LCA法在木本生物柴油清洁生产评估方面的应用研究

生命周期评价(LCA)作为一种能全程评估产业链和产品环境影响、资源消耗、净能效率的重要方法,近年来得到了越来越多的关注,也开始被用于生物柴油清洁生产领域,能为产业可持续提供决策依据。对木本生物柴油的LCA体系、评估模型与方法、国内外木本生物柴油LCA研究现状进行了综述。结果显示:木本生物柴油在燃烧阶段相比石化柴油具有清洁排放的优点,但整个生命周期的排放未必清洁,主要与我国燃煤发电、化肥和辅料生产排放有关;木本生物柴油产业作为低碳产业,温室效应和能源消耗均低于石化柴油,整个生命周期中以种植和生产阶段的排放和消耗最大并针对性提出改进措施;未来我国木本生物柴油生命周期评价应通过建设产业标准数据库、更多注重不同原料不同工艺的对比评估、兼顾经济性和生态服务功能的评估进一步拓展木本生物柴油研究的深度和广度。     

Quantifying variability in life cycle greenhouse gas inventories of alternative middle distillate transportation fuels

The presence of variability in life cycle analysis (LCA) is inherent due to both inexact LCA procedures and variation of numerical inputs. Variability in LCA needs to be clearly distinguished from uncertainty. This paper uses specific examples from the production of diesel and jet fuels from 14 different feedstocks to demonstrate general trends in the types and magnitudes of variability present in life cycle greenhouse gas (LC-GHG) inventories of middle distillate fuels. Sources of variability have been categorized as pathway specific, coproduct usage and allocation, and land use change. The results of this research demonstrate that subjective choices such as coproduct usage and allocation methodology can be more important sources of variability in the LC-GHG inventory of a fuel option than the process and energy use of fuel production. Through the application of a consistent analysis methodology across all fuel options, the influence of these subjective biases is minimized, and the LC-GHG inventories for each feedstock-to-fuel option can be effectively compared and discussed. By considering the types and magnitudes of variability across multiple fuel pathways, it is evident that LCA results should be presented as a range instead of a point value. The policy implications of this are discussed.     

食品生命周期碳排放评价研究

基于生命周期评价（LCA）理论,探讨界定食品生命周期碳排放的核算范围,对食品生命周期从原料生产、加工、消费到废物处理各阶段的碳排放进行清单分析,并提出了食品生命周期碳排量的评价框架和方法。     

Regional characterization of freshwater Use in LCA: modeling direct impacts on human health

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology that quantifies potential environmental impacts for comparative purposes in a decision-making context. While potential environmental impacts from pollutant emissions into water are characterized in LCA, impacts from water unavailability are not yet fully quantified. Water use can make the resource unavailable to other users by displacement or quality degradation. A reduction in water availability to human users can potentially affect human health. If financial resources are available, there can be adaptations that may, in turn, shift the environmental burdens to other life cycle stages and impact categories. This paper proposes a model to evaluate these potential impacts in an LCA context. It considers the water that is withdrawn and released, its quality and scarcity in order to evaluate the loss of functionality associated with water uses. Regionalized results are presented for impacts on human health for two modeling approaches regarding affected users, including or not domestic uses, and expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALY). A consumption and quality based scarcity indicator is also proposed as a midpoint. An illustrative example is presented for the production of corrugated board with different effluents, demonstrating the importance of considering quality, process effluents and the difference between the modeling approaches.     

Combinatorial life cycle assessment to inform process design of industrial production of algal biodiesel

The use of algae as a feedstock for biodiesel production is a rapidly growing industry, in the United States and globally. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is presented that compares various methods, either proposed or under development, for algal biodiesel to inform the most promising pathways for sustainable full-scale production. For this analysis, the system is divided into five distinct process steps: (1) microalgae cultivation, (2) harvesting and/or dewatering, (3) lipid extraction, (4) conversion (transesterification) into biodiesel, and (5) byproduct management. A number of technology options are considered for each process step and various technology combinations are assessed for their life cycle environmental impacts. The optimal option for each process step is selected yielding a best case scenario, comprised of a flat panel enclosed photobioreactor and direct transesterification of algal cells with supercritical methanol. For a functional unit of 10 GJ biodiesel, the best case production system yields a cumulative energy demand savings of more than 65 GJ, reduces water consumption by 585 m(3) and decreases greenhouse gas emissions by 86% compared to a base case scenario typical of early industrial practices, highlighting the importance of technological innovation in algae processing and providing guidance on promising production pathways.     

