Distributed dynamic consensus under quantized communication data

Distributed dynamic average consensus is investigated under quantized communication data. We use a uniform quantizer with constant quantization step‐size to deal with the saturation caused by the dynamic consensus error and propose a communication feedback‐based distributed consensus protocol suitable for directed time‐varying topologies to make the internal state of each agent's encoder consistent with the output of its neighbors' decoder. For the case where the communication topology is directed, balanced and periodically connected, it is shown that if the difference of the reference inputs satisfies some boundedness condition, then the designed quantized dynamic consensus protocol can ensure the states of all the agents achieve dynamic average consensus with arbitrarily small steady state error by properly choosing system parameters. The lower bound of the required quantization levels and the method to choose the system parameters are also presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

H.263自适应量化和可变长编码的最优化设计

该文首先概述了低码率图象编码标准H．263,然后着重讨论了自适应量化以及Huffman编码的联合优化设计,其中包括算法设计流程和相应的实现代码,最后给出了有关的实验结果和分析,结果表明该算法能有效地加快编码和解码器的运行速度,同时又能保证一定的图象质量。     

A frame-level encoder rate control scheme for transform domain Wyner-Ziv video coding

Available distributed video coding codecs are mostly based on decoder rate control scheme where the parity bits for decoding can be achieved over a feedback channel. Meanwhile, the frequent requests over feedback channel increase the transmission delay. The feedback-free distributed video coding, relying on encoder rate control in literatures, has overcome the aforementioned shortcoming. However, when performing parity bitrate estimation and other operations, the feedback-free distributed video coding systems based on bit-plane usually require high precision of bitrate estimation and high quality of side information at the encoder. In this paper, we propose a frame-level distributed video coding system based on encoder rate control. The innovations include three parts: 1) an adaptive coding mode selection algorithm is proposed, which utilizes both temporal and spatial correlation and reduces the complexity of encoder; 2) a bit-plane rearrangement method is adopted, which makes the coding rate on each bit-plane homogeneous and effectively reduces the accuracy requirement of the parity bitrate prediction and improves the efficiency of rate estimation; 3) a frame-level parity bitrate estimation scheme is presented to enhance the efficiency of rate estimation on the basis of a look-up table. Numerical results verify that the proposed scheme remarkably improves the rate distortion performance of distributed video coding at low bitrate.     

集成超分辨率重建的图像压缩编码新型框架及其实现

提出一种集成超分辨率重建的图像压缩编码新型框架。在编码端对输入图像以因子2进行下采样,对下采样图像用JPEG标准编解码,而后采用事先通过外部训练库训练得到的字典,对解码后的图像进行基于学习的超分辨率重建。为了进一步提高解码重建图像质量,在算法框架中设计了反馈环节,即在编码端用原始图像减去超分辨率重建图像得到残差辅助图像,在解码端用该残差辅助图像弥补在超分辨率图像重建环节中损失的高频细节信息,在保证残差辅助图像较低编码比特率的情况下,大幅度提高了解码重建图像质量。此外,还实现了框架图像编码控制量化参数的单一化,实用性较强。实验结果表明,算法较JPEG标准在相同峰值信噪比的情况下,编码比特率大幅度降低,压缩倍数提高较多。     

Communication Scheduling and Remote Estimation With Adversarial Intervention

We study a communication scheduling and remote estimation problem within a worst-case scenario that involves a strategic adversary. Specially, a remote sensing system consisting of a sensor, an encoder and a decoder is configured to observe, transmit, and recover a discrete time stochastic process. At each time step, the sensor makes an observation on the state variable of the stochastic process. The sensor is constrained by the number of transmissions over the time horizon, and thus it needs to decide whether to transmit its observation or not after making each measurement. If the sensor decides to transmit, it sends the observation to the encoder, who then encodes and transmits the observation to the decoder. Otherwise, the sensor and the encoder maintain silence. The decoder is required to generate a real-time estimate on the state variable. The sensor, the encoder, and the decoder collaborate to minimize the sum of the communication cost for the sensor, the encoding cost for the encoder, and the estimation error for the decoder. There is also a jammer interfering with the communication between the encoder and the decoder, by injecting an additive channel noise to the communication channel. The jammer is charged for the jamming power and is rewarded for the estimation error generated by the decoder, and it aims to minimize its net cost. We consider a feedback Stackelberg game with the sensor, the encoder, and the decoder as the composite leader, and the jammer as the follower. Under some technical assumptions, we obtain a feedback Stackelberg solution, which is threshold based for the scheduler, and piecewise affine for the encoder and the decoder. We also generate numerical results to demonstrate the performance of the remote sensing system under the feedback Stackelberg solution.      

