好氧颗粒污泥的培养及实现同步脱氮

采用厌氧颗粒污泥和少量活性污泥为种泥,进水为人工配水,在SBR反应器中采用逐渐减少污泥沉降时间的方法造成选择压,培养出了好氧颗粒污泥,颗粒污泥粒径在2 mm左右、SVI值为20 mL/g左右、MLSS为10 g/L左右。结果表明:成熟的好氧颗粒污泥对COD、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别为94%、97.5%和68.6%,出水COD、NH4+-N和TN平均浓度分别为64.74、1.92和27.53 mg/L,出水NO3--N和NO2--N平均浓度分别为18.01和4.44 mg/L。结合微生物相观察,可以判断好氧颗粒污泥实现了同步脱氮。     

气水比对高分子填料BAF脱氮效能的影响

采用高分子载体作为生物填料,以模拟生活污水为处理对象,对两级曝气生物滤池(BAF)的脱氮效能进行了试验研究,着重考察了气水比对BAF去除COD、NH3-N和TN的影响,并探讨了系统内氮素的转化规律和提高脱氮效能的途径。结果表明,当平均水温为22~32℃、进水流量为4 L/h、进水COD为150 mg/L左右、进水NH3-N为60 mg/L左右、一级BAF的气水比为4∶1、二级BAF的气水比为2∶1时,系统的处理效果最佳,对COD、NH3-N和TN的总平均去除率分别达到84.33%、87.84%和56.06%。系统通过同时短程硝化反硝化实现了低能耗、高效率的脱氮。     

短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理含氨废水的研究

在SBR中接种普通好氧活性污泥,通过控制运行条件来实现短程硝化,同时提高厌氧生物转盘系统中厌氧氨氧化的氮负荷,使之与SBR出水中NO2--N的积累量相匹配,并将二者组合形成短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮工艺.处理含氨废水的试验结果表明:在SBR的进水NH4+-N为150～250 mg/L、温度为(28±2)℃、pH值为7～8、DO<1 mg/L的条件下,可实现稳定的短程硝化,NO2--N积累率达85%以上,NH4+-N负荷达0.129 kgN/(kgVSS·d),AOB和NOB的数量之比为103:1.将短程硝化出水加入NH4+-N后作为厌氧氨氧化反应器的进水,在(40±1)℃下可以达到自养脱氮的目的,对NH4+-N、NO2--N和TN的去除率分别达86%、97%和90%以上,TN容积负荷为0.488 kgN/(m3·d).     

低温贫营养原位生物投菌技术脱氮特性研究

为有效解决微污染水体原位生物脱氮处理中存在的低温、贫营养及好氧环境问题,采用自适应及菌源生态重组策略构建了低温贫营养脱氮功能菌群,考察了该功能菌群在低温条件下的实验室静态脱氮效能。结果表明,在水温为10～18℃,菌投量为1 mg/L,水源水水质为CODMn3.262 mg/L、NH4+-N 0.186 mg/L、NO2--N 0.012 mg/L、NO3--N 2.237 mg/L、TN 2.616mg/L的条件下,系统运行期间硝氮和总氮去除率最大可达到46%和53%。同时还探讨了低温微生物的冷适应机制,为开展低温季节微污染水体原位生物修复研究提供了理论依据。     

