如何优化我国的能源结构

<正> 关于改变我国能源结构的建议,有人认为我国现在以煤为主的能源乃属低质能源结构,应参照世界能源基本上是以油气为主的模式,“考虑大量进口能源,特别是优质能源”,以替代煤炭。这在那些既缺煤炭资源,又有条件引进外资、引进物资的地区采取这种措施,也未尝不可,     

我国“九五”期间能源发展展望

国家计委产业经济与技术经济研究所的经济专家，对我国“九五”期间能源工业的发展进行了分析展望：1能源生产量目标从我国经济发展的实际需要和能源生产的具体条件出发，“九五”期间能源生产目标为：到2000年，全国一次能源生产总量达到15亿吨标煤，其中原煤16亿吨，原油1．6亿吨，天然气300亿m3，发电量14000亿kWh（其中一次电力：水电2200亿kWh，核电150亿kWh）。2能源发展的基本特点（1）能源生产结构以煤为主。在以上2000年能源生产量目标中，原煤占76％，原油占15．2％，天然气占2．6％，一次电力占6．2％，我国能源生产结构仍然是…     

优化能源结构 实现可持续发展

以清洁和高效能源为主的能源结构是持续发展的基础，我国现行的能源结构对经济与环境构成了严重威胁，已成为制约我国可持续发展总体战略能否顺利实施关键因素。一、能源结构的变迁从全球范围来看，能源结构在历史上发生过两次重大更替，一次发生在上个世纪后期的煤接替了...     

铁路能源消耗趋势

<正> 铁路行业一年消耗煤、油、电等各种能源折标准煤2400万吨左右。随着铁路牵引动力结构的改革,内燃、电力机车承担的牵引工作量比重的增加。铁路能源消耗结构逐步发生了变化。“六五”期间及以前,铁路机车以蒸汽牵引为主,消耗能源以煤为主;“七五”和“八五”以后,铁路牵引动力逐步转向以内、电牵引为主;铁路煤的消耗量逐年下降,而油料和电力却以较大幅度增加。     

核电─—一种新能源

一、前言众所周知，能源问题特别是电力问题直接关系到国家和地区经济的发展，大力发展电能逐步成为经济高速增长地区的共识。改革开放以来，我国经济建设发展加快，对能源需求急剧增长，而我国以煤为主的能源结构面临诸多困难。如：能源和电力供需之间缺口增大、煤的供应紧张及大量燃煤将严重污染环境带来全球变暖的“温室效应”等等。为了缓解这些困难，除了积极发展火电、水电及其它再生能源的应用外，还要适当发展核电。遵照周恩来总理生前对我国核电建设指示“安全、经济、适用、自力更生”，我国的核电经历了核潜艇研制，秦山30万千瓦…     

优化能源结构的战略意义和对策

介绍了以煤为主的能源结构制约着我国社会和经济的发展，提出了优化能源结构的对策，包括提高石油和天然气在能源中所占比重，加快煤炭的转化利用和积极开发新能源等。     

低温核供热的概况及应用前景

一、前言能源是发展国民经济和提高人民生活水平的物质基础。我国能源结构长期以煤为主,使得能源利用率低、环境污染严重。其次,我国主要产煤省与经济发达的耗煤省在地理位置上不协调,远距离的煤炭运输耗用了大量     

中国能源的潜在危机(续)

<正> 三、“以煤为主”能源结构的代价我国能源供需不仅面临着一次能源总量短缺的问题,能源结构不佳,优质能源,尤其是气、液燃料匮乏,意味着能源质的短缺。过去在我国能源发展计划和长期规划中,比较重视和强调一次能源总量平衡,相对忽视能源品种的构成,存在着“油、气不够煤来凑”的做法。然而,从世界各国经济发展的过程来看,能源供应的发展不仅有以发热量为基础的绝对量增长问题,而且能源品种由低热值固体燃料向高热值气、液燃料过渡也是能源发展的重要一面。各种能源之间虽然有一定的替代性,但是优质能源不仅意味着更优质的终端能源服     

引进天然气优化发电能源结构

介绍我国发电能源结构，燃用天然气与煤炭的比较，天然气的储量，运输，安全性，引进ＬＮＧ以改善发电能源以煤为主的结构，以减轻环境污染治理的压力和改进调峰手段，供参考。     

减轻煤炭利用对环境影响的技术对策

<正> 由于资源、经济、社会和技术条件所决定,我国以煤为主的能源消费结构在短期内是难以改变的。以煤为主的能源结构对生态环境带来严重的危害,受国力所限,根据我国具体情况可以采取的对策是合理利用能源,提高能源利用效率,开发煤的洁净利用技术,开发可再生能源,加强环境污染治理技术的开发以及发展全能量利用系统等。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.