Control strategy with adaptive quantizer’s parameters under digital communication channels

A stabilizing controller designed without considering quantization may not be effectively implemented for the systems with quantized information due to quantization errors. Hence, an interesting issue is how to design the quantizer such that the desired system performance can be still attained by the above controller. In this work, a new control strategy with on-line updating the quantizer’s parameter is proposed. This scheme may ensure the controlled system to attain the same dynamic performance, _H∞$H_{\infty }$ disturbance attenuation level, as the one without signal quantization. A practical adjusting rule on quantizer’s parameter is proposed such that the state-dependent parameter is available on both sides of encoder/decoder. Finally, some numerical examples have been provided to illustrate the present control scheme.     

Network-driven low complexity coding for wireless multi-view video system

For wireless multi-view video system, which has very limited capability for storage and computation at the encoder, it is essential to design a video coding scheme with low complexity. Wyner-Ziv (WZ) coding scheme shifts large computational complexities to decoder with side information reconstruction, however, its encoding efficiency is not high enough. To obtain higher encoding efficiency and lower encoding complexity for wireless multi-view video applications, a network-driven low complexity video coding method is proposed in the paper. The proposed method is designed to implement color correction, motion vector extrapolation and disparity extraction at the central node of network, so as to reduce large computational complexities of motion estimation at the encoder and disparity estimation at the decoder. Experimental results show that encoding efficiency of the proposed method is higher than those of WZ coding and H.264 intraframe coding methods. The encoding complexity of the proposed method is greatly decreased and the decoded views are of color consistency, which is favorable to high quality view rendering at the decoder.     

n-bit stabilization of n-dimensional nonlinear systems in feedforward form

A methodology is presented which allows to design encoder, decoder and controller for stabilizing a nonlinear system in feedforward form using saturated encoded state feedback basically under standard assumption, namely local Lipschitz property of the vector field defining the system. n (respectively, n + 1) bits are used to encode the state information needed to the purpose of semiglobally (globally) stabilizing an n-dimensional system. Minimality of the data rate is discussed.     

BCH编译码器在NANDFlash控制器中的应用研究

针对空间应用对固态存储器中ECC校验在计算速度和纠错能力上的要求,提出了一种应用在NANDFlash控制器中的高速并行BCH编译码器。文中采用了一种独特的译码器架构,并改进了计算伴随式的算法,先利用编码电路计算出伴随多项式,再利用译码电路计算出伴随式。与直接计算出伴随式的译码器相比,虽然译码时间略有增加,但却能明显减少资源的占用量。结合采用其他一些节省资源和提高运行速度的措施,使该译码器的设计更适应空间应用的需要。     

基于不同排序方法的快速霍夫曼编码硬件实现

针对软件霍夫曼静态编码计算量大,而动态霍夫曼编码使得解码器同样复杂的缺点,提出了一种准动态霍夫曼硬件编码器。该编码器每次对一组数据序列进行静态编码,然后将编码并行输出,从而使得编码器具有较高的编码速度,而其延迟时间仅为一次编码过程的总时间。首先,为了充分利用硬件并行特性,分别使用动态排序和静态排序两种排序网络,以适应不同场合的编码需要。然后,使用数据流驱动的硬件二叉树构建和解析结构得到信源符号对应的霍夫曼编码。最后,将储存在FIFO中的输入数据查表并输出。设计结果表明,当使用Nexys4 DDR平台时,该编码器可以工作于100MHz以上的频率,同时具有吞吐高、延迟低、编码效率高和译码器简单的特性。     

