空洞敏感材料超塑性胀形过程的有限元模拟

基于刚粘塑性有限元技术采用最大应变速率恒定的压力控制策略和超塑性成形空洞损伤演变模型对空洞敏感材料的超塑性胀形过程进行了数值模拟。分别以半球壳和圆筒形零件为例 ,给出了优化后自由胀形和充模胀形的加压曲线 ,预测了成形零件的壁厚分布及空洞体积损伤情况。本文分析结果对指导超塑性胀形工艺设计具有实际意义。     

Failure analysis in superplastic materials

Superplastic alloys and metals possess the ability to undergo large uniform strains prior to failure. Isothermal superplasticity of sheet metal is a phenomenon due to both peculiar process condition and material intrinsic characteristics. The material must have a grain size of less than 10 μm, the forming temperature of around half the absolute melting point and a very low strain rate (in the order of 10⁻⁵–10⁻³ s⁻¹).The instability of superplastic flow under uniaxial stress state has been the subject of different studies. In this paper, under biaxial stress conditions, instability analysis of superplastic PbSn60 alloy using the finite element method is investigated. An original model has been implemented successfully in commercial finite element code in order to predict the imminent failure of material during superplastic forming processes.     

Validation of a modified material model for use with shell elements to improve the predictive accuracy of the thickness distribution in superplastic forming of sheet metals

The automotive industry has recently begun using the superplastic forming (SPF) process to fabricate complex aluminum and magnesium alloy panels that cannot be formed at room temperature due to insufficient formability. One of the manufacturing problems encountered during SPF is excessive thinning in the form of a localized neck; which can lead to fracture. Localized necking can be predicted with the use of continuum elements in finite element analysis (FEA); however, the use of these elements in simulating SPF of large automotive panels is computationally intensive and often computationally prohibitive due to convergence issues. This paper examines the use of a modified material model (developed by engineers at Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC) that can be used with conventional Belytschko-Tsay shell elements. This model considers normal stresses during SPF, which is needed to predict necking locations. The paper reports the results on investigating means for improving computational efficiency with this new formulation (i.e. element size, mass scaling, and adaptive meshing) and compares the performance of the normal stress element formulation with that of Belytschko-Tsay shell element in simulating the SPF process. The findings indicate that the newly developed formulation can be used for predicting localized thinning under SPF conditions.     

超塑成形薄壁构件壁厚分布的预测

壁厚分布对薄壁构件的结构性能有重要影响。本文研究超塑成形件壁厚分布的预测技术,实现了超塑成形过程的有限元数值模拟的成形件厚度分布曲线的自动预测,以半球壳和矩形盒成形为例,为自由胀形和约束胀表两种情形形件厚度变化进行了分析,预测结果与实验数据吻合。     

Inverse finite element approach and its application in sheet metal forming

The inverse finite element approach (IFEA) was derived from ideal forming to predict the development blank of sheet metal and the thickness strain distribution according to the geometry of final product. The flange portion of stamping product under blank-holder is a free parameter that is mostly dependent on the shape of the initial flat blank. Based on the IFEA, this paper proposed a node relocation technique to estimate the influence of flange shape and evaluate the final geometry and thickness strain distribution from the prescribed flat blank. The applications of the IFEA cover the backward and forward evaluations: from given product to initial blank and from given initial blank to final product. Those applications make the design of sheet metal forming easy and fast. A door-like product experiment confirmed that the precision of the IFEA satisfied the manufacturing requirement.     

剪挤成形工艺分析及数值模拟研究

为了研究不同剪挤成形工艺参数对成形零件质量的影响,本文使用Deform 2D有限元软件建立二维轴对称模型,采用Ludwik硬化流动应力模型和能够同时反映空穴损伤发展和空穴形状变化对损伤程度影响的韧性损伤模型,进行剪挤成形弹塑性有限元分析.分析归纳出板厚、凸凹模间隙、凸模半径、压边力和反顶力等工艺参数对剪挤成形质量和成形...     

