双歧杆菌发酵胡萝卜汁酸乳贮藏稳定性研究

从健康人体中选育出2株发酵活力高、耐氧性和抗逆性强的双歧杆菌优良发酵菌株两歧双歧杆菌Bbm和长双歧杆菌Blm作为试验菌株,制备了双歧杆菌纯种及双歧杆菌与乳酸菌混种发酵胡萝卜汁酸乳,考察了发酵产品在室温(20~30℃)和冷藏(0~4℃)条件下的贮藏稳定性。试验结果表明:0~4℃冷藏21d,活菌含量仍可达1×109cfu/mL以上,pH值降至4.2~4.3,酸甜适宜。因此,确定发酵产品0~4℃下贮藏期为21d。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵豆乳贮藏稳定性及菌体肠道耐受性分析

研究了鼠李糖乳杆菌纯种发酵豆乳在-20,4,7℃和25℃条件下贮藏28 d的产品稳定性。定期测量不同温度下发酵豆乳的p H值、滴定酸度和活菌数,并对发酵豆乳进行感官品评。结果表明:发酵豆乳产品在低温(-20,4,7℃)条件下贮藏18 d,活菌数含量仍在3.8×10~8CFU/m L以上,p H值降至4.64,豆乳质地细腻,无乳清析出,由此确定发酵产品低温贮藏期为18 d;发酵豆乳室温(25℃)贮藏8 d,活菌数达9.8×10~8CFU/m L,pH值降至4.2,豆乳质地细腻,无乳清析出,确定发酵产品室温贮藏期为8 d。此外,研究了发酵豆乳中鼠李糖乳杆菌在不同浓度的胆汁和人工消化液中的耐受性。分别在0,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%的胆盐溶液中处理3 h,鼠李糖乳杆菌活菌数均维持在10~6CFU/m L以上。在人工肠液中处理24 h后活菌数仍在10~6 CFU/m L。本试验为鼠李糖乳杆菌纯种发酵豆乳产品安全贮藏以及菌体对肠道的耐受性研究提供了理论依据。     

干酪乳杆菌纯种发酵大豆乳工艺研究

以从益生茵乳制品中自行分离选育出的生长繁殖力强、发酵活力高的干酪乳杆菌(05-20)为试验菌株.通过正交试验研究了干酪乳杆菌纯种发酵大豆乳的工艺条件.结果表明:干酪乳杆菌发酵含有20%牛乳和7%蔗糖的大豆乳(豆与水的比例为1:10)培养基的最适工艺条件为:总接种量7%(活菌数约为7×107 cfu/mL),基质起始pH 7.0,发酵温度37℃,有氧条件发酵;采用最适工艺条件进行干酪乳杆菌发酵大豆乳,凝乳时间为5 h,发酵产品的总活菌数为2.3×109 cfu/mL,pH 4.5,滴定酸度80.2°T;发酵产品呈乳白色,凝乳良好,质地细腻,酸甜适口,具有浓郁的豆香和发酵香气.本研究为工业化生产干酪乳杆菌发酵大豆酸乳产品及其推广应用提供了科学依据,同时也为研制和开发其他多功能益生菌豆乳制品提供了新的思路和方法.     

干酪乳杆菌对柑橘汁发酵的工艺研究

研究了干酪乳杆菌发酵柑橘汁的发酵过程.接入柑橘汁后的0～10h内干酪乳杆菌处于迟滞期;第10h开始发酵进入对数期,并在第52h结束,发酵终点的活菌数为1.31×109 cfu/mL;发酵液pH值从起点的6.11降至终点的3.69;发酵液最高总酸达到1.48 g/100mL.进一步研究了干酪乳杆菌营养源的优化,结果表明添...     

三株益生菌发酵特性的测定

为获得最大生物量,利用比浊法做标准曲线测定发酵液中的活菌数,研究了三株益生菌的发酵特性.结果表明,双歧杆菌S1在pH7.0、150r/min、35℃条件下发酵27h活菌为2.15×109 cfu/mL,保加利亚乳杆菌Q6在pH5.5、200r/min 、35℃条件下发酵36h活菌为4.75×109cfu/mL,嗜热链球菌B6在pH7.0、200r/min、40℃条件下发酵30h活菌为1.43×109cfu/mL.     