Feedback-free rate-allocation scheme for transform domain Wyner–Ziv video coding

In most existing Wyner–Ziv video coding schemes, a feedback channel (FC) is expected at the decoder in order to allocate a proper bit rate for each Wyner–Ziv frame. However, FC not only results in additional latency but also increases decoding complexity due to the several feedback-decoding iterations. Moreover, FC may be unavailable in many practical video applications. In this paper, we propose a novel feedback-free rate-allocation scheme for transform domain Wyner–Ziv video coding (TD-WZVC), which predicts the rate for each Wyner–Ziv frame at the encoder without significantly increasing the complexity of the encoder. First, a correlation estimation model is presented to characterize the relationship between the source frame and the reference frame estimated at the encoder in TD-WZVC. Then, an efficient FC-free rate-allocation algorithm is proposed and a linear model is built to avoid both overestimation and underestimation of the real rate and obtain an optimal rate-distortion performance. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is able to achieve a good encoder rate allocation while still maintaining consistent coding efficiency.     

Stabilization of switched nonlinear systems with dynamic output quantization and disturbances

This paper studies the problem of quantized output feedback stabilization for a disturbed discrete‐time switched system. With the quantized output measurement, an extended state current estimator is constructed to estimate the state and disturbance. In the presence of switches and disturbances, the design of quantization scheme becomes a big challenge to avoid the quantizer saturation and guarantee the control precision. In this setup, the well‐applied time‐triggered method to design the update policy of dynamic quantization parameter is hard to implement. We solve the above problem by proposing a novel event‐triggered update policy of quantization parameter, by which the quantizer update is adaptive to the switching signal and the bound of disturbance difference. Consequently, the quantizer saturation is avoided and, combined with the designed dwell‐time switching law, the system state can converge to the origin. The proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

实现基于RTCP协议的参考图象法的探讨

目前视频图象在 IP分组网中的传输正被日益广泛地应用 (如 :视频电话、视频会议 ) .但是 ,由于 IP分组网固有的特点 ,致使 IP分组包丢失的现象不可避免 ,并极大地影响了视频传输的服务质量 .由于参考图象选择法RPS(Reference Picture Selection)是一种较好的视频图象差错复原的方法 ,因此 ,为了改善因分组包丢失而对视频传输带来的质量下降问题 ,利用 RTCP协议提供反馈信息和利用参考图象选择法进行视频图象复原 ,实现了一种在 IP分组网中进行视频传输的差错控制机制 .实践证明 ,通过这种方法不仅可减小因分组包丢失而对视频图象信息带来的损害 ,而且可提高视频图象的传输质量 ,此方法适用于基于分组网的视频传输系统 .     

Distortion of neural signals by spike coding

Analog neural signals must be converted into spike trains for transmission over electrically leaky axons. This spike encoding and subsequent decoding leads to distortion. We quantify this distortion by deriving approximate expressions for the mean square error between the inputs and outputs of a spiking link. We use integrate-and-fire and Poisson encoders to convert naturalistic stimuli into spike trains and spike count and inter-spike interval decoders to generate reconstructions of the stimulus. The distortion expressions enable us to compare these spike coding schemes over a large parameter space. We verify that the integrate-and-fire encoder is more effective than the Poisson encoder. The disparity between the two encoders diminishes as the stimulus coefficient of variation (CV) increases, at which point, the variability attributed to the stimulus overwhelms the variability attributed to Poisson statistics. When the stimulus CV is small, the interspike interval decoder is superior, as the distortion resulting from spike count decoding is dominated by a term that is attributed to the discrete nature of the spike count. In this regime, additive noise has a greater impact on the interspike interval decoder than the spike count decoder. When the stimulus CV is large, the average signal excursion is much larger than the quantization step size, and spike count decoding is superior.     

