供给需求关系感知的间断连接无线网络安全路由机制

针对间断连接无线网络中限制消息副本路由机制的低消息投递率与存在恶意节点攻击的问题,提出了一种节点状态实时感知的安全路由机制,采用供给需求模型对节点转发消息的过程进行建模,通过动态感知节点活跃度、邻居节点剩余缓存率和相遇节点声誉值,结合消息生存时间比,建立节点对消息配额的供给需求模型,进而合理分配稀缺的配额资源,并在本地网络状况满足约束条件下,依据消息需求弹性动态更新消息配额,实现可靠的安全路由机制。数值结果表明,所提出的路由机制有效地减小了恶意节点攻击行为的影响,并大幅改善消息投递率和消息平均时延。     

社区结构感知的间断连接无线网络路由机制

针对间断连接无线网络中消息投递成功率低的问题1依据网络中节点社会关系的差异性,提出了一种社区结构感知的路由机制.该机制根据节点在各个运动周期内的状态信息建立马尔可夫模型,以描述节点运动状态转换过程,进而以分布式的方式感知节点中心度,并以社区中心度为参数,采用社区标签交换方法对网络结构进行动态检测,最终利用社区内中心节点为中继辅助完成消息的转发.仿真结果表明,所提出的路由机制在投递率方面的性能改善程度接近90％,极大地优化了网络性能.     

基于信誉值维护的机会网络自私节点检测机制

机会网络中自私节点的存在严重影响路由转发的性能。为在路由时避开此类节点、消除其对网络性能的影响,提出了一种基于信誉值维护的自私节点检测机制,通过两跳ACK消息来监测节点行为,利用监测信息计算节点的信誉值,并将其作为判断节点是否自私的依据。在多种路由算法上加载该检测机制进行仿真实验,结果表明该检测机制可准确识别机会网络中的自私节点,提高消息投递的成功率,并能有效控制消息副本数和网络开销。     

节点状态感知的机会网络分布式协作缓存机制

合理利用节点间的协作关系及相邻节点的缓存资源可有效提高机会网络中节点缓存的利用率与消息的投递率。该文提出一种节点状态感知的分布式协作缓存机制,通过感知消息扩散程度动态估计消息的重要程度,确定消息在缓存操作中的优先级。进而根据节点的活跃度及相对粘度获知给定消息与其目标节点的相遇概率,并针对消息源节点的差异设计分区协作缓存方法,同时在本地缓存处于存满状态时动态选取协作节点,实现本地消息到相邻节点的转移,以达到高效利用缓存资源的目的。结果表明,所提出的协作缓存机制能够有效地利用节点有限的缓存资源,并大幅度地改善消息投递率及节点缓存利用率。     

延迟容忍网络状态感知的路由策略研究

延迟容忍网络具有间歇连通的特点,这为数据传输提出了很大的挑战。目前的路由算法没有充分考虑节点的整个状态(位置、速度),该文提出了一种节点状态感知的路由策略SARM(Situation-Aware Routing Method)。SARM根据节点的状态估计它能把消息传送到汇聚节点的可能性,并把消息复制到那些比自身可能性大的节点上。该文根据消息的生存时间、剩余时间及复制次数提出了一种消息队列管理机制。仿真实验表明,SARM在不增加消息副本数量的情况下提高了传输成功率并降低了传输延迟。     

带有编码冗余控制的机会网络数据转发机制

网络编码方法能有效提高数据传输效率,但采用该方法的机会网络数据转发机制均未考虑传输中的编码数据迭代冗余副本控制问题。为了充分降低译码复杂度并减少迭代冗余副本,提出了相遇持续时间估计及编码机会感知方法,进而设计了带有传输容量估计的编码冗余控制数据转发机制。节点以分布式的方式感知数据编码机会,为不同扩散程度的数据确定相应的优先级,并根据传输容量估计结果完成转发控制,以充分利用节点间的相遇持续时间。结果表明,所提出机制有效地减少了网络中的冗余副本,使译码所需的数据量趋于理论上的最小值,改善了网络资源利用率。     

一种能量感知的Ad Hoc网络路由协议

Ad Hoc网络中的节点是由电池供电,整个网络是一个能量受限系统,如何节省节点的能量,尽可能延长网络的可操控时间逐渐成为衡量路由协议性能的重要指标.基于移动节点能量的不同级别,采取不同的转发策略,提出了一种基于能量感知的Ad Hoc网络路由协议--EARP.并与AODV协议进行了性能比较,仿真结果显示,EARP具有较低的能耗,较长的网络存活时间.     

