腰果壳油酚醛树脂的应用研究进展

介绍了腰果壳油的结构与性能关系,综述了近几年来腰果壳油代替酚类为原料合成酚醛树脂的一些探索性研究及其在摩擦材料、模塑料、涂料、胶粘剂、泡沫塑料等方面的应用。     

Magnetic nanoparticles coated with anacardic acid derived from cashew nut shell liquid

Magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with biomolecules have received special attention due to their various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia treatment for cancer. In this study, we present the synthesis and characterization of new nanoparticles coated with anacardic acid derived from cashew nut shell liquid. The results showed that Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated with anacardic acid (AA-MAG) have superparamagnetic behavior and the magnetization is almost equal when compared with the pure Fe₃O₄. This coating provides stability by preventing the aggregation nanoparticles without losing its magnetization potential. The AA-MAG demonstrates excellent and fast magneto-temperature response which can be used as high-performance hyperthermia agents.     

腰果壳油基超交联聚合物的制备及吸附VOCs性能EI北大核心

以农业副产物腰果壳油为原料,通过外交联法和溶剂交联法分别制备超交联聚合物(HCPs)吸附剂F-HCP和C-HCP,并对其吸附挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)性能进行研究。采用红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA)、N2吸-脱附法和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对制备的吸附剂进行表征,以静态吸附法考察两种超交联聚合物对六种VOCs的吸附性能,以邻二甲苯为典型VOC进行动态吸附,探讨进气浓度对吸附能力的影响。结果表明:相较于C-HCP,F-HCP显示出较高的静态吸附性能,其对邻二甲苯、甲苯、环己烷、正己烷、丁酮、丙酮的静态吸附量分别为930,801,300,214,203,164 mg·g^(-1);在进气浓度为2171 mg·m^(-3)时,F-HCP和C-HCP对邻二甲苯的动态吸附量分别为149 mg·g^(-1)和146 mg·g^(-1),平衡吸附量随进气浓度的增加而增大。循环再生吸附实验表明,C-HCP 5次循环吸附后的吸附量为首次吸附量的93.9%。     

三聚氰胺和腰果壳油改性酚醛树脂的研究

用腰果壳油和三聚氰胺对酚醛树脂进行改性,可用作刹车片中各种基料的胶粘剂。研究了反应物配比、催化剂用量和反应时间等因素对改性树脂性能的影响,确定了最佳配比和生产工艺,并成功的应用于工业生产。     

Process modeling, optimization and analysis of esterification reaction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)-derived epoxy resin using response surface methodology

Concept of five-levels-four-factors central composite rotatable design was utilized for the optimization of reaction conditions of cardanol-based vinyl ester resin production, by employing response surfaces methodology, to establish a relationship between the process variables and the extent of conversion under a wide range of operating conditions which resulted in different extent of conversions. The maximum extent of conversion of cardanol-based epoxidised novolac resin (CNE) and methacrylic acid (MA) catalyzed by triphenylphosphine was found to be 95% at optimum set of conditions of molar ratio (1:0.9) between CNE and MA, catalyst concentration (1.49%), reaction temperature (89.96 °C) and reaction time (17,991s). Geometrical representation of the mathematical models in three-dimensional response surface plots and isoresponse contour plots served as a good aid in understanding the behavior of reaction under different operating conditions by only limited sets of experiments. A statistical model predicted that the highest conversion yield of novolac resin would be greater than 95% at the optimized reaction conditions. The predicted values thus obtained were close to the experimental values indicating suitability of the model.     

The effect of a superplasticizer (from cashew nut shell liquid) on the properties of concrete and mortar

The paper describes a new, cheaper water-reducing compound obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The properties of mortars, namely flow, setting time and compressive strength, were determined in the presence of 0.1 to 1.0% superplasticizer. The compressive strength of mortar containing the superplasticizer from CNSL was higher than that of the control     

Nano‐zero valent iron impregnated cashew nut shell: a solution to heavy metal contaminated water/wastewater

The present research is focused on the removal of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution using nano zero‐valent iron impregnated cashew nut shell (NZVI‐CNS). The present system was investigated in batch mode operation. NZVI‐CNS was prepared by the liquid‐phase reduction process. The results showed that the NZVI‐CNS exhibited superior adsorption capacity for the removal of Zn(II) ions. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were applied to explain the nature of the adsorption process. Adsorption kinetic data followed the pseudo‐first order kinetic model. Moreover, the equilibrium adsorption data were best fitted with a Freundlich model. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was calculated as 94.46 mg of Zn(II) ions/g of NZVI‐CNS. The thermodynamic parameters explain that the present adsorption system was measured as feasible and spontaneous. This newly prepared adsorbent can be successfully applied for the different industrial wastewater treatment. Finally, the exploration asks about contemplated that NZVI‐CNS has exhibited unrivalled adsorption limit. Additionally, NZVI‐CNS is believed to be extremely green and monetarily neighbourly help for wastewater treatment. The results indicate that the feasible approach could be applied in agricultural waste biomass materials for the productive expulsion of heavy metals from aqueous solution and reusing agricultural wastes to facilitate their disposal problem.Inspec keywords: wastewater treatment, contamination, zinc, reduction (chemical), adsorption, monolayers, renewable materialsOther keywords: nano zero‐valent iron impregnated cashew nut shell, aqueous solution, Zn(II) ion removal, NZVI‐CNS, batch mode operation, liquid‐phase reduction process, adsorption capacity, adsorption isotherm models, adsorption kinetic models, adsorption kinetic data, adsorption process, pseudo‐first order kinetic model, equilibrium adsorption data, Freundlich model, Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity, thermodynamic parameters, adsorption system, industrial wastewater treatment, agricultural waste biomass materials, productive expulsion, heavy metals, waste disposal, Zn     