体积成形有限元模拟软件CASFORM的开发研究

简要介绍了作者自主开发的体积成形有限元模拟软件CASFORM及其关键技术,并给出了大量的实例分析。CASFORM主要由前处理模块,有限元分析模块,后处理模块,有限元网格生成模块和网格再划分及数据传递模块以及材料数据库和模拟数据库等构成,该软件能够分析各种体积成形工艺,包括锻造、挤压、拉拔等。能够预测缺陷的生成,验证和优化工艺/模具设计方案,该软件既能模拟等温成形过程,也可以模拟非等温成形过程,即可进行单工位成形分析,也可进行多工位成形分析。该软件界面友好,使用方便,可靠性和自动化程度高,是模具和工艺设计方案验证和优化的有力工具。     

Simulation of ultrasonic-vibration drawing using the finite element method (FEM)

In ultrasonic-vibration drawing, wires are drawn while ultrasonic vibration is applied to a drawing die. Prior studies provide experimental proof that ultrasonic-vibration drawing reduces drawing resistance, improves lubrication and prevents wire breakage. In the future, ultrasonic-vibration drawing is expected to contribute to the drawing of difficult-to-draw materials and operations, such as shaped wires, ultrafine wires, and the wire drawing operation in semidry or dry condition. However, a detailed analysis and understanding of the mechanism of improvement is not possible on the basis of conventional experimental observations because the ultrasonic-vibration processing phenomenon occurs at high speed. Therefore, we attempted to understand the processing mechanism of ultrasonic-vibration drawing using the finite element method (FEM). ABAQUS was used for the FEM. Drawing force and stress–strain distributions in drawn wires were analyzed. From these studies, we quantitatively clarified the mechanism of improved drawing characteristics, such as decreased drawing force.     

动力显式有限元法辊弯成形全流程仿真技术研究

辊弯成形是大位移、大转动、有限应变的过程,具有复杂的非线性特征,成形规律难以通过传统“试错法”把握。为避免成形缺陷,降低开发成本,采用有限元法对辊弯成形进行全流程仿真,可以准确预测辊弯成形过程中应力-应变分布与变化规律,辅助工艺设计与产品开发。采用动力显式算法,可以缩减计算规模,避免隐式算法的迭代收敛问题等限制,容易实现大规模并行计算,减少计算时间。通过对槽型件的辊弯成形进行全流程仿真实例,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Blanking tool wear modeling using the finite element method

One of the main objectives of the numerical process design in metal forming is to develop adequate tool design and establish process parameter in order to increase tool life and to improve part quality and complexity while reducing manufacturing cost. The prediction of tool wear in sheet metal blanking/punching processes is investigated in this paper using the finite element method. A wear prediction model has been implemented in a finite element code in which the tool wear is a function of the normal pressure and some material parameters. A damage model is used in order to describe crack initiation and propagation into the sheet. The distribution of the tool wear on the tool profile is obtained and compared to industrial observations. Furthermore, a numerical investigation has been carried out to study the effect of tool wear on the burr formation.     

Modeling elastic wave propagation in waveguides with the finite element method

This paper reports on the application of guided waves techniques to nondestructively determine the structural integrity of engineering components. Specifically, this research uses a commercial finite element (FE) code to study the propagation characteristics of ultrasonic waves in annular structures. In order to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed FE technique, the propagation of guided waves in a flat plate is examined first. Next, the propagation of guided waves in thick ring structures is investigated. Finally, these FE results are compared to analytical and experimental results. The results of this study clearly illustrate the effectiveness of using the FE method to model guided wave propagation problems and demonstrate the potential of the FE method for problems when an analytical solution is not possible because of “complicated” component geometry.     

Study on superplastic blow-forming of 8090 Al–Li sheets in an ellip-cylindrical closed-die

The purpose of this paper is to explore the plastic deformation behavior of the sheet during blow-forming of a superplastic sheet into an ellip-cylindrical closed-die by the finite element method. A finite element commercial code “DEFORM” is used to carry out the simulations and calculate the pressurization profile and sheet thickness distribution during the blow-forming process. A pressure control algorithm is proposed to keep the maximum strain rate in the deformation zone of the sheet equal to the target value, which corresponds to the highest m value of the material being superplastically formed. The effects of various forming conditions, such as the friction coefficient between the sheet and die and the aspect ratio of the die, on the forming pressure and thickness distribution of the product are discussed. Experiments using 8090 Al–Li sheets on superplastic blow-forming in an ellip-cylindrical closed-die are also carried out. The theoretical predictions of thickness distribution of the product are compared with experimental results.     

An assessment of finite element software for application to the roll-forming process

The roll forming industry has many difficulties in product development and process set-up. The design and development of rolls and processes are mainly based on trial-and-error and past experiences. Recent industrial trends demand products having high quality and tight tolerances. This requires more precise and cost-effective roll-forming processes than the ones employed in the traditional product development methods.

SHAPE is a reliable FE based solution provider, which covers a wide range of roll forming and rotary forming simulations including ring rolling, tube spinning, flow forming, and thread rolling. It also provides powerful analysis tools for heat transfer, roll stress and microstructure analyses. In this chapter the technical capability of SHAPE for roll forming is assessed by studying an industrial problem. The accuracy and robustness of the software is evaluated using machine shop results.     

