were acquired in 2006 in Gainesville, Florida. The largest pulses in the train can exceed in magnitude the following first return-stroke pulse. The arithmetic mean pulse duration and interpulse interval for pulse trains in negative cloud-to-ground discharges are 4.8 and ${65};mu$s, respectively. The arithmetic mean pulse duration and interpulse interval for pulse trains in attempted cloud-to-ground leaders are 17 and ${73};mu$s, respectively. This implies that pulse trains in ground discharges contain a larger fraction of “narrow” pulses (apparently disregarded in previous studies), defined here as those with durations equal to or less than ${4};mu$s, than the pulse trains in attempted cloud-to-ground leaders. Submicrosecond-scale pulses are observed as part of pulse trains associated with cloud-to-ground discharges, but not with attempted leaders. We also examine the occurrence of pulses of different duration and amplitude in different parts of the preliminary breakdown pulse train of ground discharges. Pulses with larger durations (${≪}hbox{4}$ $mu$s) tend to occur in the initial part of pulse train.      

一种雷达模拟信号的产生方法

介绍了一种逆分选方法,通过对独立的脉冲列进行交错,在时域上形成交迭脉冲流以及表征脉冲流特征的脉冲描述字流,然后通过模拟源产生雷达模拟信号。最后通过计算机仿真和试验,验证了此方法的有效性和经济性。     

Control and probe of population inversion using nanosecond pulse trains in an erbium-doped fiber amplifier

We report the control of population inversion in a continuously pumped fiber amplifier using pulse trains with a finite number of pulses. We first measured the pulse interval dependence of the amplifier gain, which indicated that the gain was in the quasi-continuous condition for an interval of less than 1 μs and in the single-shot condition for an interval of approximately 1 ms. For population control, the population change was probed using pulse trains that induced a population change through a modified pump–probe method. We observed that a change in the population inversion was not determined by the number of pulse but by the number of total input photons. Temporal profiles of the population inversion were analyzed using a model derived for single pulse amplification.     

五阶非线性光纤中光扰动所致超短脉冲串的产生

从光纤中包含五阶非线性效应的扩展非线性薛定谔方程出发,采用分步傅里叶算法,数值模拟了连续光波的幅度受到正弦光扰动的调制后在光纤中演化分裂成超短脉冲串的过程,探讨了五阶非线性效应和正弦调制周期对脉冲串形成和演化特点以及相应频谱的影响.结果表明,与三阶非线性相比,正五阶非线性使形成超短脉冲串的最佳光纤长度缩短,形成的单个脉冲宽度更窄、峰值功率更高,负五阶非线性则相反.正弦调制周期将影响脉冲串的重复率和最佳光纤距离.随传输距离的增加,单个脉冲可能分裂成两个甚至三个分脉冲,在主脉冲之间还可能出现一定数量的峰值功率弱的次脉冲.就频谱特性而言,正(负)五阶非线性可增多(减小)光波频率成分、加宽(窄化)频谱;视主脉冲有无分裂以及次脉冲的存在与否,频谱的形状也会不同.     

Multimode effects on the evolution and long-term stability of apassively mode-locked laser under pulsed injection locking

A multidimensional extension of the injection locking of CW lasers has been recently presented and experimentally verified when both a passively and an actively mode-locked laser were locked to injected coherent pulse trains. Harmonic injection locking of a passively mode-locked laser, where a subset of the laser cavity modes were locked to the injected signal, was also recently realized in a fiber laser to yield trains of 6-ps pulses at rates of up to 40 GHz. In this paper, the multimode injection-locking process is addressed with an emphasis on the long-term dynamics of the laser, pulse buildup under injection locking, memory effects, noise mechanism as well as potential applications, e.g., optical signal regeneration. Using a recently introduced formalism for describing passively mode-locked lasers, the experimental results are compared to numerical simulations     

Deinterleaving pulse trains using discrete-time stochasticdynamic-linear models

Pulse trains from a number of different sources are often received on the one communication channel. It is then of interest to identify which pulses are from which source, based on different source characteristics. This sorting task is termed deinterleaving. the authors propose time-domain techniques for deinterleaving pulse trains from a finite number of periodic sources based on the time of arrival (TOA) and pulse energy, if available, of the pulses received on the one communication channel. They formulate the pulse train deinterleaving problem as a stochastic discrete-time dynamic linear model (DLM), the “discrete-time” variable k being associated with the kth received pulse. The time-varying parameters of the DLM depend on the sequence of active sources. The deinterleaving detection/estimation task can then be done optimally via linear signal processing using the Kalman filter (or recursive least squares when the source periods are constant) and tree searching. The optimal solution, however, is computationally infeasible for other than small data lengths since the number of possible sequences grow exponentially with data length. The authors propose and study two of a number of possible suboptimal solutions: 1) forward dynamic programming with fixed look-ahead rather than total look-ahead as required for the optimal scheme; 2) a probabilistic teacher Kalman filtering for the detection/estimation task     