To meat or not to meat? Comparing empowered meat consumers’ and anti-consumers’ preferences for sustainability labels

An increasing awareness of the impact of high levels of meat consumption on health and environmental sustainability is leading to a growing number of consumers reducing or avoiding meat. To address gaps in the literature, we compare and contrast the importance of the seven sustainability-related labels for three consumer groups (meat eaters, meat reducers and vegetarians) using a choice experiment involving 600 UK respondents (200 meat eaters, 200 meat reducers, 200 vegetarians). Type of meat, price and fat content labels have the largest overall impact on consumer choices. The impact of carbon footprint, method of production, origin and brand labels varies across consumer groups.We subsequently use latent class analysis to identify heterogeneous intra-group consumer segments, based on their preferences, and highlight the socio-demographic differences between them. For meat eaters, three consumer segments are identified (empowered, traditional and price conscious meat eaters). Meat reducers are divided into health curtailers and sustainable consumers, while only one segment of vegetarians is identified. By drawing on signalling theory and the consumer empowerment and anti-consumption literature, we identify links between sustainable consumption, consumer empowerment and anti-consumption and provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to utilise food labels to encourage more sustainable consumption.     

The spirit is willing,but the flesh is weak: The moderating effect of implicit associations on healthy eating behaviors

This paper examines how implicit processes shape consumer’s food decision making. A series of three empirical studies combines questionnaire data with the Implicit Association Test to demonstrate that the effect of nutrition self-efficacy on behavioral intentions and eating behavior is moderated by food associations that are activated automatically and unconsciously. The Main Study provides evidence that consumers with a low ability to adopt a healthy diet behave according to their self-efficacy if implicit associations are negatively connoted (e.g., “healthy food products are less tasty”). A mediated moderation model shows that the interaction effect exerts its influence via intentions to adopt a healthy diet. Replication Study A confirms that this interaction effect even shapes the consumption patterns of at-risk consumers who have received nutritional counseling. Study B confirms the moderating role of implicit associations in a different setting and for different implicit associations. The article reveals that solely increasing consumer’s self-efficacy will not result in substantial changes towards a more healthy diet. By addressing implicit processes, food producers and policy makers can improve the effectiveness of their efforts to induce changes in consumers’ food consumption patterns.     

Sustainability of meat production beyond carbon footprint: a synthesis of case studies from grazing systems in Uruguay

Livestock production has been challenged as a large contributor to climate change, and carbon footprint has become a widely used measure of cattle environmental impact. This analysis of fifteen beef grazing systems in Uruguay quantifies the range of variation of carbon footprint, and the trade-offs with other relevant environmental variables, using a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Using carbon footprint as the primary environmental indicator has several limitations: different metrics (GWP vs. GTP) may lead to different conclusions, carbon sequestration from soils may drastically affect the results, and systems with lower carbon footprint may have higher energy use, soil erosion, nutrient imbalance, pesticide ecotoxicity, and impact on biodiversity. A multidimensional assessment of sustainability of meat production is therefore needed to inform decision makers. There is great potential to improve grazing livestock systems productivity while reducing carbon footprint and other environmental impacts, and conserving biodiversity.     

Research issues in sustainable consumption: toward an analytical framework for materials and the environment

We define key research questions as a stimulus to research in the area of industrial ecology. The first group of questions addresses analytical support for green engineering and environmental policy. They relate to (i) tools for green engineering, (ii) improvements in life cycle assessment, (iii) aggregation of environmental impacts, and (iv) effectiveness of a range of innovative policy approaches. The second group of questions addresses the dynamics of technology, economics, and environmental impacts. They relate to (v) the environmental impacts of material and energy consumption, (vi) the potential for material efficiency, (vii) the relation of technological and economic development to changes in consumption patterns, and (viii) the potential for technology to overcome environmental impacts and constraints. Altogether, the questions create an intellectual agenda for industrial ecology and integrate the technological and social aspects of sustainability.     

源于淀粉和纤维素替代材料的4类绿色环保餐具评价

为了比较源于淀粉和纤维素替代材料的环境绩效,以餐饮外卖领域推广使用的生物基餐具(复合淀粉基材料、覆膜纤维基材料)与可降解塑料餐具(全淀粉材料、全纤维材料)为研究对象,分析产品生命周期中的各种资源、能源消耗和环境排放并评价其环境影响。以1000个外卖食品餐盒为基准流,利用环境评估软件建立绿色环保餐具的生命周期评价LCA模型。结果表明,源于淀粉的绿色餐盒碳排放和能量消耗主要集中于原料获取和废弃物处理两个阶段,源于纤维的绿色餐盒碳排放和能量消耗则主要集中在制品生产阶段。全淀粉可降解餐具的各项环境影响指标最低,其中累计释放CO239.91kg,消耗电能332.04 MJ,较全纤维可降解餐盒碳排放降低69.5%,节约电能416.23 MJ。     