联苯型环氧-酚醛树脂的恒温固化动力学研究

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对以三苯基膦为促进剂的联苯型环氧-酚醛体系进行了不同温度下的恒温固化动力学研究,然后利用经典的Kamal方程进行非线性曲线拟舍得到了相应的动力学参数:如反应级数(n)、活化能(Ea)和反应动力学常数(k).并根据Kamal方程建立了转化率α对固化时间t的自加速理论模型,发现该模型能够很好的预测联苯型环氧-酚醛体系在不同温度下随恒温时间的固化行为.     

双马来酰亚胺改性环氧树脂固化反应行为及性能研究

采用双马来酰亚胺（BMI）改性环氧树脂（TDE-85）／芳香胺（DAMI）固化体系。用差式扫描量热法（DSC）对树脂体系的固化反应行为与固化动力学进行了分析，考察了BMI含量对改性体系性能的影响。结果表明，随着体系中BMI比例的增加，体系固化放热峰向高温区移动，总反应热减小，固化物的耐热性和力学性能明显提高；根据Kissinger方法求得改性前后体系固化反应的表现活化能△E分别为52．46和57．72kJ／mol；根据Crane理论计算得到改性体系的固化反应级数n为0．88，固化反应过程为多级反应。     

Thermodynamic characteristics of vaporization of alkali metals

The saturation vapor of an alkali metal is treated as a monatomic particle real gas whose volumetric behavior is described by a truncated form of virial equation. The condensed state-vapor equilibrium constant, equal to the saturation fugacity for Li, Na, K, and Cs, is determined through evaluation of the second virial coefficient's temperature dependence. The third and the second law values of standard enthalpy of vaporization at the reference temperature 298 K for the same metals are determined. The applied procedure for evaluation of the second virial coefficient's temperature dependence produced small deviations for the resulting second law values and gave mean values in good agreement with literature data, especially with those of the JANAF Tables.     

环氧树脂改性双环戊二烯型氰酸酯树脂固化反应性

采用凝胶试验、 FTIR和DSC等手段研究了环氧E-51与双环戊二烯型氰酸酯(DCPDCE)共聚体系的固化反应性以及阶梯固化过程中—OCN基、 三嗪环、 唑啉、 噁唑啉酮的变化情况。结果表明, 环氧树脂既能够催化氰酸酯本身三聚成环反应, 又对氰酸酯三聚成环反应有稀释作用。当环氧树脂含量(环氧占混合物总量的质量百分比)大于5wt％时, 催化效果增加不明显, 稀释作用加强; 当环氧树脂含量约为25wt%时, 以上两种作用效果基本平衡, 改性体系的固化反应活性和纯DCPDCE相当。阶梯固化时, 低温阶段(160~180℃)主要发生生成三嗪环和唑啉的反应, 高温阶段(200~220℃)主要发生三嗪环和唑啉向噁唑啉酮的转化反应。另外, —OCN基的低温转化率随着环氧树脂含量的增大而提高, 固化树脂的最终结构组成和环氧树脂的含量有关。      

Cure shrinkage characterization and modeling of a polyester resin containing low profile additives

Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) has great potential as an efficient and economical process for fabricating large and complicated composite structural components. The low capital investment cost required and process versatility in component integration and assembly make RTM very attractive for high volume automotive applications. One of the challenges facing the automotive field is the resulting surface finish of manufactured components. The shrinkage associated with the curing of thermoset resins contributes to the poor surface quality. Low profile additives (LPA) are added to the resin to compensate for the cure shrinkage; however their effects on the thermal, rheological and morphological properties of polyester resins are not well understood. In this paper, the effect of LPA on cure kinetics, cure shrinkage and viscosity of a polyester resin is studied through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and special rheological techniques. Models are developed to predict cure shrinkage, LPA expansion, cure kinetics and viscosity variations of the resin as a function of processing temperature. Finally, morphological changes in the resin with and without LPA, during isothermal cure, are studied with hot stage optical microscopy. The results show that the LPA content in the range tested had no significant effect on the cure kinetics. However, higher LPA content reduced cure rate and cure shrinkage. A minimum of 10% LPA was required to compensate for cure shrinkage. Shrinkage behavior of all formulations was similar until a degree-of-cure of 0.5. However, resin formulations with higher LPA content showed expansion at later stages during curing.     