晚期渗滤液短程生物脱氮的实现

在SBR反应器中利用游离氨(free ammonia, FA)、游离亚硝酸(free nitrous acid, FNA)对NOB(nitrite oxidizing bacteria, NOB)选择性抑制并耦合实时控制策略处理晚期垃圾渗滤液,成功实现持久稳定的短程生物脱氮,并研究了不同碳氮比及初始pH值对短程生物脱氮的影响。结果表明：通过FA和FNA对NOB的选择性抑制,在线检测反应中pH、DO和ORP数值,利用出现的“氨谷”、“ORP平台”“亚硝酸盐膝”等特征点作为运行操作控制时间点,准确得知反应进程,及时开始下一步操作,获得稳定短程生物脱氮。进水NH4 +-N浓度为108~177.3 mg/L(平均值为138.7 mg/L)时,亚硝积累率一直稳定达90%左右,乙酸钠为碳源时最佳C、N质量比为3,相对于混合液悬浮固体浓度的反硝化速率的平均值达到19.8 mg·g -1·h -1 NOx --N,出水NH4 +-N、NO2 --N、NO3 --N、TN分别小于6、2、1和30 mg/L;初始pH值为8.5时,反硝化速率最大,pH介于7.5~8.5间,反硝化速率差异小于7.3%.     

反硝化生物滤池在污水深度处理中的应用

以苏州市某污水处理厂二沉池出水为原水,分析反硝化生物滤池(DNBF)的脱氮效果以及影响因素。结果表明,DNBF在较宽泛的流速范围内,当进水COD/TN值≥3. 5时能达到较好的脱氮效果,出水TN可降至3 mg/L以下,尤其在进水COD/TN值为5时出水TN可降至1 mg/L左右,TN平均去除率为87. 1%,NO3--N平均去除率为96. 1%;当流速升至120 L/h(HRT=15. 18min)时,初期出现NO2--N积累现象,但仅数日便缓和,DNBF显示出较强的耐水力负荷冲击能力;当进水NH4+-N超高或NO2--N过高时,DNBF对NO3--N和NO2--N的去除率仍处于较高水平,具备较强的抗含氮污染物冲击能力;通过监测DNBF中原水COD以及沿程TN、pH值的变化,及时调整碳源投加量,可确保良好的脱氮效果并保障水质达标。     

三级BAF工艺处理低C/N值生活污水的脱氮效能

通过中试研究了三级BAF工艺(C+N+DN)处理低C/N值生活污水的脱氮效能,考察了硝化液回流比的影响.结果表明:在C柱和N柱的气水比分别为3:1和2:1,C柱、N柱和DN柱的HRT分别为1.25、1.25和0.84 h,以及水温为25～32℃的条件下,增加硝化液回流比可以明显提高系统对NH+4-N和TN的去除效果,但对去除COD无明显影响.当回流比为0.25%、50%和100%时,系统对NH+4-N的去除率分别为84%、88%、97%和98%,对TN的去除率分别为68%、84%、89%和90%,但对COD的去除率均约为87%.考虑到经济性,建议选择回流比为50%,此时系统出水NH+4-N、TN和COD浓度均达到了国家一级A排放标准.     

复合流人工湿地对富营养化河水的脱氮效能研究

采用组合基质复合流人工湿地处理富营养化河水,重点分析了其脱氮效能。结果表明:人工湿地系统对富营养化河水具有较好的处理效果,出水水质基本可达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅲ类标准,对TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、COD、TP的去除率分别为50.00%、63.07%、55.30%、53.83%、77.27%。人工湿地系统的脱氮量主要来源于对无机氮的削减;影响脱氮效果的因素主要有HRT、温度、TN面积负荷以及进水硝态氮比例,通过对以上影响因子拟合形成的TN去除率预测模型,预测准确度较高,可用于指导实际工程的设计与调试运行。     

曝气生物滤池对印花废水的脱氮效果研究

采用曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理印花废水,重点考察了水力停留时间(HRT)、C/N值、气水比对其脱氮效果的影响.结果表明:在HRT为4 h、C/N值为2、气水比为5:1的条件下,BAF可达到最佳脱氮效果,对TN、NH<,4><'+>-N的去除率分别达到50%、90%以上.     

