Investigations Concerning the Maximum Filling Degree of Dangerous Goods Packagings for Hazardous Liquids

The dangerous goods regulations UN/ADR 6.1.5.5.4 (a) prescribe a maximum filling degree for determining the test pressure for the hydraulic pressure test by real measurements. The assumption is that the maximum filling degree of the liquid phase is the worst case concerning the gauge pressure. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the filling degree on the gauge pressure. Gauge pressure measurements and calculations for different substances were carried out at different filling degrees for a steel drum and a steel jerrican (heating up from 15°C to 55°C). The assumption that the maximum filling degree is the most critical is only valid for relatively rigid packagings: If the relative expansion of the packaging is smaller than the volume increase of the liquid phase due to heating up, the gauge pressure increases with increasing filling degree. But the opposite is true for relatively flexible packagings: If the relative expansion of the packaging exceeds the relative volume expansion of the liquid, the gauge pressure increases for decreasing filling degrees. The current regulations for the hydraulic test pressure determination at a maximum filing degree do not lead to the intended safety level. For a lower level than the maximum filling degree, the prescribed safety factor of 1.5 is not respected. Under transport conditions, it is possible that the inner gauge pressure exceeds the test pressure. This can result in a failure of the packaging. There is a need to reconsider the regulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement of Helium Leakage Rates through Closures of Dangerous Goods Packagings for the Assessment of Potentially Explosive Mixtures in Freight Containers

The objective was to find out whether an explosive atmosphere can be created in a freight container by gaseous leakage flow of vapour‐air‐mixture through leaks in the closures of dangerous goods packagings filled with hazardous liquids. Because of high temperatures during intercontinental carriage, there is a gauge pressure in the free vapour phase inside the packagings which can cause a gaseous leakage flow. Two different methods were applied: Helium limit leakage rates for 23 quantitatively important hazardous liquids concerning their lower explosion limit (LEL) were calculated for a worst case transport scenario (Method 1). Helium leakage rates of five closure types of dangerous goods packagings with volumes of approximately 6 l were measured using the pressure technique by accumulation (Method 2). All types of closures of steel packagings were uncritical. The maximum measured leakage was 33% of the limit leakage rate. The leakage rates of screw closures of plastic jerricans can exceed the LEL if there are production‐related patterns such as non‐concentricity of the closures and flashes on the neck. Especially for plastic packagings it is important to minimize gaseous leakage flow, because an explosive atmosphere can also be reached by permeation of the individual filling substance or by a combination of both effects. For the assessment of potentially explosive mixtures in freight containers, both mass transfer mechanisms have to be taken into account. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

危险货物运输包装救助包装的使用探讨

目的为了降低危险货物运输及流转过程中的包装使用风险,对救助包装的安全使用进行探讨。方法总结危险货物救助包装的检验要求,并结合救助包装的应用实例,分析救助包装使用过程中存在的主要问题。结果救助包装的安全使用可以在一定程度上确保出现问题的危险货物包装的流转安全,最大程度降低意外事故造成的危险性和经济损失,减少了次生危害。结论有关救助包装的使用探讨,提出了救助包装使用过程中的注意问题,从而可以有效地加强对危险货物的安全管理。     

Sift‐proofness of Dangerous Goods Packagings – An Incompletely Defined Requirement

Sift‐proofness is a requirement for different types of dangerous goods packagings for solid substances according to the international Dangerous Goods Regulations. In these regulations, a sift‐proof packaging is defined as a packaging that is completely impermeable to dry contents. This means indirectly that absolutely no mass transport of solid substances is allowed. Moreover, this requirement applies both to the original filling substance and to fine solid material generated during transport. Further specifications, test conditions or tolerable limit values are not given. This is in contrast to physical principles and the usual practice in other fields of technology in which sift‐proofness is relevant. This paper shows the necessary steps for how the requirements for sift‐proofness of dangerous goods packagings can be defined more precisely. Physical basics of the term ‘sift‐proofness’ are explained. A qualitative as well as a quantitative approach is possible. In any case, it is essential to carry out appropriate vibration tests to assess the sift‐proofness. There is a need for systematical investigations of the sift‐proofness of dangerous goods packagings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

危险货物包装检测分析与实践

危险货物包装种类、材质、规格不一,其性能测试要求也不一样。在不影响检测结果准确性的前提下,可用模拟物替代实际内装物质或物品进行测试。危险货物包装的性能检测主要包括跌落试验、气密试验、液压试验、堆码试验,分别对应于危险货物包装所应具备的抗冲击、密封性、耐内压和强度等性能要求。在检测时,应注意其试验要求、试验条件、合格判定准则及检测关键控制点。检测实践发现,危险货物包装检测不合格主要有:瓦楞纸箱堆码检测不合格,塑料桶液压测试不合格,钢塑复合桶液压测试不合格,钢桶跌落测试及液压测试不合格,纸板桶跌落测试不合格等。未来包装检测应朝着标准化、规范化和科学化方向发展,尽量减少人为因素的影响。     

Leakproofness of dangerous goods packagings—comparison of worst‐case limit leakage rates and sensitivity of the bubble test

This work focuses on the question if the bubble test prescribed in the Dangerous Goods Regulations has sufficient sensitivity to detect leakage rates, which could result in the formation of explosive atmospheres during transport. The sensitivity of the bubble test is not directly comparable with other leak testing methods because of its different flow conditions. Therefore, a normalized minimum detectable leakage rate under Helium test conditions is calculated for the bubble test. This sensitivity of the bubble test under reference conditions is compared with limit leakage rates for a worst‐case transport scenario. The sensitivity of the bubble test is not sufficient to prove the limit leakage rates for 6‐L packagings. The formation of explosive vapour‐air‐mixtures cannot be excluded. Therefore, more sensitive leak testing methods should be considered for smaller packaging design types.     

危险货物包装检测关键点分析与质量控制

目的控制危险货物包装检测关键点来保证性能检验质量。方法根据危险货物包装种类并结合其性能检验过程中的难点,逐一对其6项常规性能测试指标进行分析。结果归纳和提炼了危险货物包装检测的关键点并在实际检测工作中加以应用。结论对于危险货物包装检验鉴定机构以及生产企业做好产品质量检验具有较强的现实指导意义。     

Industrial leak testing of dangerous goods packagings

The Dangerous Goods Regulations currently do not include limit leakage rates or sensitivity requirements for industrial leak testing procedures that are equivalent to the bubble test, which is the prescribed test method for design type testing of dangerous goods packagings. During series production of such packagings, various methods are used, which often do not meet the requirements of the bubble test with regard to important criteria. Sensitivity, flow direction, pressure level and automatability are particularly important factors when selecting a suitable industrial leak testing method. The following methods are in principle both suitable and equally effective as the bubble test: pressure rise test (vacuum chamber), ultrasonic bubble leak detection and gas detection methods (pressure technique by accumulation and vacuum chamber technique). To ensure a uniform test level during design type testing and production line leak testing and therefore a comparable safety level as required by the Dangerous Goods Regulations, it is necessary to include a more precise specification in these regulations. This requires, on the one hand, information about the sensitivity of the bubble test and, on the other hand, the inclusion of a list of suitable, equally effective industrial test methods with their specific boundary conditions.     

危险品包装的发展及常见质量问题探讨

介绍了危险品包装的含义及发展趋势,针对多种形式的危险品包装在检测过程中的常见质量问题,进行了原因分析。并结合危险品包装的发展趋势,为危险品包装的实验室检测提出了应对建议,以期为危险品包装生产者及相关方提供借鉴。     

包装测试中的危险品包装试验

为了保护环境，危险品包装件在进入流通领域前必须进行测试。文章综述了危险品包装通用的试验方法及要求，并以一个特殊的危险品包装件为例，描述了其整个试验过程以及对试验结果的评价。     

Validation of an Alternative Method for Testing the Chemical Compatibility of Liquids with Polyethylene Packagings for Dangerous Goods

Safety risks may ensue when the chemicals contained in polyethylene packagings ^a age and damage them. To prevent subsequent accidents, the European Dangerous Goods Regulations have laid down requirements for testing the chemical compatibility of liquid dangerous goods transported in polyethylene packagings. The test procedures include 6 months in which the chemical is prestored in the packaging. After this time, the respective design‐type tests are performed. Alternative methods with so‐called standard liquids, simulating the different types of damaging effects, are also possible. If a packaging has successfully passed the design type tests with a standard liquid, other dangerous goods may also be transported in this packaging, as long as it is demonstrated that they have a less damaging effect than the standard liquid. However, in this area there is only little information and research available. A new potentially effective and time‐saving method for comparing the stress crack damaging influence of liquids with standard liquids was proposed by a major German chemical company. The validation of this method, which was carried out on two polyethylene materials, showed the general applicability of the method. Two kinds of wetting solutions were applied to simulate cracking under stress. The influence of prestorage, test temperatures, wetting agents and material was examined. FEM calculations were carried out to ascertain the influence of the sample shape. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison between Material Parameters of Polyethylene Grades and the Test Performance Behaviour of Packaging for the Transport of Dangerous Goods

For the characterization and the comparison of polyethylene grades used for the manufacture of packaging and intermediate bulk container, the following parameters are required: melt flow rate (MFR), density (D), low‐temperature notched impact strength, full notch creep test (FNCT) and increase of MFR by molecular degradation (resistance to oxidative degradation). The relationship between these material parameters determined on the basis of specimens prepared from compression‐moulded sheets of polyethylene grades and the test behaviour of packaging has been investigated in several tests. The environmental stress crack resistance determined by FNCT represents the impacts from the stacking tests performed with standard liquid wetting solution (without pre‐storage) and with normal butyl‐acetate‐saturated wetting solution (pre‐storage with normal butyl acetate). Resistance to molecular degradation by the determination of MFR increase is related to the impacts in drop tests and stacking tests performed after pre‐storage for 21 days with standard liquid 55% nitric acid at 40°C. The low‐temperature impact strength is directly comparable with the impacts in drop tests at ?18°C performed without pre‐storage and after pre‐storage with 55% nitric acid. A partly good relationship was found between the test results and the material parameters. Conditioning the design types with 55% nitric acid for 21 days causes an increase in the marginal drop heights of the design types in drop tests at ?18°C when compared with design types without pre‐storage. Post‐cross‐linking of the grades increases stiffness because of the acidic influence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中散包装与危险品包装生命周期评价比较研究

对中散包装与危险品包装生命周期进行了评价研究。利用Simapro 软件对2 种固体危险货物包装形式———一般包装(瓦楞纸箱)和中型散装容器(纤维板箱IBC)进行了生命周期分析,并将结果进行了对比。可以看出中型散装容器与一般包装相比优势明显,在分析所涉及的11 个环境类别的影响上均小于一般包装,其中,差距最大的为臭氧层耗竭损害,仅为一般包装的60%,最小的为酸化/ 富营养化,为一般包装的90%。结果显示IBC 优势明显,在大量货物运输的过程中,若2 种包装类型均能达到运输效果,应选取对环境影响较小的IBC 进行运输。     

出口危险货物包装使用鉴定中常见的问题与对策

为了提高出口危险货物的包装质量,指出了出口危险货物包装使用鉴定中常见的问题,分析了造成这些不合格问题的原因,并分别指出了出口企业和出入境检验检疫部门应当采取的对策。     

Comparison of the Material Parameters of Polyethylene Grades with the Test Performance Behaviour of Packagings for the Transport of Dangerous Goods in Relation to the Pre‐Storage Time with 55% Nitric Acid

The material parameters melt flow rate (MFR), density (D), notched impact strength (NIS) at –30°C, stress crack resistance [determined with the Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT)] and resistance to oxidative degradation (Ox) have been selected for a comparison of polyethylene grades in the European standard EN 15507. These parameters have a relationship with design type tests of packagings for the transport of dangerous goods. This paper presents the results of additional investigations to determine the impact of the pre‐storage time of jerricans with 55% nitric acid at 40°C and 23°C on the marginal drop heights in drop tests at –18°C, on the MFR and on the tensile properties. Jerricans made of different polyethylene grades were pre‐stored with 55% nitric acid for 21, 42 and 84 days at 40°C and for six months at 23°C. The tests showed that the NIS values at –30°C of polyethylene grades were not comparable with marginal drop heights determined in drop tests at –18°C. Pre‐damage with 55% nitric acid for 21 days at 40°C led to an increase in the marginal drop heights of the jerricans. Altering the test regulations by increasing pre‐storage time with 55% nitric acid to 42 days would be an alternative. The test results demonstrated clearly that pre‐storage of the jerricans for six months at 23°C caused a higher increase in the MFR and lower marginal drop heights for the jerricans when compared with pre‐stored jerricans for 21 days at 40°C. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

专用弹药集装箱的静电剖析

通过对海军专用弹药集装箱运输试验中的静电测量和剖析,阐述弹药在运输过程中产生静电的原因,证实了弹药在运输过程中的危险性。随着大量高阻抗的材料用于弹药包装,给弹药在流通过程中的安全带来了新的问题,所以对弹药和火工品的包装要采取有效的防静电措施。     

Using an Experimental Design to Identify and Quantify the Effects of Environment Related Test Parameters on the In Vitro Mucoadhesivity Testing of a Propanolol Buccal Tablet

ABSTRACT

This study sought to identify and quantify the effects of environmental test parameters on the mucoadhesivity of a propranolol tablet. Their effects on Maximum Detachment Force (MDF) measurements were evaluated using a Box-Behnken design matrix. Prehydration time (PT) had a statistically significant negative main effect while contact force (CF) had no significant effect on in vitro MDF measurements. While contact time (CT) had no significant main or quadratic effects, it had a positive interaction effect with PT. The mathematical model was statistically validated and a PT of 3.5 min and a CT of 5 min was proposed for mucoadhesion testing by the tensile method during formulation optimization.     

Using Impedance Spectroscopy to Assess the Viability of the Rapid Chloride Test for Determining Concrete Conductivity

The suitability of using the initial current from the rapid chloride test (ASTM C 1202) to determine specimen conductivity is tested using impedance spectroscopy with a frequency spectrum of 10 Hz to 1 MHz. The specimen conductivity has an analytical relationship to specimen diffusivity and so is a useful quantity in service life prediction. Measurements made on specimens of different lengths indicate that the total charge passed during the six hour conduction test carried out according to ASTM C 1202 is not a direct measure of specimen conductivity. Further, ohmic heating during the 6 hour test makes it nearly impossible to directly measure any specimen transport property from the results. The total charge passed during the 6 hour conduction test is, therefore, not a reliable quantity for service life prediction. Results indicate that the direct current (dc) measurement of resistance using a voltage of 60 V is sufficient to overwhelm polarization effects, thereby yielding an accurate estimate of the true specimen conductivity. Impedance spectroscopy measurements also indicate that corrosion may form on the brass electrodes, adding bias to a conductivity estimate based upon a dc measurement.