建筑用新型复合相变材料储能过程的热性能研究

为了提高传统建筑材料的保温隔热性能,采用实验与模拟的方法,分析了复合相变混凝土墙体和普通混凝土墙体在受到相同热扰动时的温度分布及液相率变化曲线,并研究了符合相变材料中石墨含量的百分比对导热性能的影响。结果表明:凝固和熔化过程中,相变混凝土墙体比普通混凝土墙体温度变化平缓,波动幅度小;一定量石墨的加入能够有效改善有机相变材料的导热性能。且模拟值与测试值基本吻合,所建模型具有较高的可行性,在建筑节能及改善室内舒适度方面有很大的应用潜能。     

无机多孔基复合相变材料的热湿性能研究进展

无机多孔基复合相变材料兼具调温调湿性能,能够减少室内温度波动,调节室内湿度平衡,既提高了环境的舒适度,又减少了建筑能耗,是近几年建筑材料领域的研究热点。介绍了相变材料的分类及优缺点,并总结了不同种类相变材料的性能优化措施;简述了常用的无机多孔材料,分析比较了其对相变材料的强化导热效果和定形效果;分析了无机多孔基复合相变材料的热湿综合性能,并讨论了材料的不足之处。最后,提出了优化材料性能的措施以及研究方向,为深入研究调温调湿材料提供帮助。     

相变材料导热性能强化的研究进展

相变储能复合材料对于缓解能源紧张状况,保护环境和提供舒适健康的生活环境具有积极的意义,在太阳能热发电、工业热利用及余热回收方面有显著优势。但是相变材料本身存在导热性能不高,容易腐蚀容器等问题,所以本文主要综述了相变材料导热性能强化的研究进展。首先介绍相变储能材料的现状以及存在的问题,然后讨论了以金属、陶瓷和碳质纳米材料作为导热强化材料在相变储能复合材料中的研究现状和成果,最后展望了经导热强化后的相变储能复合材料的前景。     

膨胀石墨定形复合相变材料热性能可视化研究

膨胀石墨(EG)作为吸附材料不仅可以防止石蜡(PA)泄漏，还可以提高复合相变材料的导热系数。采用熔融混合法制备了EG含量不同的3种石蜡/膨胀石墨(PA/EG)定形复合相变材料，并对复合相变材料的潜热、热导率、热稳定性和热分解特性进行研究；搭建了可视化控温系统，在恒热流密度下采用红外热成像仪对复合相变材料传热特性进行可视化研究。研究结果表明：EG含量为30%(wt,质量分数，下同)时，复合相变材料导热系数为5.21W/(m·K),与PA相比提高约20倍；随着EG含量的增加，复合相变材料的相变焓逐渐降低，当EG含量为30%时，循环100次后复合相变材料的相变焓为183.6J/g;从熔融过程的温度可视化结果可得，复合相变材料中的EG虽然削弱了自然对流的影响，但是由于其导热系数远高于PA,所以复合相变材料温度变化较为明显。     

基于T-history法确定相变材料的相变区间和相变焓

相变区间是决定相变材料使用性能的主要因素,也直接影响相变焓的计算。T-history法设备构造简单,测试试样体积大,可用于确定相变材料的相变区间和相变焓。选取癸酸、六水氯化钙复合物、石蜡3种典型相变材料,基于T–history法得到待测材料温度-时间曲线,改进计算过程得到相变材料焓温曲线。由温度-时间曲线的一阶,二阶导数选取切点,采用切线法确定相变区间,结合焓温曲线求得相变焓。3种材料测试结果:癸酸和石蜡相变起点和终点温度标准差均小于0.5℃,相变焓标准差率小于10%;六水氯化钙复合物结晶起点和终点温度标准差分别为1.9℃和0.8℃,融化起点和终点温度标准差小于0.5℃,相变焓标准差率小于10%。引入临界比热容分析相变区间内当量比热容,结果表明,确定的相变区间内的当量比热容大于临界比热容。改进后的T-history法可用于确定相变区间和相变焓。     

水溶液法制备硝酸盐/膨胀石墨粉复合相变材料的实验研究

在制备(KNO3-LiNO3-Ca(NO3)2)/膨胀石墨粉(Expanded graphite,EG)复合相变材料过程中,硝酸共晶盐与EG的混匀程度直接影响着复合相变材料的蓄放热性能。KNO3、LiNO3、Ca(NO3)2按一定比例熔融混合制备得到共晶盐,然后再加入不同质量的水使共晶盐溶解,最后再将设定质量比的EG加入并搅拌混匀,加热将水分蒸发完全后得到复合相变材料。利用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观察EG的微观形貌,用综合热分析仪(DSC Q600)测定所制备的复合相变材料的相变潜热值并用导热仪测量其导热系数。实验结果表明,对于EG质量分数为5%的复合相变材料,当溶解水量大于200g时,热物性较为理想。另外,EG含量越多,复合相变材料的导热系数越大。     