硫自养波形潜流人工湿地的脱氮机理及工况优化

将硫自养反硝化工艺与潜流人工湿地相结合,考察了其对低碳氮比污水中氮的去除效果。结果表明,增加曝气装置后硫自养波形潜流人工湿地的脱氮效果可以得到保障,在气水比为8∶1、水力负荷为0.8 m³/(m²·d)时,TN去除率为(70±5)%,出水TN浓度低于8 mg/L;NH4+-N去除率在90%以上,出水NH4+-N浓度低于3 mg/L;COD去除率为(50±2)%,出水COD浓度低于40 mg/L;p H值可维持在7~9。同时,石灰石填料具有同步除磷的效果。该工艺具有脱氮效率高、效果好、运行费用低的特点。     

凯氏定氮管蒸馏法测定土壤中的水解性氮

该方法采用凯氏定氮管做蒸馏装置,采用的是水蒸气加热蒸馏,使土壤样品完全悬于溶液中反应更充分,土壤样品中水解性氮馏出时间更短、更彻底。使原来在40℃保温箱中24 h才能释放完全的水解性氮在短时间内就被蒸馏出并被吸收液吸收,能够快速而准确地测定土壤中的水解性氮,具有快速、准确性高、稳定性好、重复性好的优点。取5 g土壤样品,检出限为1mg·kg~(-1)。用于土壤样品中水解性氮的测定,结果满意。     

渗滤液回灌的氨氮和凯氏氮变化规律

在渗滤液原液回灌和经好氧预处理后回灌两种情况下，考察了垃圾渗滤液中氨氮与凯氏氮浓度的变化规律。结果表明：渗滤液原液回灌会严重抑制垃圾中含氮物质的水解过程，而渗滤液经好氧处理后回灌则可显著加速垃圾中含氮物质的水解过程。     

煤气压缩机的氮气密封

介绍了高炉煤气压缩机采用氮气密封的改造。     

高氨氮、硫酸盐废水的生物脱氮除硫研究新进展

介绍了传统生物脱氮除硫方法及其在处理高氨氮、硫酸盐废水时所存在的问题,在此基础上介绍了一种新型的生物脱氮除硫技术。该种脱氮除硫技术与传统生物脱氮除硫技术相比,不仅无H2S排放,而且还具有节约碳源、污泥产量小和实现单质硫回收率高等特点,这必将是未来生物脱氮除硫技术的新方向。     

Nitrogen Removal from Returned Liquors

During recent years it has become clear that, particularly to protect the quality of sea waters, nitrogen and phosphorus discharges have to be substantially reduced. Nitrogen reduction can take place by conventional biological treatment. However, the problem can be partly, or perhaps completely, resolved by treating the returned liquors resulting from sludge dewatering. These normally create a substantial load on sewagetreatment works; in fact the nitrogen in the returned liquors can contribute 15–25% of the total nitrogen load entering the works. It therefore seems appropriate, particularly with a view to future nitrogenreduction requirements, to treat the returned liquors before they are returned to the works'inlet. Since 1987, Watergroup has been working on these problems, and the company now has full-scale plants at Frederikshavn, Denmark (population equivalent 130 000) and Eslöv, Sweden (population equivalent 250 000). Normally this treatment can be carried out at a considerably lower cost, per kg nitrogen removed, than when applying traditional methods. An additional advantage is that the method makes it possible to reuse the nitrogen content of the returned liquor, e.g. in the form of ammonium sulphate which is an excellent fertilizer.     

Nitrogen removal in aerated lagoons

Rational and empirical models of ammonia nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removals were evaluated as a means of developing design relationships that can be used to estimate nitrogen removal in aerated wastewater lagoons. Plug flow, complete mix and dispersed flow hydraulic models were evaluated in conjunction with Monod growth kinetics, first order kinetics, and multiple substrate limiting relations. Polynomial equations, and multiple regression analyses were also tried. Combinations of the models were evaluated using field data from five aerated lagoon systems operating in various geographical areas of the USA. Only the plug flow model, assuming first order kinetics, of the classical approaches to biological modeling produced satisfactory results. Because of the simplicity of the plug flow model and a model based on the relationship between the fraction of nitrogen removed and the hydraulic detention time, it was recommended that these two equations be used to estimate nitrogen removal in aerated lagoons.     