机会网络中消息冗余度动态估计的缓存管理策略

机会网络以存储-携带-转发的方式实现节点间通信,高效的节点缓存管理策略能够充分利用有限的缓存空间。该文提出了一种基于消息冗余度动态估计的自适应缓存管理机制,利用消息携带节点的活跃程度和当前网络状态下消息副本数量,预测给定消息的投递状态,节点以消息冗余程度为参数确定消息的转发以及携带优先级。结果表明,所提出的节点活跃度和消息副本数的估计方法比较准确,同时所提出的缓存管理策略能有效提高消息成功投递率,降低网络平均时延和网络负载率。     

基于粒子滤波步行长度预测的移动ad hoc网络路由算法

针对移动ad hoc网络拓扑结构变化大、路由复杂度高、数据传输性能低等问题,提出了一种新的移动通信系统自适应路由算法。为了使得网络拓扑结构更接近移动网络间歇性连接的特点,该算法在网络结构上采用了一种改进的Levy Walk移动模型。采用一种粒子滤波步行长度预测的方法,通过蒙特卡罗抽样得到递归贝叶斯滤波器,并在粒子滤波后进行步行长度预测,确定消息的副本数量,从而减少由于节点转发过多消息副本带来的能量消耗量,提高消息的传递效率。实验仿真结果表明：与基于改进蚁群优化和利润优化模型的路由算法相比,该算法的消息传递成功率分别提高了0.08和0.04,节点平均能量效率提高了17.9%和13.4%,在提升数据传输成功率和节能上具有较好效果。     

一种基于信号机制的能量感知地理路由算法

在实际的无线传感器网络中,由于路由空洞的存在,采用边缘转发机制的地理路由算法容易使空洞边缘的节点由于负载较重,能量快速消耗从而过早的死亡,导致空洞进一步的扩大．为了使网络负载更加均衡,延长网络生命周期,提出了一种基于能量信号机制的地理路由算法SIENGR ．SIENGR将节点的初始能量划分3个能量区间,并用能量信号来标识节点的剩余能量所处的能量区间．SIENGR算法的边缘转发机制结合节点的能量信号,利用空洞边界节点的所有平面邻居节点来轮流承担边缘转发的数据量,使产生的路由能够根据节点能耗的情况,自适应地避开空洞边缘能量较少的热区节点,均衡热区附近节点的能量消耗,防止空洞扩大．仿真结果验证了SIENGR算法在网络生命周期、网络能耗均衡、数据包到达率等指标上的性能．     

移动无线传感网能量时延约束的自适应路由及性能评估

 针对间歇性连通的移动无线传感网提出一种能量时延约束的自适应路由协议(EDCA),EDCA由初始化阶段、转发决策阶段、转发阶段和等待阶段组成,传感器节点根据目标时延实时判断是否转发副本,并选择剩余能量多的节点进行副本转发.EDCA对平均时延和网络负载具有控制力,对网络环境变化具有自适应能力,能够有效延长网络生命周期.     

Energy efficient secured routing protocol for MANETs

The design of routing protocol with energy efficiency and security is a challenging task. To overcome this challenge, we propose energy-efficient secured routing protocol. The objective of our work is to provide a secured routing protocol, which is energy efficient. To provide security for both link and message without relying on the third party, we provide security to the protocol by choosing a secure link for routing using Secure Optimized Link State Routing Protocol. Each node chooses multipoint relay nodes amongst the set of one-hop neighbors, so as to reach all two-hop neighbors. The access control entity authorizes nodes announcing the node identification to the network. In addition, the access control entity signs a public key Ki, a private key ki, and the certificate Ci required by an authorized node to obtain the group key. Each node maintains a route table with power status as one of its entry. After selecting the link, on requirement of a new route, we check nodes’ power status in its routing table and then accordingly arise a route. Then, we perform group key distribution using the generated keys using a small number of messages which helps reducing energy consumption. The group key can be altered periodically to avoid nonauthorized nodes and to avoid the use of the same group key in more than some amount of data. Then, we provide communication privacy for both message sender and message recipient using Secure Source Anonymous Message Authentication Scheme. Thereby, the message sender or the sending node generates a source anonymous message authentication for message for releasing each message based on the MES scheme. Hence, our approach will provide message content authenticity without relying on any trusted third parties.     

Lightweight opportunistic routing forwarding strategy based on Markov chain

A lightweight opportunistic routing forwarding strategy (MOR) was proposed based on Markov chain.In the scheme,the execute process of network was divided into a plurality of equal time period,and the random encounter state of node in each time period was represented by activity degree.The state sequence of a plurality of continuous time period constitutes a discrete Markov chain.The activity degree of encounter node was estimated by Markov model to predict its state of future time period,which can enhance the accuracy of activity degree estimation.Then,the method of comprehensive evaluating forwarding utility was designed based on the activity degree of node and the average encounter interval.MOR used the utility of node for making a routing forwarding decision.Each node only maintained a state of last time period and a state transition probability matrix,and a vector recording the average encounter interval of nodes.So,the routing forwarding decision algorithm was simple and efficient,low time and space complexity.Furthermore,the method was proposed to set optimal number of the message copy based on multiple factors,which can effectively balance the utilization of network resources.Results show that compared with existing algorithms,MOR algorithm can effectively increase the delivery ratio and reduce the delivery delay,and lower routing overhead ratio.     

