像素级数字化紫外焦平面读出电路的研究

为提高紫外焦平面组件成像质量,提出了可用于紫外焦平面的像素级数字化读出电路结构。针对紫外信号微弱及焦平面探测器像素面积小的特点,设计了基于电容反馈跨阻放大器(Capacitive Trans-Impedance Amplifier,CTIA)结构、模数转换器和锁存器的紫外焦平面像素级模数转换读出电路,并给出了实现像素内模数转换的工作原理。详细讨论了像素内模数转换的实现方法,各模块的设计要求及其具体实现,并基于0.35μm DP4M CMOS工艺设计制造了面阵规模128×128、像素单元面积50μm×50μm的读出电路芯片。电路性能测试与成像实验表明:电路的精度达到1mV以下,有效位数达到11位,实现了紫外焦平面读出电路的低噪声数字化输出。     

1 024×1 024 AlGaN紫外焦平面读出电路的超低功耗设计

提出了一种新型的超低功耗读出电路用于18 μm中心距1 024×1 024面阵规模的AlGaN紫外焦平面。为了实现低功耗设计紫外焦平面读出电路,采用了三种设计方法,包括:电容反馈跨阻放大器CTIA结构采用工作在亚阈值区的单端输入运算放大器,列像素源随缓冲器和电平移位电路共用同一个电流源负载以及列级缓冲器的分时尾电流源设计。由于像素单元内CTIA采用了单端输入运算放大器,在3.3 V供电电压下,每个像素单元最小工作电流仅8.5 nA。该读出电路设计了可调偏置电流电路使读出电路能得到更好的性能并基于SMIC 0.18 μm 1P6M混合信号工艺平台进行了设计制造。测试结果表明:由于采用了上述设计方法,整个芯片的功耗在2 MHz时钟8路输出模式下仅67.3 mW。     

一种红外焦平面的数字化输出设计方案

为了实现红外焦平面数字化输出,设计了一种带片上模数转换的焦平面读出电路,包括一个8×1的读出电路单元阵列和一个基于逐次逼近算法的10位模数转换器.单元读出电路采用了电容反馈负阻抗放大器结构作为输入级,输出的信号经采样保持后通过多路传输送到模数转换器.设计的逐次逼近型的模数转换器中的比较器采用的是两级开环结构,数模转换器采用的是高位电荷缩放低位电压缩放型的结构.在Cadence全定制设计平台下,采用0.6μm双多晶硅、双金属层的CMOS工艺模型对电路进行了仿真和版图设计.整个读出电路采用5V电压供电,20kHz的采样输出时仿真平均功耗约为5mW.     

红外焦平面读出电路集成数字输出

为了实现红外焦平面数字化输出,设计了一种集成片上模数转换的焦平面读出电路,包括一个512512的读出电路单元阵列和列共享的逐次逼近寄存器型模数转换器(SAR ADC)。单元读出电路采用了直接注入(DI)结构作为输入级,输出的信号通过多路传输送到模数转换器。设计的逐次逼近型的模数转换器中的比较器采用的是由前置放大器、锁存器、自偏置差分放大器和输出驱动器组成的高速比较器,数模转换器(DAC)采用的是三段式的电荷按比例缩放和电压按比例缩放相结合的结构。在Cadence和Synopsys设计平台下对模拟和数字部分电路分别进行设计、仿真与版图设计。电路工艺采用GLOBALFOUNDRIES公司0.35 m CMOS 3.3 V工艺加工流片。测试结果显示SAR ADC有效位数为8.2位,转换频率超过150 k Samples/s,功耗低于300 W,满足焦平面100帧频以及低功耗的需求。     

GaN紫外焦平面CTIA结构读出电路小面积设计及仿真

随着GaN紫外焦平面的发展,焦平面的阵列规模越来越大,单元探测器的面积越来越小,对GaN紫外焦平面的读出电路进行设计,实现读出电路单元面积为37μm×37μm,阵列规模为8×8元.本设计采用电容反馈互阻抗放大器(CITA)结构作为输入级,列共用方式的采样保持电路,源级跟随器作为输出级,用移位寄存器来控制行、列选通并控制电路工作的时序.本文的整个电路设计基于Cadence设计平台,对电路进行了Spectre仿真,面阵的工作状况良好,保持良好的线性.     