相变材料的复合及其热性能研究

针对相变材料应用领域中对相变温度和相变焓的具体要求,采用复合的方法重点对相变材料的相变温度进行调节,复合出具有特定相变温度和较高相变焓的相变材料.论述了相变材料的复合原理,研究了4种相变材料的复合及其热性能,通过理论计算与实际测试相比较,筛选出复合物的最佳配比.研究表明:通过相变材料的复合可以调节材料的相变温度至所需要的范围,并具有较高的相变焓,可保持良好吸收或释放能量的能力.     

相变材料在围护结构中的应用及热工性能研究进展

在建筑围护结构中掺入相变材料能达到蓄放热、改善热工性能和节能目的。介绍了相变材料的分类、选择,求解相变传热过程方法。分析了围护结构与相变材料热工性能的相关性,热工性能受地区气候、室内环境、相变材料热物性、相变材料封装及应用方式等影响。通过相变砖、相变混凝土、相变砂浆和相变墙板等的应用,表明相变温度接近环境温度的算术平均值,相变材料封装面积、传热系数、潜热的增大,可有效地提高其热工性能和节能效果。研究相变围护结构的热工性能对建筑节能降碳具有重要意义。     

蓄冷空调新型相变蓄能材料热性能研究

通过实验分析了空调蓄冷材料的凝固点、融点、融解热和相变过程中的热稳定性等热学性能。在热分析中 ,用示差扫描量热仪 (DSC)来测定蓄冷材料的融解热 ,温度传感器用来测定蓄冷材料的凝固点和融解点。通过热分析寻找到了一种新型蓄冷材料 ,其测试结果表明 :该蓄冷材料是蓄冷空调系统中一种高效的蓄冷材料     

石蜡/膨胀石墨/碳化硅复合相变材料的制备及热性能研究

膨胀石墨(EG)是多孔吸附材料中具有优良传热效果的材料。为进一步提高石蜡(PW)/EG复合相变材料的热性能，以PW为相变主材，EG为载体，碳化硅(SiC)、碳纤维(CF)或活性炭(AC)为强化传热介质，通过熔融共混法制备了不同质量分数配比的复合相变材料(CPCM)并压制成形。采用导热系数测试仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜对CPCM的热性能进行测试和表征。结果表明，当CPCM中PW∶EG∶SiC(质量比)为70∶25∶5时，CPCM的导热系数为1.827W/(m·K),潜热为147.2J/g,分别为PW∶EG=70∶30的CPCM的1.022倍和1.036倍。所制备的CPCM没有新物质产生，相变温度合适，微观结构紧凑，热性能好。     

探针法测量低温下食品导热系数研究

在分析了探针法测量原理的基础上,用探针法对低温下食品材料的导热系数进行了测量研究。实验表明探针在用甘油和蒸馏水进行标定后,可以方便准确地测量不同水分的土豆在25℃-50℃温度范围内的导热系数。     

热带法测量材料导热系数的实验研究

根据瞬态热带法的基本原理，建立了测量非导电固体材料以及松散材料导热系数的实验装置，采用热电偶直接测量热带的温度变化，整个测量系统更加方便实用、易于实现。对一批试样进行的测试结果表明，本测量装置具有较好的重复性和准确性，可应用于相关的科研部门和工业部门。     

Application of the Three-Omega Method to Measurement of Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Hydrogen Gas

Preliminary investigations have been conducted to discuss the possibility of measuring the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas by the three-omega method. A one-dimensional analytical solution for the 3ω component is derived which includes the effect of the wire heat capacity. It is shown that it is very important to take into account the wire heat capacity in the calculation to measure the thermal conductivity of gas by the three-omega method. In contrast, the wire heat capacity is less important for the thermal conductivity of the liquid or solid phase. The importance of the wire heat capacity is found to increase with increasing frequency and decrease if the sample thermal conductivity is high. In order to measure the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure, a wire of diameter less than 1μm is necessary if the properties of the wire are to be neglected.     