Sharing spray and wait routing algorithm in opportunistic networks

Due to the instability and intermittent connectivity of links among the nodes and the lack of connectivity in opportunistic network, it is not feasible to use common routing for delivering messages. The only practical method for routing and delivering messages is to use the store-carry-forward routing method. As a case in point, spray and wait is considered to be one of the most appropriate routing methods. The efficiency of this method depends directly on the proper selection of the next hop and the number of copies when it encounters a node. In this paper, a method was proposed that constantly selects the next node and considers the number of copies a node can deliver. In the proposed method, the selection of the next node and the number of message copies to be transmitted by the next hop are based on message carrying time and the probability of message delivery. The network model, based on Markov chain, is extended for analysis. Simulation and analysis results showed that significant enhancement is obtained with the proposed method when measuring metrics such as delay, delivery ratio and copy do comparisons with similar methods.     

一种基于节点能量的机会网络概率路由算法

在机会网络中,节点之间可能不存在端到端的路径.为了节省网络中节点消耗的能量,在概率路由算法的基础上提出了一种基于节点能量的概率路由算法(Energy-based Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity,EBPROPHET).首先,计算两个节点相遇时节点的通信开销,然后相遇节点的剩余能量作为一个参量引入算法,选择节点剩余能量多的节点作为转发节点,最后,进行消息的转发.仿真表明,EB-PROPHET算法具有良好的路由性能,降低了整个网络的能量消耗,延长了网络的生存周期.     

Optimal energy efficiency routing strategy based on community in mobile social network

An optimal energy efficiency routing strategy based on community was proposed,which minimized the network energy consumption under the given delay constraint.Firstly the expected energy consumption and delay of message delivery in the connected network were obtained through Markov chain.Then the comprehensive cost function for delivering message from source node to destination node was designed,which was combined with energy consumption and delay.Thus,the optimization function to comprehensive cost of relay node delivering message was obtained,and further the reward function of relay node was gotten.Finally the optimal expected reward of optimal relay node was achieved using the optimal stopping theory,so as to realize the optimal energy efficiency routing strategy.In simulations,the average energy consumption,the average delay and the average delivery ratio of routing optimization strategy were compared with those of other routing strategies in related literatures.The results show that the strategy proposed has smaller average energy consumption,shorter average delay and higher average delivery ratio,gaining better energy consumption optimization effect.     

Threshold based locking routing strategy for delay tolerant network

Delay tolerance network probabilistic routing protocols forward message to a node by observing its predictability value to meet the message destination. However, it is vital to predict the ability of node to carry the transmitted message. For instance, the traffic confluence on the high probable nodes can produce congestion that results in the drop of previously stored messages. These drops diminish the delivery ratio because the dropped message lost its opportunity to be delivered. Since, there exist multiple copies of each message; therefore, the same node invariably receives the dropped messages from other parts of the network and causes the highest number of transmissions. Additionally, the replication from source node continues on the high probable peers even the previous copies were transmitted on the better predictable neighbors than the current. In this paper, we have proposed a novel routing method called as the adaptive threshold based locking method that maintains the contemporary status of the node based on its activity in the network. We have used the adaptive status measuring metrics such as transmit factor, drop factor and hop away count. Moreover, a threshold based locking method has been introduced to control the diffusion of messages. We have performed the comparison of existing and proposed routing methods with real time mobility traces. The proposed strategy has bolstered the delivery ratio and minimizes hop count, end-to-end delay and number of transmission.     

Power and cost aware localized routing with guaranteed delivery in unit graph based ad hoc networks

In a localized routing algorithm, each node currently holding a message makes forwarding decision solely based on the position information about itself, its neighbors and destination. In a unit graph, two nodes can communicate if and only if the distance between them is no more than the transmission radius, which is the same for each node. This paper proposes localized routing algorithms, aimed at minimizing total power for routing a message or maximizing the total number of routing tasks that a network can perform before a partition. The algorithms are combinations of known greedy power and/or cost aware localized routing algorithms and an algorithm that guarantees delivery. A shortcut procedure is introduced in later algorithm to enhance its performance. Another improvement is to restrict the routing to nodes in a dominating set. These improvements require two‐hop knowledge at each node. The efficiency of proposed algorithms is verified experimentally by comparing their power savings, and the number of routing tasks a network can perform before a node loses all its energy, with the corresponding shortest weighted path algorithms and localized algorithms that use fixed transmission power at each node. Significant energy savings are obtained, and feasibility of applying power and cost‐aware localized schemes is demonstrated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.