奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器室温应变强化技术常见问题探讨

室温应变强化技术可显著提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,降低奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器内容器的壁厚,是一种省材节能的绿色制造技术。目前,包括中国在内的多个国家和地区已将该技术用于奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器的制造。中国采用室温应变强化技术的时间相对较短,在实施过程中提出了一些新的技术问题。本文结合近些年的研究成果和实践,从材料、设计、制造和检验等方面,对奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器室温应变强化技术的常见问题进行了探讨,并提出了若干建议。     

奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器室温应变强化技术

随着低温液化气体的日益广泛应用,深冷容器的需求量不断增加。在安全的前提下,实现深冷容器的轻量化,对于节能降耗具有重要意义。采用室温应变强化技术可以提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,显著减薄奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器的壁厚,减轻重量。中国、美国、德国、澳大利亚等已将该技术用于制造奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器。在简要介绍室温应变强化技术发展历史、标准和优点的基础上,着重分析讨论了该技术推广应用中遇到的常见问题。     

应变强化对S30408奥氏体不锈钢低温冲击性能的影响

室温应变强化技术可大幅提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,显著减薄容器壁厚,已广泛应用于奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器制造。采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和摆锤式冲击试验机研究应变强化对S30408奥氏体不锈钢低温冲击性能的影响。结果表明:材料在应变强化过程中发生应变诱发相变,相变产物为α'和ε马氏体,深冷低温对应变强化材料的相组成和含量影响不大。随着应变量的增加和温度的降低,材料冲击吸收能量KV2降低,其中裂纹扩展能EP基本不变,裂纹形成能Ei显示与总冲击吸收能量相似的变化趋势。当温度低于77 K,冲击吸收能量下降趋于平缓,呈现出"平台"现象,且应变强化对材料低温冲击性能的影响要大于温度对其的影响。即使经过15%应变量,材料仍表现出较好的低温冲击韧性。     

基于应变强化技术的奥氏体不锈钢压力容器轻型化设计探讨

奥氏体不锈钢材料韧性好但屈服强度低,通过应变强化技术可显著提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,从而提高奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的承载能力,减薄容器壁厚,达到节约材料的目的。介绍了奥氏体不锈钢应变强化的基本原理和基本过程,从强度、抗腐蚀能力、应力腐蚀开裂和氢脆等方面综述了奥氏体不锈钢应变强化后性能变化的研究进展,并提出进一步研究的建议,以实现压力容器轻型化这一安全与经济并重的绿色制造理念。     

奥氏体不锈钢应变强化容器结构的可靠度分析

由于较好的低温性能,奥氏体不锈钢被广泛应用于LNG低温储罐,而奥氏体不锈钢的应变强化技术能提高材料的屈服强度实现容器的轻量化设计。在工程上,奥氏体不锈钢材料性能数据呈现一定的离散性,在压力容器制造和使用过程中,容器的尺寸和使用条件也是随机变量。利用可靠性设计中的一次二阶矩法和ANSYS软件中的Prob Design模块,可以得到了应变强化前后容器关键参数的随机分布,从而得到强化前后结构可靠度的变化,为奥氏体不锈钢应变强化容器的设计和制造提供支持。     

奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的应变强化技术

奥氏体不锈钢材料本身具有良好的韧性,但它的屈服强度比较低,而应变强化技术能够显著提升奥氏体不锈钢材料的屈服强度,节约材料。奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的应变强化具有两种不同的模式:常温应变强化模式和低温应变强化模式。本文通过对应变强化基本原理的介绍,对奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的应变强化技术进行分析探讨。     

奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器应变强化不同保载方式的探讨

利用应变强化技术能够提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,减薄容器壁厚,减轻设备重量。在安全的前提下实现深冷容器的轻量化,对于节能降耗具有重要社会意义。在深冷容器的强化工艺中,在内压达到强化荷载后,需对容器进行一段时间的保载,通常,应变强化操作中应变强化压力P_k保持为(1.5~1.6)P_c(计算压力),如果在起初的0.5~1 h内实施强化压力增加5%的超载保载,应变加剧,整体的保载时间将会缩短。根据不同应变保载模式下生产的深冷储罐,探讨不同应变速率的影响以及其制造过程监督检验的关注重点。     

国产S30408奥氏体不锈钢应变强化低温容器许用应力及应变确定

对奥氏体不锈钢低温压力容器常规设计与应变强化设计进行比较,可知应变强化技术可大幅提高奥氏体不锈钢材料的许用应力,减薄简体壁厚,减轻容器重量。根据预应变拉伸试验确定国产S30408奥氏体不锈钢应变强化压力容器的应变上限值,并建立国产S30408奥氏体不锈钢材料的ASME和双线性这两种应力应变曲线,对两者进行比较后,以ASME应力应变曲线为计算依据,考虑抗拉强度的影响,确定了国产S30408奥氏体不锈钢材料制造应变强化低温容器时的许用应力及其对应的应变。     

奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的应变强化承载能力研究

在压力容器发展过程中,一个重要的课题为如何使轻型化设计中并重安全与经济。随着美国及欧盟制定的压力容器标准中纳入弹塑性分析设计方法,奥氏体不锈钢压力容器在开展轻型化设计时,逐渐应用于弹塑性分析设计为基础的应变强化技术,发展前景十分广阔。利用应变强化技术设计奥氏体不锈钢压力容器后,屈服强度可显著提升,壁厚及压力容器的重量降低,有效的实现节能减排。本文重点分析了基于应变强化技术设计的奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的承载能力。     

应变强化奥氏体不锈钢力学行为研究及应用

针对奥氏体不锈钢塑性和韧性优良但屈服强度低的问题,提出采用应变强化工艺来提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度。研究了应变强化工艺中的两个关键工艺参数——应变量和应变速率对材料力学行为的影响。对应变量的研究结果表明,将奥氏体不锈钢的应变强化量控制在10%左右,材料的屈服强度可以得到显著提高。由此可大幅减薄压力容器的设计壁厚,实现压力容器的轻型化设计。与此同时,在10%左右的形变量下,因形变诱发的马氏体量很少,材料仍保持了较好的塑性和韧性,为压力容器的安全设计提供了保证。对应变速率的研究结果表明,在准静态条件下,奥氏体不锈钢材料力学性能指标对应变速率不敏感,但过小的应变速率会导致材料出现锯齿形屈服,产生Portevin-Le Chatelier（PLC）效应。     

Cryogenic fracture toughness evaluation for austenitic stainless steels by means of unloading compliance method

Most research to date concerning the cryogenic toughness of austenitic stainless steels has concentrated on the base metal and weld metal in weldments. The most severe problem faced on the conventional austenitic stainless steel is the thermal aging degradation such as sensitization and carbide induced embrittlement. In this paper, we investigate the cryogenic toughness degradation which can be occurred for austenitic stainless in welding. The test materials are austenitic stainless JN1, JJ1 and JK2 steels, which are materials recently developed for use in nuclear fusion apparatus at cryogenic temperature. The small punch (SP) test was conducted to detect similar isothermally aging condition with material degradation occurred in service welding. The single-specimen unloading compliance method was used to determine toughness degradation caused by thermal aging for austenitic stainless steels. In addition, we have investigated size effect on fracture toughness by using 20% side-grooved 0.5TCT specimens.     