大面阵CMOS快照模式焦平面读出电路设计分析

针对一款大面阵(640×512元)快照模式制冷型红外焦平面用的读出电路进行了初步分析验证.该读出电路采用改进DI结构,先积分后读出的积分控制模式,像素尺寸为25μm×25μm,芯片已在0.5μm双硅双铝(DPDM)标准CMOS工艺下试制.首先对该电路结构及工作原理进行分析,并对输入级等电路的传输特性进行仿真验证,最后给出探测器阵列与读出电路芯片互连后的测试结果.结果表明该读出电路适用于小像素、大规模的红外焦平面阵列.     

低功耗64×64 CMOS快照模式焦平面读出电路新结构

介绍了一个工作于快照模式的CMOS焦平面读出电路的低功耗新结构-OESCA(Odd-Even SnapshotCharge Amplifier)结构该结构像素电路非常简单,仅用三个NMOS管;采用两个低功耗设计的电荷放大器做列读出电路,分别用于奇偶行的读出,不但可有效消除列线寄生电容的影响,而且列读出电路的功耗可降低1 5%,因此OESCA新结构特别适于要求低功耗设计的大规模、小像素阵列焦平面读出电路采用OESCA结构和1.2μm双硅双铝标准CMOS工艺设计了一个64×64规模焦平面读出电路实验芯片,其像素尺寸为50μm×50μm,读出电路的电荷处理能力达10.37pC.详细介绍了该读出电路的体系结构、像素电路、探测器模型和工作时序,并给出了精确的SPICE仿真结果和试验芯片的测试结果.     

一种红外焦平面的数字化输出设计方案

为了实现红外焦平面数字化输出，设计了一种带片上模数转换的焦平面读出电路，包括一个8×1的读出电路单元阵列和一个基于逐次逼近算法的10位模数转换器。单元读出电路采用了电容反馈负阻抗放大器结构作为输入级，输出的信号经采样保持后通过多路传输送到模数转换器。设计的逐次逼近型的模数转换器中的比较器采用的是两级开环结构，数模转换器采用的是高位电荷缩放低位电压缩放型的结构。在Cadence全定制设计平台下，采用0．6μm双多晶硅、双金属层的CMOS工艺模型对电路进行了仿真和版图设计。整个读出电路采用5V电压供电，20kHz的采样输出时仿真平均功耗约为5mW。     

一种红外焦平面的数字化输出设计方案

为了实现红外焦平面数字化输出，设计了一种带片上模数转换的焦平面读出电路，包括一个8×1的读出电路单元阵列和一个基于逐次逼近算法的10位模数转换器。单元读出电路采用了电容反馈负阻抗放大器结构作为输入级，输出的信号经采样保持后通过多路传输送到模数转换器。设计的逐次逼近型的模数转换器中的比较器采用的是两级开环结构，数模转换器采用的是高位电荷缩放低位电压缩放型的结构。在Cadence全定制设计平台下，采用0．6μm双多晶硅、双金属层的CMOS工艺模型对电路进行了仿真和版图设计。整个读出电路采用5V电压供电，20kHz的采样输出时仿真平均功耗约为5mW。     

短波IRFPAs读出电路CTIA输入级的优化设计

针对凝视短波红外焦平面阵列探测器弱信号耦合读出的难题,设计了一种高注入效率、低噪声、精简结构的运放积分型（CTIA）输入级。该CTIA单元输入级采用电流源负载的共源共栅结构,不仅具有传统CTIA结构的优点,还能克服常规的CTIA结构复杂、功耗过高的缺点。在低温模型的仿真环境下,进行了前仿真和提取版图寄生参数的后仿真。基于CSMC-6S05DPTM 0.5 μm工艺流片, CTIA读出电路芯片的测试结果与仿真结果基本一致,输出信号电压范围达到2.5 V,单元功耗小于1.0 μW。Abstract：     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks