共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Eva Schlick-Hasper Marcel Neitsch Thomas Goedecke 《Packaging Technology and Science》2020,33(7):273-286
The Dangerous Goods Regulations currently do not include limit leakage rates or sensitivity requirements for industrial leak testing procedures that are equivalent to the bubble test, which is the prescribed test method for design type testing of dangerous goods packagings. During series production of such packagings, various methods are used, which often do not meet the requirements of the bubble test with regard to important criteria. Sensitivity, flow direction, pressure level and automatability are particularly important factors when selecting a suitable industrial leak testing method. The following methods are in principle both suitable and equally effective as the bubble test: pressure rise test (vacuum chamber), ultrasonic bubble leak detection and gas detection methods (pressure technique by accumulation and vacuum chamber technique). To ensure a uniform test level during design type testing and production line leak testing and therefore a comparable safety level as required by the Dangerous Goods Regulations, it is necessary to include a more precise specification in these regulations. This requires, on the one hand, information about the sensitivity of the bubble test and, on the other hand, the inclusion of a list of suitable, equally effective industrial test methods with their specific boundary conditions. 相似文献
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Eva Schlick‐Hasper Thomas Goedecke Matthias Kraume 《Packaging Technology and Science》2019,32(6):279-285
This work focuses on the question if the bubble test prescribed in the Dangerous Goods Regulations has sufficient sensitivity to detect leakage rates, which could result in the formation of explosive atmospheres during transport. The sensitivity of the bubble test is not directly comparable with other leak testing methods because of its different flow conditions. Therefore, a normalized minimum detectable leakage rate under Helium test conditions is calculated for the bubble test. This sensitivity of the bubble test under reference conditions is compared with limit leakage rates for a worst‐case transport scenario. The sensitivity of the bubble test is not sufficient to prove the limit leakage rates for 6‐L packagings. The formation of explosive vapour‐air‐mixtures cannot be excluded. Therefore, more sensitive leak testing methods should be considered for smaller packaging design types. 相似文献
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Eva Schlick‐Hasper Oliver Seidler Thomas Goedecke Matthias Kraume 《Packaging Technology and Science》2015,28(11):959-985
The objective was to find out whether an explosive atmosphere can be created in a freight container by gaseous leakage flow of vapour‐air‐mixture through leaks in the closures of dangerous goods packagings filled with hazardous liquids. Because of high temperatures during intercontinental carriage, there is a gauge pressure in the free vapour phase inside the packagings which can cause a gaseous leakage flow. Two different methods were applied: Helium limit leakage rates for 23 quantitatively important hazardous liquids concerning their lower explosion limit (LEL) were calculated for a worst case transport scenario (Method 1). Helium leakage rates of five closure types of dangerous goods packagings with volumes of approximately 6 l were measured using the pressure technique by accumulation (Method 2). All types of closures of steel packagings were uncritical. The maximum measured leakage was 33% of the limit leakage rate. The leakage rates of screw closures of plastic jerricans can exceed the LEL if there are production‐related patterns such as non‐concentricity of the closures and flashes on the neck. Especially for plastic packagings it is important to minimize gaseous leakage flow, because an explosive atmosphere can also be reached by permeation of the individual filling substance or by a combination of both effects. For the assessment of potentially explosive mixtures in freight containers, both mass transfer mechanisms have to be taken into account. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Gerhard Lschau 《Packaging Technology and Science》1989,2(1):49-53