Thermal analysis of a ceramic coating diesel engine piston using 3-D finite element method

In this study, firstly, thermal analyses are investigated on a conventional (uncoated) diesel piston, made of aluminum silicon alloy and steel. Secondly, thermal analyses are performed on pistons, coated with MgO-ZrO₂ material by means of using a commercial code, namely ANSYS. Finally, the results of four different pistons are compared with each other. The effects of coatings on the thermal behaviors of the pistons are investigated. It has been shown that the maximum surface temperature of the coated piston with material which has low thermal conductivity is improved approximately 48% for the AlSi alloy and 35% for the steel.     

基于有限元分析的汽车覆盖件模具设计及优化

介绍了静力隐式弹塑性有限元板料成形软件AutoForm的基本理论和关键技术。利用AutoForm软件实现了汽车覆盖件模具设计,包括模具压料面、工艺补充面以及拉延筋设计,完成了覆盖件成形过程模拟及优化,改变了传统的在有限元模拟后依靠CAD软件频繁进行模具修改的方法。在有限元软件内部实现了模具的参数化设计,既缩短了模具设计时间,又提高了模具设计可靠性。     

A three-dimensional steady-state finite element analysis of square die extrusion by using automatic mesh generation

Steady-state finite element analysis is made for three-dimensional hot extrusion of sections through square dies by using an automatic mesh generator which can generate three-dimensional meshes by shifting two-dimensional meshes. In industrial practice, the design of extrusion dies is still an art rather than science, especially for complicated profiles, because the die design for a new extrusion is developed from previous experience and in-plant trials. The objective of this study is to develop a steady-state finite element method for hot extrusion through square dies, and to provide a theoretical basis for an optimal die design and process control for the extrusion technology. In the present investigation, steady-state assumption is used for both the analyses of deformation and temperature. The analysis of temperature distribution includes heat transfer, and is carried out by decoupling from the analysis of deformation. Convection link element is adopted for the heat transfer analysis between the billet and the container, and also between the billet and the die. Computations are carried out for solid and hollow extrusion of several sections. The present method of analysis has been shown to provide good results comparable with the non-steady-state method with reduced computation time. Distributions of temperature, effective strain rate, velocity and mean stress are discussed for effective design of an extrusion die.     

环件轧制过程的显式有限元模拟分析

用于金属成形模拟的有限元方程的求解方法 ,主要有隐式和显式积分两种方法。对于复杂的三维变形分析 ,如环件轧制 ,隐式方法需要很长的运行时间。而利用显式方法 ,可以达到很好的效果。本文利用Abaqus /Ex plicit通用有限元程序对径向环轧进行了模拟。     

板料成形多步反向模拟法的中间构型与运动约束

考虑到一步反向模拟法无法考虑变形历史的影响、无法计算各中间步之间的应变等信息,文章提出一种新型的多步反向模拟法。根据当前工步凸凹模信息,采用最小面积法,并结合可行域二次序列规划算法(FSQP)快速获取当前工步零件的构型。提出一种基于重心坐标的穿越搜索策略来提高接触搜索速度,计算复杂度仅为O(n1/d)(d为网格所在空间的维数)。提出的快速接触搜索算法来实现中间构型各个节点在约束滑移面上的移动,其理论成果成功地在自行开发的板料成形反向模拟法软件InverStamp/Multi-step模块中实现。在圆筒形件多步拉深实例中,通过中间工序及最终成形零件厚度分布与基于增量理论的LS-DYNA求解器计算结果的比较,验证了多步反向模拟法的有效性。     

基于理想形变理论的有限元逆算法在板料成形中的应用

基于理想形变理论,研究了金属板料成形的有限元逆算法,并开发了计算程序.采用线性三角形膜单元和厚向异性的刚塑性材料模型,计算了一个带凸缘的方盒形件,并与Dvnaform的一步逆向法和增量法的计算结果进行了比较.实例分析结果表明,在工程允许精度范围内,本文方法能够有效分析零件的成形性能.由于该方法计算速度快,所以可用于零件...     

AZ31镁合金薄壁管挤压成形过程有限元模拟

采用Gleeble-1500热-力学模拟试验机进行等温压缩实验所得AZ31镁合金应力--应变数据,建立材料变形的数学模型,拟合出材料温成形应力--应变曲线.应用有限元法模拟AZ31镁合金薄壁管的挤压成形,坯料的成形流变性能按其数学模型施加于MSC-Superform的材料库中,其中着重探讨AZ31镁合金挤压成形过程中,温度、速度、润滑以及模具形状等因素对金属流动的影响,为管类零件挤压成形工艺提供科学的依据.