啤酒酿造阶段生命周期清单分析

生命周期评价（LCA）可对产品生命周期各个阶段能量和物质利用以及废物排放进行分析，啤酒生命周期一般包括啤酒酿造、副产品处理、运输销售、回收处理等单元。清单分析包括原材料消耗、能源消耗和环境排放结果分析，环境排放又包括废水排放和废弃物排放。（孙悟）     

培育肉与传统肉类生产过程对环境的影响

通过分析传统肉类生产方式面临的挑战及培育肉产生的环境影响,表明培育肉是一种在生产技术、发展理念以及未来意义上具有先进性的肉类生产形式。通过对培育肉不同生命周期评估（LCA）的对比分析表明,影响培育肉生产的环境因素是多方面的,包括原料来源、细胞生长密度等,与传统肉类生产方式相比,培育肉的生产过程将占据更少的土地面积、消耗几乎可以忽略不计的淡水资源、在温室气体排放方面也具有较为明显的优势。另外,在降低培育肉生命周期对环境影响方面仍然有较大的提升空间,需通过开发适于工业生产的具体工艺及攻关系列基础技术问题进一步降低其对环境的影响,以满足人们对可持续发展的要求。然而,由于目前培育肉的工业化生产工艺尚未建立,对于细胞增殖、分化和培育肉质量控制等尚无明确参数,导致不同LCA之间存在较大差异,为促进培育肉产业化发展需尽快确定培育肉的工业化生产工艺,按照目前我国的装备试剂工业基础水平明确符合我国技术发展现状的培育肉LCA,为我国未来制定相关培育肉产业化发展政策提供理论依据。     

Attitude toward environmental protection and toward nature: How do they shape consumer behaviour for a sustainable tomato?

Several research efforts have tried to explain the forces driving food-related decisions. In this article, we explore how individual attitude toward the environment could be a potential determinant of green behavior. This research offers an original methodological framework never adopted in the food consumption domain that is based on the contribution of Campbell Paradigm and the related advancements on attitude measures proposed by the environmental psychology literature. We also contribute to the literature by envisaging a two-dimensional environmental attitude, that distinguishes between attitude toward environmental protection and toward nature appreciation. The ultimate target is to explain consumer purchasing intentions, represented by Willingness to Pay, toward a hypothetical tomato with improved resource use efficiency taking into account consumer psycho-attitudinal propensity towards environmental issues. The analysis is conducted in Italy and in the UK, two countries characterized by different perceptions about tomato as a consumption good and about water related issues. Findings indicate that the two dimensions of consumer attitude affect differently the spending propensity for a sustainable tomato and these differences are also country-specific. The analysis suggests that policies aimed at promoting sustainable food products should also target the consumer type (naturalist or environmentalist) that is more sensible to environmental sustainability.     

Leveraging agriculture to improve nutrition in the Philippines

The typical Filipino diet mainly consists of rice, fish and vegetables, with rice being the greatest source of calories. The consumption of a maize, starchy roots and tubers as rice substitutes or supplements, and vegetables and fruits has generally declined, while the consumption of fats, oils and meats has increased. Stunting is the most prevalent form of malnutrition among Filipinos. Vitamin A Deficiency, Iodine Deficiency Disorder, and Iron Deficiency Anemia remain public health problems for children and pregnant and lactating women. The link between nutrition and agriculture in the Philippines has focused on leveraging agriculture to improve nutrition. The programs that had been initiated by the government, NGO/CSO or private sector were conceptualized and implemented before the elements of a nutrition-sensitive agriculture framework were identified. These programs were implemented to address food production and the nutritional needs of individuals, families, and communities only with reference to nutrition security. Many of these programs have been successful as they implemented best practices that could be applied to forge a superior approach that optimizes the agriculture-nutrition nexus. This study identified these best practices or elements of success. The elements that have been noted as reasons for the success of some of these programs are: presence of strong political will and enabling policy environment; forging of new forms of partnerships, strategic collaboration, sound coordination and structures; exploiting the best that science and technology could offer; democratizing community participation; strong capacity building component and access to reliable technical expertise; knowledge and sensitivity to local cultures, beliefs and practices; professionalized promotion and ‘messaging’; use of catchy terms for easy recall; availability of sustainable funding; use of the life cycle approach in nutrition; holistic community nutrition perspective; practice and promotion of biodiversity-based agricultural production system; and control of the means of production.     