Deformation characteristics of reinforced epoxy resin

Specimens, cut from a commercially produced epoxide resin reinforced by layers of glass cloth, were tested in tension at various strain-rates and temperatures, and at various orientations of the fibres to the tensile axis. Results are presented for elastic moduli, yield and fracture stresses, and elongations. These results give ample evidence of a decrease in the effectiveness of the reinforcement as deformation proceeds. Strain-ratechange tests show that the rate sensitivity of the composite rises rapidly as the strain increases beyond a critical value, which also indicates that the behaviour is increasingly governed by the properties of the matrix.     

加筋圆柱壳的振动特性分析

以一种半解析法为基础 ,分别独立地建立圆柱壳和加强筋的线性方程组。考虑到圆柱壳和加强筋连接界面上的应力和位移的连续性 ,联立圆柱壳和加强筋的方程 ;从而得到全结构的方程组 ,并获得求解固有频率的特征方程和振型方程。此方法主要优点是 :结构的转动惯性、剪切变形等因素都得到了考虑 ,而且不限制结构的圆柱壳厚度和加强筋的高度。本文的方法很容易被推广到加筋的复合材料或加筋的压电材料层合壳等问题。     

Synthesis of a new sulphonated cation exchange resin and its application in catalysed hydrolysis of esters

Samples of an acidic cation exchanger have been prepared by sulphonation of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer previously cross-linked with phenol-formaldehyde resin. The samples having a cation exchange capacity of 3.48 meqg^–1, are being introduced as new catalysts in the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate. The synthesized cation exchanger shows good thermal and chemical stability. Hydrolysis rate constants (K _r values) for the catalysed reaction have been determined. The efficiency of the resin catalyst,q, is shown to be a function of resin concentration.     

超薄金属内衬CFRP压力容器树脂体系固化动力学

应用动态差示扫描量热(DSC)方法对炭纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)压力容器树脂体系固化反应进行分析。树脂体系的活化能通过等转化率法获得, 假设反应机制服从自催化方程, 应用本文中提出的区间法建立了树脂体系固化动力学模型。通过固化过程中温度场实验可知, 针对具有超薄金属内衬复合材料压力容器树脂体系, 应用区间法建立的固化动力学模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好, 可以为具有超薄金属内衬的CFRP压力容器温度场、 残余应力场的数值模拟提供必要子模型。      

多舱段圆柱壳振动特性研究

基于Flügge壳体理论,采用波动法建立任意边界条件多舱段加筋圆柱壳数理模型,对多舱段圆柱壳固有振动特性和频响特性进行研究。相对于传统的采用平摊或梁模型处理环肋方法,运用圆环板模型分析环肋。在环肋、舱壁等加强构件及激励点处对结构离散,环肋、舱壁等子构件采用圆环板模型分析,激励力作为离散处边界条件,运用离散处连续条件将子构件组装得到运动方程。通过与文献、有限元结果对比验证了本文方法的正确性与准确性,在此基础上分析舱壁厚度、舱壁位置及激励点等参数对多舱段圆柱壳振动特性的影响;并进一步讨论了舱段截断时边界条件选取。     

高性能双组份环氧树脂固化动力学研究和TTT图绘制

用全动态DSC 研究了先进复合材料用高性能双组份环氧树脂的固化反应动力学, 获得了固化反应的动力学参数, 并建立了固化动力学的唯象模型。用恒温DSC 和动态DSC 结合DiBenedetto 方程研究了树脂玻璃化转变温度和固化度之间的关系, 并给出了玻璃化转变温度T_g和时间t 及温度T 之间的数学关系。通过DMA 研究了树脂恒温下的凝胶过程, 给出了凝胶时间tgel 和凝胶温度T 之间的关系, 回归得到凝胶时的固化度为α_gel =0.4539 , 并以此计算出了T_g ,gel = 70. 18 ℃, 为工艺选择提供了依据。并在此基础上绘制出了该树脂体系的TTT图, 提出了将TTT 图用于工艺优化的思路, 并做了初步验证。      

Impact fatigue behaviour of vinylester resin matrix composites reinforced with alkali treated jute fibres

An impact fatigue study has been made for the first time on 35% jute/vinylester composites containing both untreated and alkali treated fibres. Longer alkali treatment removed the hemicellulose and improved the crystallinity and gave better fibre dispersion. The flexural strength properties of the composites made from treated fibre were superior. 4 h alkali treated jute fibres gave the optimum combination of improved interfacial bonding and fibre strength properties. However this was not reflected in their impact fatigue behaviour. On the contrary, the composites reinforced with 8 h alkali treated fibres displayed superior impact fatigue properties. Here, the fibres suffered catastrophic fracture with microfibrillar pull-out at some places and improved the fatigue resistance property of the composites as evident from SEM micrographs.