奥氏体不锈钢压力容器应变强化技术的发展及国外标准比较

主要介绍了奥氏体不锈钢压力容器应变强化技术在国内外的研究现状,对三个国外常温应变强化工艺标准进行了比较;综述了国内对奥氏体不锈钢低温压力容器应变强化研究的主要进展,最后对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

Mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel

Owing to the superior properties, of stainless steel it is pertinent to make use of it in various automotive, aerospace, nuclear, chemical and cryogenic applications. It is observed that a wide range of dissimilar materials can be easily integrated by solid phase bonding techniques, such as friction welding and explosive bonding. This study mainly focuses on friction welding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. The friction processed joints are evaluated for their integrity and quality aspects. Friction welding of austenitic stainless steel was carried out using a KUKA friction welding machine (Germany). As the friction time increased, the fully plastically deformed zone (region I) in the vicinity of the bond line becomes increased. In contrast, an increase in friction time will decrease the region (region II) where the grains are partly deformed and grown. Tensile test results indicated that, the joint strength is decreased with an increase of the friction time. The detailed fractographic observation confirmed that the rupture occurred mostly at the joint zone and partly through the base material.     

Mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel

Owing to the superior properties, of stainless steel it is pertinent to make use of it in various automotive, aerospace, nuclear, chemical and cryogenic applications. It is observed that a wide range of dissimilar materials can be easily integrated by solid phase bonding techniques, such as friction welding and explosive bonding. This study mainly focuses on friction welding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. The friction processed joints are evaluated for their integrity and quality aspects. Friction welding of austenitic stainless steel was carried out using a KUKA friction welding machine (Germany). As the friction time increased, the fully plastically deformed zone (region I) in the vicinity of the bond line becomes increased. In contrast, an increase in friction time will decrease the region (region II) where the grains are partly deformed and grown. Tensile test results indicated that, the joint strength is decreased with an increase of the friction time. The detailed fractographic observation confirmed that the rupture occurred mostly at the joint zone and partly through the base material.     

薄板奥氏体不锈钢对接焊缝超声波探伤方法研究

通过对超声波应用于薄板奥氏体不锈钢对接焊接接头的研究和试验,开发了薄板奥氏体不锈钢对接焊接接头超声检测和质量分级方法。试块探伤试验和现场实物检测试验表明,对板厚为3～10 mm的在用压力容器奥氏体不锈钢对接焊缝及母材,辅以超声波探伤,可以及时发现奥氏体不锈钢容器在对接焊缝、封头扳边处、支座角焊缝母材等处存在的各种形式的裂纹或缺陷,有效避免出现容器的失效事故。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar stainless steel electron beam and friction welds

Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar welds of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304), ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430), and duplex stainless steel (AISI 2205) have been studied. Welding processes electron beam welding and friction welding were used. Optical, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microscopy were carried out to study the microstructural changes. Residual stress, hardness, tensile strength, and impact toughness testing were conducted to study mechanical behavior. Dissimilar metal electron beam welds of austenitic–ferritic, ferritic–duplex, and austenitic–duplex stainless steel welds contained coarse grains, which are predominantly equiaxed on austenitic, duplex stainless steel side, and they are columnar on the ferritic stainless steel side. Diffusion of elements was significant in electron beam welding and insignificant in friction welds. Austenitic–ferritic stainless steel exhibited tensile residual stress on the ferritic stainless steel side adjacent to the interface, compressive stresses on the austenitic stainless steel side that matches with the delta ferrite microstructure observed in this region. High compressive stresses were noted on duplex stainless steel side interface compared to austenitic stainless side interface. The highest tensile strength was observed in duplex–austenitic stainless steel joints. The impact strength and notch tensile strength of electron beam weldments are higher than the friction weldments. All electron beam and friction welds showed toughness lower than parent metals.     

摆线铣削奥氏体不锈钢试验研究

作为难加工材料,奥氏体不锈钢机械加工性能较差,为了提高其加工效率,本文采用两种来自不同厂家的铣刀,基于往复式斜坡切入铣削方式、普通直槽铣削方式和摆线铣削方式对奥氏体不锈钢进行试验研究,结果表明:在考察的三种铣削方式中,摆线铣削方式能有效提高奥氏体不锈钢的加工效率。