生命周期视角下食品碳足迹的评估及案例分析

“减排降碳”“碳达峰”“碳中和”已经成为全球气候治理的焦点,作为衡量气候变暖的重要工具,碳足迹可以对食品生命周期内的温室气体排放量进行量化评估,帮助人们提出碳减排的措施。本文从国内外的研究现状出发,以生命周期评价理论为基础,系统阐述碳足迹分析模型和食品产业链排放源,对国内外研究趋势进行可视化分析,并进一步对该领域内面临的挑战、政策环境、消费者购买行为进行讨论,以期为完善我国食品碳足迹标签制度提供借鉴。     

Appreciating the role of thermodynamics in LCA improvement analysis via an application to titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Although many regard it as the most important step of life cycle assessment, improvement analysis is given relatively little attention in the literature. Most available improvement approaches are highly subjective, and traditional LCA methods often do not account for resources other than fossil fuels. In this work exergy is evaluated as a thermodynamically rigorous way of identifying process improvement opportunities. As a case study, a novel process for producing titanium dioxide nanoparticles is considered. A traditional impact assessment, a first law energy analysis, and an exergy analysis are done at both the process and life cycle scales. The results indicate that exergy analysis provides insights not available via other methods, especially for identifying unit operations with the greatest potential for improvement. Exergetic resource accounting at the life cycle scale shows that other materials are at least as significant as fossil fuels for the production of TiO2 nanoparticles in this process.     

玻璃瓶啤酒包装的碳足迹研究

产品包装的碳足迹研究已成为近年来国际上研究的热点,并有望发展成为评估全球温室气体排放量可操作的一种评价指标。我国啤酒工业的迅速发展带来了包装容器资源消耗量大、环境负荷重等环境问题,因此,开展啤酒包装对环境潜在的碳排放量研究十分必要。以玻璃啤酒瓶为研究对象,采用混合生命周期法,对贯穿整个啤酒包装生命周期中的原材料生产、包装工艺、运输和消费、回收再利用等过程相关碳排放进行了研究,计算得到了玻璃啤酒瓶包装的碳排放当量。结果表明:玻璃啤酒瓶在整个生命周期中的碳排放总量为489.867g,啤酒瓶瓶体生产阶段的碳排放量最大,为363.83g,占总碳排放量的74.3%。     

Personality traits and preferences for production method labeling – A latent class approach

Consumers are increasingly concerned about food production methods. In this research, we focus on GMO-free and pesticide-free labeling for Medjool dates, a fruit that has recently received more attention due to its nutritious properties. In addition to accounting for preferences, we choose a latent class approach to explain choice behavior among different consumer segments. We focus on personality traits because personality can explain preference heterogeneity, and can be utilized for marketing activities. Findings indicate that consumer preferences are different across segments and can be described with personality traits. Openness, neuroticism and agency are associated with a preference for production method labeling, but not region of origin. Extraversion fosters preferences for more labels, while conscientiousness leads to a restricted choice pattern. Agreeableness did not discriminate choice behavior. Marketers and policy makers can use these insights to design activities in alignment with the target segments’ prevalent personality traits.     

消费价值观驱动下的服装品牌关系管理模型

在个性化消费成为主流消费文化的服装消费市场,以消费价值观为维度的品牌关系是顾客关系的核心内容,建立消费价值观驱动下的服装品牌关系管理模型为当今营销管理的新方向;一个强势品牌的确立：需要经历从探求目标消费群的消费价值观到概念化品牌的构造、从生产到传播品牌价值再赋值、从突破品牌信息传递屏障到品牌认知、从品牌选择状态到品牌诊断再回到概念化品牌,不断循环的管理过程;实证研究数据表明,在资源约束条件下,消费者认知下的品牌价值供给结构与其消费价值观诉求结构维系关系越拟合,管理就越有效,该品牌也就越强势。     

Full chain energy analysis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L. in Thailand

Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (JCL) has been considered for partial substitution of diesel fuel for transportation in Thailand. The aim of this study is to investigate the energy consumption for long-term investment (20 years) of Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) production in Thailand using a life cycle approach. Apart from the average result, two scenarios--best and worst case--are set up to illustrate the range of results due to the variety of management practices. The main contributors to the energy use are JCL cultivation, transesterification, and transportation process. The net energy gain (NEG) and net energy ratio (NER) of biodiesel and coproducts from the life cycle of JCL are 4720 GJ/ha and 6.03, respectively. Even if only biodiesel is considered without coproducts, the NER is 1.42, still higher than 1. The study will support decision makers in the energy policy sector to make informed decisions vis-a-vis promotion of JCL plantations for biodiesel.