发酵大豆乳优良乳酸菌菌种的筛选及其发酵性能的研究

本文以从益生菌乳制品、保健品和微生态制剂中自行分离选育出的乳酸菌进行大豆乳发酵,通过是否凝乳、凝乳时间长短、凝乳后的感官评价及发酵剂所达到的活菌数、酸度和pH值等技术指标,对适合大豆乳发酵的乳酸菌菌种进行层层选优得到生长繁殖力强、发酵活力高的大豆乳发酵的试验菌株.试验结果表明:8株实验乳酸菌菌株经过筛选得到干酪乳杆菌05-20作为发酵的大豆酸乳的备选菌株,其凝乳时活菌数可达1. 7× 109 cfu/mL、凝乳时pH值4. 29、滴定酸度79. 4°T,为开发混种发酵大豆乳和大豆功能性食品的开发奠定实践基础.     

乳酸菌在豆乳中的生长特性及其与酵母菌联合发酵作用

本研究通过分析植物乳杆菌45、植物乳杆菌571、干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌以及联合增香酵母PL09发酵豆乳过程中的酸度、活菌数、电泳图、胞外多糖含量、黏度等的变化,研究不同乳酸菌在豆乳中的生长特性及乳酸菌和酵母菌联合发酵豆乳时的特性。结果表明:植物乳杆菌45和植物乳杆菌571单独发酵豆乳8 h后pH分别达到4.43和4.42,活菌数分别达到3.11×108和2.78×108 CFU/mL,并且总糖含量降低较快;鼠李糖乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌能够在豆乳中发酵分别产生胞外多糖180.82和174.45 μg/mL;乳酸菌和增香酵母PL09联合用于发酵豆乳时,增香酵母PL09能够促进乳酸菌在豆乳中的产酸能力,并且提高活菌数及产品的黏度,为开发乳酸菌和酵母菌的联合发酵豆乳提供指导。     

活性大豆发酵乳饮料在冷藏过程中理化变化的研究

比较了三种乳酸菌组合发酵的活性大豆发酵乳饮料样品,在4℃冷藏60d中的pH、发酵乳酸度和活菌数的变化,并进行了30人的感官评价,研究表明:单一干酪乳杆菌发酵的大豆发酵乳饮料pH从4.27下降到3.79,发酵乳酸度从42.31°T上升至99.13°T,活菌数从8.95×107CFU/mL下降到1.76×107CFU/mL,说明该单一干酪乳杆菌发酵样能够保持较好的品质稳定性,感官评价在三个样品中最佳。     

益生菌混合菌种在发酵豆乳中的优化

采用益生菌混合物AST和TLB分别在42℃进行豆乳的发酵,在发酵豆乳的发酵和贮存过程中(4℃下28d),观察pH值和活菌数的变化情况。在AST益生菌混合物(嗜酸性乳杆菌,双歧杆菌和嗜热链球菌)的培育下,42℃下发酵时间减少到8h。但嗜酸性乳杆菌在冷藏的过程中生存状态较差,其活菌数在冷藏后一周后未达到标准。将豆乳在42℃下用TLB益生菌(嗜热链球菌,保加利亚乳杆菌和动物双歧杆菌乳酸亚种Bb12)进行发酵,结果发酵时间缩短到4h,双歧杆菌活菌数目的对数增加了约一半,而且经过28d的冷藏,细菌数仍然维持在107 CFU/mL以上。     

用嗜酸乳杆菌发酵复原乳酸奶的工艺条件及保藏性研究

对嗜酸乳杆菌发酵复原乳酸奶(凝固型)的最适配方、生产条件及保藏性进行了研究。结果表明,以12%全脂无糖奶粉做的还原乳为原料,添加6%的蔗糖,接种量为5%,在37℃下发酵4h后,放在室温(25℃)下24h,可获得风味较好的酸奶,其酸度可达到72oT,粘度为500mPa·s,活菌数3.7×107cfu/mL。常温下(25℃)贮藏期为3d,冷藏(4℃)贮藏期为15d,冷藏后酸度和粘度都没有太大变化,活菌数可保留106cfu/mL以上,仍具有良好的感官品质和保健作用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.