The regulations for the packaging of dangerous goods, which are applicable world-wide for the various modes of transport, include performance tests. It is impossible to conduct laboratory tests for every environmental condition, but the tests can produce a conservative estimate of the situation during transport. This paper analyses the so-called leakproofness test as one of the design-type tests for packagings covered by the United Nations' (UN) recommendations for dangerous goods. 相似文献
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危险货物包装种类、材质、规格不一,其性能测试要求也不一样。在不影响检测结果准确性的前提下,可用模拟物替代实际内装物质或物品进行测试。危险货物包装的性能检测主要包括跌落试验、气密试验、液压试验、堆码试验,分别对应于危险货物包装所应具备的抗冲击、密封性、耐内压和强度等性能要求。在检测时,应注意其试验要求、试验条件、合格判定准则及检测关键控制点。检测实践发现,危险货物包装检测不合格主要有:瓦楞纸箱堆码检测不合格,塑料桶液压测试不合格,钢塑复合桶液压测试不合格,钢桶跌落测试及液压测试不合格,纸板桶跌落测试不合格等。未来包装检测应朝着标准化、规范化和科学化方向发展,尽量减少人为因素的影响。 相似文献
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Harri Mostyn 《Packaging Technology and Science》1988,1(2):99-103
The principle of uniformity in national and international transport regulations has now been widely recognized and implemented. Most features of the regulations are now fully operational e.g. in respect of classification, permitted packagings and maximum quantities, labelling etc. So far as packaging standards are concerned, 1990 is scheduled as the end of the transitional period. The major problem anticipated, that of the vast numbers of combination packagings needing testing and certifying, has hopefully been reduced to a level consistent with safety by the development of the UN limited quantity provisions, their adoption in the IMDG Code and the similar provisions in RID/ADR. The outstanding questions relate to air transport. Non-specification packagings have been acceptable in air transport under the transitional packaging arrangements since the ICAO Technical Instructions came into effect in 1983/84: these are often far larger in size than those covered in Chapter 15 of the UN Recommendations. As far as is known, the use of these non-specification packagings has not given rise to problems in air transport. It is hoped that the ICAO Dangerous Goods Panel will adopt practical limited quantity provisions from 31 December 1990. 相似文献
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危险品包装的安全监管与检测技术 总被引：1，自引：14，他引：1
包装是危险品物流及贸易的基础,从危险品包装的特殊功能和要求入手,综述了国内外关于危险品包装质量及安全监管方面的法律法规和标准,并归纳了相关的检测技术,提出了对提高危险品包装安全监管水平的若干思路. 相似文献
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Dinghuan Deng Zhaochang Gu Xiao Hu Shouyu Luo Yuxing Xia 《Journal of Modern Optics》2013,60(7):625-630
We experimentally demonstrated the generation of transform-limit Gaussian ultrashort pulses as short as 70 fs from a dispersion-managed mode-locked erbium-doped fibre (EDF) laser. The output spectrum is close to the Gaussian profile with a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) output of 49?nm, and the measured autocorrelation trace exhibits the Gaussian profile. The shortest pulse duration of 70 fs was observed after external recompression. The time-band product is 0.44, showing the best transform limit pulse. 相似文献
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目的提升山东地区出口危险货物包装检验监管水平,帮扶企业规避贸易风险、提高产品质量、扩大出口。方法根据山东地区2016年出口危险货物包装业务基本情况(包装检验46 424批,8799万件),总结业务变化(同比分别增长28.9%,27.1%)和检验的不合格信息。结果 2016年危险货物包装性能检验批次、数量分别同比增长了17.4%,13.8%;包装使用鉴定批次、数量分别同比增长了32.2%,64.5%。危险货物包装性能检验与使用鉴定之间成正比关系,性能检验逐年增长,相应的危险货物包装使用鉴定也随之出现了井喷式增长态势。结论归纳了天津\"8.12\"事件后山东地区业务激增原因和性能检验与使用鉴定不合格情况,从信息化、技术性贸易措施、安全特性检验管理3个方面提出了有针对性的对策建议。 相似文献
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目的 研究废旧车用锂电池运输包装箱的热安全性和优化措施.方法 以 15 组 1.6 kW·h方形锂电池模组为研究对象,按照P911、LP906 规范设计运输包装箱,并建立废旧车用锂电池运输包装箱模型,实验验证模型后进行温度场仿真分析,对包装箱集液槽、箱壁壁厚、隔热材料进行优化设计.结果 集液槽底部添加阻燃棉可解决温度超过 100℃问题,且箱体阻燃棉厚度为 15 mm和集液槽底部阻燃棉厚度为 40 mm优化效果最佳,改用纳米二氧化硅纤维棉后隔热效果能提高了 16.0%.最终实现箱体阻燃棉用料节约了 68.75%,集液槽隔热效果提升了 41.5%,包装箱整体皆满足 P911 及 LP906 要求.结论 研究结果可为废旧车用锂电池危险品包装研究提供重要参考. 相似文献
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对中散包装与危险品包装生命周期进行了评价研究。利用Simapro 软件对2 种固体危险货物包装形式———一般包装(瓦楞纸箱)和中型散装容器(纤维板箱IBC)进行了生命周期分析,并将结果进行了对比。可以看出中型散装容器与一般包装相比优势明显,在分析所涉及的11 个环境类别的影响上均小于一般包装,其中,差距最大的为臭氧层耗竭损害,仅为一般包装的60%,最小的为酸化/ 富营养化,为一般包装的90%。结果显示IBC 优势明显,在大量货物运输的过程中,若2 种包装类型均能达到运输效果,应选取对环境影响较小的IBC 进行运输。 相似文献