Error Resilient 3-D Mesh Compression

An error resilient three-dimensional (3-D) mesh coding system is proposed in this paper. The encoder uses a shape adaptive data partitioning scheme to alleviate the effect of error propagation. An input mesh surface is coarsely divided into smooth and detailed regions, and each region is further divided into partitions of similar sizes. Then, those partitions are progressively compressed and their joint boundaries are compressed using the boundary edge collapse rule. At the decoder, the boundary edge collapse rule facilitates the seamless assembly of the partitions. When no data is available for a partition due to transmission errors, we employ a concealment scheme based on the projection onto convex sets (POCS) theory. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm reconstructs 3-D mesh surfaces faithfully even in severe error prone environments.     

Quantized stabilizing control of state-dependent switching affine systems with control-input and state-measurement quantization

This paper addresses stability analysis and quantized stabilization of discrete-time state-dependent switching affine systems with quantized control inputs and state measurements. The employed controller is in a mode-dependent affine form to improve the adaptation to the mode of the controlled system and then to acquire less conservative results. The quantization scheme is considered to be logarithmic and synchronized with the mode switching of the switching affine system and the controller. Aiming at achieving lower conservative criteria, a mode-dependent Lyapunov function incorporating quantization uncertainties is constructed. Correspondingly, the stability analysis and the stabilizing control synthesis are implemented. In the end, the proposed quantized control strategy is applied to a vehicle path-following problem to exemplify its effectiveness and robustness against data quantization in control inputs and state measurements.     

Networked control systems for multi-input plants based on polar logarithmic quantization

This paper investigates the use of polar logarithmic quantization (PLQ) for multi-input systems, and the corresponding design issues for the underlying networked control system (NCS). It is shown that the PLQ induces sector bounded nonlinear uncertainties in multiplicative and relative forms for vector-valued analog signals, similar to those in the scalar case. For the two-input NCS, optimal quantization is obtained through minimization of the quantization error that is quantified explicitly. The results are extended to more than two-input NCSs with an upper bound derived for the quantization error. Feedback stabilization and control of the NCS are also investigated under the PLQ at the plant input under state feedback. The coarsest quantization density (CQD) is studied and obtained. Results in this paper are illustrated by a numerical example.     

A joint encoder–decoder framework for supporting energy efficient audio decoding

In comparison with the relatively slow progress of battery technology, semiconductor memory has improved much more rapidly, making storage a less critical limiting factor in designing low power embedded systems such as PDAs. To exploit such technology trends, we present a novel framework, a joint encoder–decoder framework (JEDF), which allows the decoder to tradeoff energy and memory consumption without sacrificing playback quality. We employ sum-of-powers-of-two (SOPOT) technique, an approximate signal processing (ASP) technique, in an MPEG AAC decoder to reduce the computational workload. The SOPOT introduces additional ASP noise (in the decoder) on top of the quantization noise introduced in the process of lossy compression (in the encoder). The sum of these two kinds of noise may become audible when it exceeds the masking threshold. We tackle this problem from a new perspective: the proposed JEDF allows the ASP and quantization noises to be shaped jointly to match the masking threshold. In the case that the perceptual room between the masking threshold and the quantization noise is insufficient for the ASP noise, the JEDF can reduce the quantization noise level which results in an increase in bitrate. To implement the proposed scheme, we have developed two new techniques: (1) SOPOT truncation noise shaping; (2) truncation noise allocation based on a perceptual model. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our approach.     

数字水印信道分类及其信道容量分析

在数字水印理论模型研究过程中,将数字水印系统看作一种通信系统,将信道的概念引入数字水印系统,形成数字水印信道,通过对水印信道容量的研究来指导数字水印系统中嵌入算法及攻击算法的设计。基于带边信息的水印信道模型,根据水印编码方和水印译码方是否知道水印的边信息(即信道状态信息),该文将数字水印信道归纳为4类：编译码双方都不知道边信息的水印信道,仅编码方知道边信息的水印信道,编码方和译码双方都知道边信息的水印信道,仅译码方知道边信息的水印信道。对相应的水印信道容量进行了分类讨论,结果证明,这一类含水印强度因子的水印信道容量是水印强度因子的单调函数。