Nitrogen transformation in wastewater reclamation

Nitrogen transformation was examined in the sequential stages of wastewater treatment in the Dan Region Wastewater Reclamation Project in Israel. It was shown that volatilization, assimilation and nitrification were the mechanisms responsible for ammonia removal from the water during various treatment stages. When the recharge basin dried, nitrification occurred, leading to removal of ammonia and accumulation of nitrate in the sand. Upon flooding the recharge basin nitrate was leached from the sand and accumulated in the groundwater, while ammonia was adsorbed to particles in the sand layers.     

探讨生物法脱氮

氮是导致水体富营养化问题的主要原因之一,污水脱氮技术一度成为污水处理领域的热点和难点。因此,研究和开发高效、经济的生物脱氮工艺成为当前污水处理技术研究的热点和难点。     

Nitrogen removal in artificial wetlands

This report describes investigations which have demonstrated the exceptional utility of artificial wetlands for the removal of nitrate from secondary wastewater effluents at relatively high application rates. The artificial wetlands (14 in number) were plastic-lined excavations containing emergent vegetation growing in gravel. Without supplemental additions of carbon, total nitrogen removal efficiency was low ( 25%) in both vegetated and unvegetated beds. When methanol was added to supplement the carbon supply and stimulate bacterial denitrification, the removal efficiency was extremely high (95% removal of total nitrogen at a wastewater application rate of 16.8 cm day⁻¹). Since methanol is a relatively expensive form of carbon, we tested the feasibility of using plant biomass, mulched and applied to the surface of marsh beds, as an alternate source of carbon. At a wastewater application rate of 8.4 cm day⁻¹, the mean total nitrogen removal efficiency for the mulch-amended beds was 86%. When the application rate was higher (16.8 cm day⁻¹) the mean total nitrogen removal efficiency was lower, 60% in the mulch-amended beds.By using plant biomass as a substitute for methanol, the energy savings for a treatment facility serving a small community (3785 m³ day⁻¹ or 1 mgd) would amount to the equivalent of 731 day⁻¹ of methanol. As the cost of fossil fuel increases, energy cost will become a predominant factor in the selection of small (0.5–5 mgd) wastewater treatment systems. However, in many cases where natural wetlands are either geographically unavailable or protected from wastewater discharge by environmental, legal, or aesthetic restraints, artificial wetlands offer a viable alternative for energy-effective treatment of municipal and agricultural wastewater effluents.     

曝气深度对城市河道沉积物氮释放及形态的影响

采用室内模拟试验,研究了不同曝气深度(分别为泥水界面上方5 cm和下方0、5、10和15 cm处,依次记为A+5、A0、A-5、A-10和A-15)对城市河道沉积物中氮的释放及上覆水中氮形态的影响.结果表明,试验期间,对照组(不曝气)的沉积物始终在向上覆水中释放NH4-N并形成累积;对水体曝气可抑制沉积物中NH4+-N的释放,并促进上覆水中的NH4+-N向硝态氮转化;对沉积物曝气时,上覆水中的NH4-N浓度在第3天达到最大,并且A-15＞A-10＞A-5＞A0,大量释放的NH4-N在硝化作用下转化成硝态氮;曝气组在曝气阶段均出现了NO2--N的累积现象,并随着曝气深度的增加,上覆水中的NO2--N累积量亦增加,累积时间也越长;深层曝气(泥水界面以下5 cm)对沉积物扰动剧烈,使沉积物中的有机质大量释放,满足了系统反硝化所需的碳源,停止曝气后系统静置分层,反而影响了反硝化速率;从长时间尺度来看,在相同曝气条件下处理污染河道,对沉积物曝气比对水体曝气可以更好地抑制沉积物中氮素的释放,并且沉积物曝气深度越深,处理效果就越好,第60天试验结束时,A-15中上覆水的NH4-N浓度为1.24 mg/L.