新体制雷达信号PRI样本子图周期搜索提取方法

针对侦察接收机截获的交错脉冲序列中雷达信号的提取问题,在脉冲重复周期（PRI）样本子图描述技术的基础上,提出一种基于PRI样本子图周期搜索的脉冲提取算法。算法改传统PRI搜索法中的相邻脉冲间隔搜索思想为PRI样本子图周期搜索思想,通过构造由脉冲到达时间和准PRI样本子图周期构成的二维提取函数,将搜索过程中符合某一假定PRI样本子图周期的匹配脉冲数存储于二维提取函数中,然后根据二维提取函数的最大值确定PRI样本子图周期,提取对应的脉冲,实现复杂PRI类型的雷达信号提取。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。      

Interacting solutions in erbium fibre laser

Novel behaviour from an FM mode-locked erbium fibre laser is reported. Selfsustaining, picosecond duration pulses which are not at the modulation frequency of 480 MHz have been observed. The pulses form complex pulse trains and seem to experience soliton interactions, causing them to execute complicated motions.<>     

用GaAs负反馈器改善被动锁模Nd∶YAG激光器的输出特性

本文报导了用高纯半导体材料GaAS片作为负反馈元件，以改善被动叙模Nd：YAG激光器的输出特住．理论分析了GaAs负反馈作用的原理，实验研究了胜的几何参数对激光输出特性的影响，获得了稳定的长序列初模脉冲激光输出，序列脉冲数达65个，单脉冲能量～10J，脉冲宽度＜20ps，脉冲-脉冲能量抖动＜2％．     

Evaluation of amplitude-stabilized optical pulse trains from rational harmonically mode-locked fiber ring lasers

This paper investigates rational harmonically mode-locked fiber ring lasers generating amplitude-stabilized fourth-order optical pulse trains at 13.91 GHz using a modulation signal frequency of 3.477 GHz. Pulse amplitude stabilization in terms of both amplitude equality and low amplitude noise is realized by using the nonlinear characteristics of a Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator in conjunction with intracavity optical filtering. The generated optical pulse trains are investigated for their amplitude equalization, amplitude noise, supermode noise suppression, and pulse timing jitter. It is shown that the pulses remained close to transform-limited over an operating wavelength range of 1535-1565 nm.     

Characterisation of telecommunications pulse trains by Fourier-transform and dual-quadrature spectral interferometry

The first use of two sensitive spectral interferometric techniques for the complete intensity and phase characterisation of high-data rate optical pulse trains with low average power is demonstrated. The pulses are reconstructed either by Fourier-transform or dual-quadrature spectral interferometry after characterisation of an amplified reference pulse by frequency-resolved optical gating.     

Pulse-train uniformity in optical fiber lasers passivelymode-locked by nonlinear polarization rotation

The generation of uniform soliton pulse trains by additive pulse mode locking has been experimentally demonstrated in a birefringent fiber laser with a passive polarizer. Numerical simulations of pulse propagation around such a fiber loop are presented which reveal that this mode-locking scheme does not result in strictly uniform pulse trains. Rather, the train of output pulses exhibits periodic fluctuations in intensity and polarization. A model for the pulse dynamics is developed which shows that these fluctuations depend on the strength of the fiber birefringence and the alignment of the polarizer with the fast- and slow-polarization axes of the fiber. It is also shown that increased uniformity of pulse trains is achieved with near alignment of the polarizer with the slow axis of the birefringence     

Compression Limit by Third-Order Dispersion in the Normal Dispersion Regime

Broadband continua at gigahertz rates generated in high-nonlinear dispersion-flattened fibers in the normal dispersion regime near the zero-dispersion wavelength can be used for a subsequent efficient pulse compression, leading to stable high-repetition-rate trains of femtosecond pulses. We show experimentally and theoretically that third-order dispersion defines a critical power, where beyond further compression is inhibited. This fundamental limit is caused by a pulse-breakup