关于测试材料热物性热脉冲法的新探讨

建立起热脉冲法的新理论模型，分析了相应的测试技术问题。利用研制的微机测试系统 种材料的热扩散系数和导热系数进行了测定，得到了满意的结果，表明本文所提出的测试广阔进可信的。     

相变装置中填充泡沫金属的传热强化分析

通过对泡沫金属结构的分析,将泡沫金属结构简化为二维的循环扩展六边形网格形式,且传热单元被分为九个导热层。在此基础上以热阻分析推导出了在泡沫金属作为填充材料时其整体有效导热系数Koff与泡沫金属空隙率ε之间的数学关系式。分别以泡沫铜、泡沫铝填充石蜡为例与用铜、铝翅片并联和串联两种方式填充石蜡时的有效导热系数进行了计算对比,从计算结果可以明显看出采用泡沫金属作为填充材料,其整体效果要优于翅片,可显著改善相变储能装置的传热性能及储能效率。     

瞬态热线法导热系数测量实验数据处理方法的研究

为克服瞬态热线法导热系数测量中实验数据处理一般方法的弊端,将数值模拟引入实验数据处理过程,并通过比较理论计算曲线与实验曲线的符合程度来获得最终的实验结果。通过不同方法对实验数据处理结果的比较分析表明,所使用的方法可以更好地处理瞬态热线法导热系数测量数据,同时,与传统方法相比,采用较少的数据点即可得到正确的结果。研究结果不仅可以改进瞬态热线法导热系数实验数据的分析方法,而且对实验系统的设计与搭建也有借鉴意义。     

A Lie-Group Adaptive Method for Imaging a Space-Dependent Rigidity Coefficient in an Inverse Scattering Problem of Wave Propagation

We are concerned with the reconstruction of an unknown space-dependent rigidity coefficient in a wave equation. This problem is known as one of the inverse scattering problems. Based on a two-point Lie-group equation we develop a Lie-group adaptive method (LGAM) to solve this inverse scattering problem through iterations, which possesses a special character that by using onlytwo boundary conditions and two initial conditions, as those used in the direct problem, we can effectively reconstruct the unknown rigidity function by aself-adaption between the local in time differential governing equation and the global in time algebraic Lie-group equation. The accuracy and efficiency of the present LGAM are assessed by comparing the imaged results with some postulated exact solutions. By means of LGAM, it is quite versatile to handle the wave inverse scattering problem for the image of the rigidity coefficient without needing any extra information from the wave motion.     

Using a Lie-Group Adaptive Method for the Identification of a Nonhomogeneous Conductivity Function and Unknown Boundary Data

Only the left-boundary data of temperature and heat flux are used to estimate an unknown parameter function α(x) in T_t(x,t) = ∂(α(x)T_x)/∂x + h(x,t), as well as to recover the right-boundary data. When α(x) is given the above problem is a well-known inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). This paper solves a mixed-type inverse problem as a combination of the IHCP and the problem of parameter identification, without needing to assume a function form of α(x) a priori, and without measuring extra data as those used by other methods. We use the one-step Lie-Group Adaptive Method (LGAM) for the semi-discretizations of heat conduction equation, respectively, in time domain and spatial domain to derive algebraic equations, which are used to solve α(x) through a few iterations. To test the stability of the present LGAM we also add a random noise in the initial data. When α(x) is identified, a sideways approach is employed to recover the unknown boundary data. The convergence speed and accuracy are examined by numerical examples.     

A Method for Thermal Diffusivity Determination of Thermal Insulators

A so-called “three-point” (3P) method has been developed for thermal diffusivity measurements of thermal insulating materials. One side of a cylindrical specimen, sandwiched between two thin metal plates, is subjected to intense light from an incandescent lamp to generate a thermal perturbance. The temperature response is measured in three locations along the test specimen. Thermocouples are located at the front and rear faces of the specimen, and the third is placed inside the specimen at a known location. The two outside temperatures are used as boundary conditions, and the unknown thermal diffusivity is calculated from the third temperature versus time curve. The method combines the advantages of rapid transient non-contact heating methods with the well-defined boundary conditions of steady-state methods. The results of the 3P method are compared with those from steady-state methods for a micro-porous insulation material and for a honeycomb structure.     

A Differential Quadrature Method for Multi-Dimensional Inverse Heat Conduction Problem of Heat Source

In this paper, we employ the differential quadrature method (DQM) to tackle the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) of heat source. These advantages of this numerical approach are that no a priori presumption is made on the functional form of the estimates, and that evaluated heat source can be obtained directly in the calculation process. Seven examples show the effectiveness and accuracy of our algorism in providing excellent estimates of unknown heat source from the given data. We find that the proposed scheme is applicable to the IHCP of heat source. Even though the noise is added to the exact temperature, the DQM is still robust against disturbance.