废动植物油工业化生产生物柴油的研究

以废动植物油为原料,研究了在自制DYD催化剂作用下,生产生物柴油的原理和方法、最佳生产工艺、分析方法、产品质量以及在柴油机上的试验情况,在最佳工艺条件下,转化率达到97%以上.测试结果表明,所生产的生物柴油,其各项性能指标都达到美国同类产品的标准(D6751-03a),在动力性、经济性基本不变的情况下,其环保性能指标明显改善,完全能在柴油机上广泛应用.     

餐饮废油与甲醇/乙醇混合液制备生物柴油的工艺条件研究

以餐饮废油为原料,甲醇/乙醇混合液为酯交换剂,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂制备生物柴油的工艺及机理。该试验表明制备生物柴油的最适宜工艺条件为醇油摩尔比10/1,甲醇与乙醇摩尔比为7/3,催化剂用量占餐饮废油质量的7%,反应时间2 h,反应温度80℃,在此条件下通过甘油含量的测定得出生物柴油产率达到97.2%。研究发现甲醇/乙醇混合液作为酯交换剂具有良好的协同效应,乙醇的加入解决了甲醇在油中溶解性差的问题,而甲醇减轻了乙醇在反应过程中易乳化的缺陷,从而可显著提高生物柴油的产率。对自制生物柴油的性能指标进行检测,发现其具有较高纯度,并且主要性能指标符合生物柴油国家标准。     

应用响应面法优化生物柴油的制备

选取反应时间、醇油摩尔比和催化剂用量3个因素进行中心组合设计,运用响应面法对大豆油酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺参数进行了优化。利用Design Expert软件对生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯含量的二次多项数学模型解逆矩阵分析得出,生物柴油制备的最适条件为:反应时间78min,醇油摩尔比6.8∶1,催化剂用量1.2%(相对于油脂质量),反应温度65℃。放大试验所得生物柴油的各项性能指标基本达到国外同类产品的标准,并与我国0#柴油(GB252-1994优能品)的主要性能指标接近。     

蓖麻油制备生物柴油及其性能研究

本文对蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺进行了研究,得出在醇油摩尔比为6∶1,反应时间为6h,反应温度为45℃,催化剂用量为蓖麻油重的0.8%的条件下,生物柴油的产率可达到96%.通过与矿物柴油理化性能指标的比较,生物柴油的多项指标均优于矿物柴油.     

大豆油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了植物油在NaOH作用下与甲醇反应生成生物柴油的过程 ,研究了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量和反应温度等操作条件对反应的影响 ,采用气相色谱法检测不同反应时刻产品中油酸甲酯的含量。试验结果表明 ,该反应最适宜的操作条件为 :常温、醇油摩尔 6∶1、催化剂用量为原料油质量的 1 0 %。放大试验所得生物柴油的各项性能指标基本达到国外同类产品的标准 ,并与我国0 # 柴油 (GB2 5 2 - 1994 ,优级品 )的主要性能指标相接近。     

对甲苯磺酸/活性炭催化地沟油制备生物柴油的研究

采用浸渍法制备了活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸催化剂,用于催化地沟油与甲醇反应制备生物柴油,分别采用单因素实验和正交实验对反应条件进行了优化,并分析测试了所制备生物柴油的主要性能指标。确定适宜的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比20∶1,催化剂用量4%,反应温度70℃,反应时间4h;在此条件下,地沟油酯化率达95.86%。制备的生物柴油性能指标均在国家生物柴油标准范围内。     

黄连木油的提取及其制备生物柴油的研究

研究了黄连木油的提取条件和以黄连木油制备生物柴油的工艺.结果表明:油提取最佳条件:石油醚体积与种籽质量比5:1,反应时间为2 h,反应温度为70℃,黄连木得油率为31.8%;应用L9(34)正交试验得出黄连木油酯交换反应的最佳条件为:油醇物质的量比1:6、催化剂用量为油质量的1.2%、反应时间2 h、反应温度60℃,转化率为96.0%.并对生物柴油性能指标进行了检测,它与0#柴油的主要性能指标相接近,它是一种理想的0#柴油的替代品.     

正交试验与神经网络结合优化生物柴油的制备工艺

采用酯交换法制备棉籽油生物柴油,利用正交试验获得的数据作为神经网络的训练样本,以工艺参数为输入、生物柴油产率为输出,建立三层BP神经网络,训练好的模型用来预测已确定的最佳制备条件（醇油比6：1,催化剂用量1．0％,反应温度40℃,反应时间60min）下的产率,预测产率为96．8％,三次平行试验的平均产率为96．1％,预测值与试验值相对误差仅为0．7％。所得生物柴油主要性能指标与我国生物柴油国家标准（GB／T20828-2007）基本一致。     

"地沟油"碱法催化试制生物柴油的研究

本文初步探讨了以“地沟油”为原料，以NaOH为催化剂催化甲酯化制备生物柴油的工艺条件。所得产品具有较好的柴油机燃烧特性。     

油莎豆油的提取及应用研究

生物柴油是利用生物质生产的能源,它是一种清洁燃料。通过对油莎豆油的提取试验和酯交换反应条件的正交试验的研究,考察了反应条件对生物柴油产率的影响。结果表明,油莎豆抽提时间控制在12 h左右,抽提效果好。油莎豆油制备生物柴油的适宜工艺条件为醇油摩尔比6∶1,催化剂用量1.1%,反应温度45℃,反应时间55min。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the