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Eva Schlick‐Hasper Thomas Goedecke Matthias Kraume 《Packaging Technology and Science》2018,31(5):235-245
Sift‐proofness is a requirement for different types of dangerous goods packagings for solid substances according to the international Dangerous Goods Regulations. In these regulations, a sift‐proof packaging is defined as a packaging that is completely impermeable to dry contents. This means indirectly that absolutely no mass transport of solid substances is allowed. Moreover, this requirement applies both to the original filling substance and to fine solid material generated during transport. Further specifications, test conditions or tolerable limit values are not given. This is in contrast to physical principles and the usual practice in other fields of technology in which sift‐proofness is relevant. This paper shows the necessary steps for how the requirements for sift‐proofness of dangerous goods packagings can be defined more precisely. Physical basics of the term ‘sift‐proofness’ are explained. A qualitative as well as a quantitative approach is possible. In any case, it is essential to carry out appropriate vibration tests to assess the sift‐proofness. There is a need for systematical investigations of the sift‐proofness of dangerous goods packagings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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出口锂电池危险品运输包装的安全设计与防护 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的研究出口锂电池危险品运输包装的设计要素和防护措施。方法针对出口锂电池危险品的特性,系统总结国际技术法规对于锂电池运输包装的安全规范,并比较分析国际海运危险货物运输规则(IMDG CODE)和国际航空运输协会危险品运输规则(IATA DGR)中的特定指引要求。依据跌落试验、堆码试验的物理性能指标的设计,研究出口锂电池危险品运输包装的物理安全性能。结果提出了保证出口锂电池危险品运输包装安全的建议,同时基于此类危险品包装的整体安全设计和单元防护,提出了锂电池组合包装、有效防短路保护、塑胶外壳防护等安全要素优化方案。结论研究提出的安全设计要素和防护措施,可以为锂电池危险品运输包装的安全防护提供重要的实践指导。 相似文献
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Margit Weltschev 《Packaging Technology and Science》2011,24(6):361-371
For the characterization and the comparison of polyethylene grades used for the manufacture of packaging and intermediate bulk container, the following parameters are required: melt flow rate (MFR), density (D), low‐temperature notched impact strength, full notch creep test (FNCT) and increase of MFR by molecular degradation (resistance to oxidative degradation). The relationship between these material parameters determined on the basis of specimens prepared from compression‐moulded sheets of polyethylene grades and the test behaviour of packaging has been investigated in several tests. The environmental stress crack resistance determined by FNCT represents the impacts from the stacking tests performed with standard liquid wetting solution (without pre‐storage) and with normal butyl‐acetate‐saturated wetting solution (pre‐storage with normal butyl acetate). Resistance to molecular degradation by the determination of MFR increase is related to the impacts in drop tests and stacking tests performed after pre‐storage for 21 days with standard liquid 55% nitric acid at 40°C. The low‐temperature impact strength is directly comparable with the impacts in drop tests at ?18°C performed without pre‐storage and after pre‐storage with 55% nitric acid. A partly good relationship was found between the test results and the material parameters. Conditioning the design types with 55% nitric acid for 21 days causes an increase in the marginal drop heights of the design types in drop tests at ?18°C when compared with design types without pre‐storage. Post‐cross‐linking of the grades increases stiffness because of the acidic influence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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利用超短激光脉冲泵浦半导体表面或者半导体异质结可以产生太赫兹脉冲辐射。基于超短激光脉冲泵浦金属-绝缘体-半导体异质结的太赫兹辐射产生物理模型,通过数值模拟和理论分析研究了载流子密度和速度在半导体内部的变化规律,分析了超短激光脉宽、载流子寿命以及半导体厚度等参数对太赫兹辐射的影响和物理机制。结果显示,超短激光脉宽的增加会提高太赫兹脉冲的幅值,降低太赫兹脉冲中心频率和半峰全宽;载流子寿命和半导体材料厚度的增加对太赫兹辐射的中心频率和半峰全宽有不同程度的降低作用。通过分析不同参数对产生太赫兹辐射的影响,获得了该作用过程优化宽带太赫兹脉冲产生的途径和参数。本文结果对开展相关实验提供了较好的理论参考。
相似文献20.
Danny Bialuschewski Jan S. Hoppius Robert Frohnhoven Meenal Deo Yakup Gönüllü Thomas Fischer Evgeny L. Gurevich Sanjay Mathur 《Advanced Engineering Materials》2018,20(9)