Identification of Host Fruit Volatiles from Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) Attractive to Dogwood-Origin Rhagoletis pomonella Flies

Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection were used to identify volatiles from fruit of flowering dogwood, Cornus florida, as key attractants for Rhagoletis pomonella flies originating from dogwood fruit. A six-component blend containing ethyl acetate (54.9%), 3-methylbutan-1-ol (27.5%), isoamyl acetate (0.9%), dimethyl trisulfide (1.9%), 1-octen-3-ol (9.1%), and -caryophyllene (5.8%) was identified from flowering dogwood fruit that gave consistent EAD activity. In a flight tunnel assay there was no significant difference in the response of individual dogwood flies exhibiting upwind anemotactic flight to volatile extracts from dogwood fruit and the six-component synthetic mixture. Dogwood flies also displayed significantly greater levels of upwind flight to sources with the dogwood volatile blend than with previously identified volatile blends from domestic apple or hawthorn fruit. Selected subtraction assays showed that the three-component mixture of 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, and -caryophyllene elicited levels of upwind flight to the source equivalent to the six-component mixture. Our study adds to previous ones showing that populations of Rhagoletis pomonella flies infesting apple, hawthorn, and flowering dogwood fruit are attracted to unique mixtures of fruit volatiles, supporting the hypothesis that host fruit odors could be key traits in sympatric host shifts and establishing host fidelity within members of the Rhagoletis pomonella species complex.     

Identification and Synthesis of Volicitin and Related Components from Beet Armyworm Oral Secretions

Oral secretion of beet armyworm caterpillars (BAW), when applied to damaged tissues of corn seedlings, induces the seedlings to emit volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of the caterpillars. The key elicitor present in BAW oral secretions is N-[17-hydroxylinolenoyl]-L-glutamine (volicitin). Analysis of the oral secretion showed that it also contained N-[17-hydroxyolinoleoyl]-L-glutamine, free 17-hydroxylinolenic, and 17-hydroxylinoleic acid, the glutamine conjugates of linolenic and linoleic acid as well as free linolenic and linoleic acid. Here we present the identification and synthesis of the hydroxy acids and of glutamine conjugates.     

Identification and Variation of Volatile Compounds in Sternal Gland Secretions of Male Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)

The content of the sternal gland secretion from four male koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Volatile fatty acids, aldehydes, ketones, mono- and sesquiterpenes were identified, together with various volatile nitriles and oximes, some of which had not previously been described from any mammalian skin gland. Benzyl cyanide and phenylacetaldehyde oxime were identified as major components of the secretions, together with smaller amounts of the novel 3-methylthiopropanal oxime. The relative abundance of the identified compounds was highly variable between individuals and the scent composition was found to be partly determined by the scent of surrounding conspecifics. Principal component analysis revealed a high similarity between related individuals.     

Electrophysiological Responses of the Lepidopterous Stemborers Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca to Volatiles from Wild and Cultivated Host Plants

The stemborers Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca are major pests of subsistence cereal farming in Africa. Volatiles released by two cultivated hosts, sorghum and maize (Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays), and two wild grass hosts, Pennisetum purpureum and Hyparrhenia tamba, were collected by air entrainment. Electrophysiologically active components in these samples were detected by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG), and the active peaks identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 41 compounds were identified from the four plant species, all of which, as well as two unidentified compounds, elicited an electrophysiological response from one or both of the stemborers. The compounds included a number of green leaf volatiles and other aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, and esters, mono- and sesquiterpenoids, and some aromatic compounds. EAG studies with authentic samples, conducted at two discriminating doses for all compounds, and dose–response curves for 14 of the most highly EAG-active compounds, showed significant differences in relative responses between species. The compounds that elicited large responses in both species of moths included linalool, acetophenone, and 4-allylanisole, while a number of compounds such as the aliphatic aldehydes octanal, nonanal, and decanal elicited a large response in B. fusca, but a significantly smaller response in C. partellus. Furthermore, the wild hosts produced higher levels of physiologically active compounds compared with either of the cultivated hosts. These differences are discussed in relation to the differential attraction/oviposition of the two stemborers observed in the field and, particularly for eastern African small-scale farming systems, in the context of using a push–pull strategy for their control.     

Direct Defense or Ecological Costs: Responses of Herbivorous Beetles to Volatiles Released by Wild Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus)

In response to feeding damage, Lima bean releases herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV), which are generally assumed to attract carnivorous arthropods as an indirect defense. While many studies have focused on such tritrophic interactions, few have investigated effects of HIPV on herbivores. I used natural herbivores of wild Lima bean and studied their responses to jasmonic acid-induced plants in an olfactometer and in feeding trials. Both Cerotoma ruficornis and Gynandrobrotica guerreroensis (Chrysomelidae) significantly preferred control plants to induced ones in the olfactometer, and they avoided feeding on induced plants. In contrast, Curculionidae significantly preferred HIPV of the induced plant to those of the control in one plant pair and did not choose in the case of a second pair. In feeding trials, no choice occurred in the first plant pair, while control leaves were preferred in the second. Release of HIPV deterred Chrysomelid herbivores and, thus, acted as a direct defense. This may be an important addition to indirect defensive effects. Whether or not HIPV released by induced plants attracted herbivorous Curculionidae, thus incurring ecological costs, varied among plants. Such differences could be related to various HIPV blends released by individual plants.     

Identification of (Z)-4- and 1-Tridecene in the Metathoracic Gland Secretions of Stink Bugs Employing the GC/FT-IR Technique

The composition of stink bug allomones is similar for most species and includes hydrocarbons, as well as saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and esters. Analysis of extracts of the metathoracic glands of seven pentatomid species from different genera by gas chromatography/Fourier transform-infrared (GC/FT-IR) showed that the compound previously thought to be 1-tridecene actually showed characteristic bands of an internal as well as terminal double bond, the former compound having (Z)-configuration. The mass spectrum of an epoxy-derivative of the natural material demonstrated that the internal double bound was located at C4. GC/FT-IR and co-injections with synthetic standards on different capillary columns proved that all these stink bugs had 1-tridecene and (Z)-4-tridecene in their defensive secretions.     

Synergy Versus Potency in the Defensive Secretions from Nymphs of two Pentatomomorphan Families (Hemiptera: Coreidae and Pentatomidae)

One characteristic of true bugs (Heteroptera) is the presence of dorsal abdominal glands in the immature nymphal stages. These glands usually produce defensive chemicals (allomones) that vary among taxa but are still similar in closely related groups. Knowledge of the chemistry and prevalence of allomones in different taxa may clarify the evolution of these chemical defensive strategies. Within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha, the known secretions of nymphs of Pentatomidae tend to contain the hydrocarbon, n-tridecane, a keto-aldehyde, and an (E)-2-alkenal as the most abundant components. In the Coreidae, the dorsal abdominal gland secretions of nymphs often contain little or no hydrocarbon, and the most abundant keto-aldehyde and (E)-2-alkenal are often of shorter chain-length than those of pentatomids. We hypothesized that the long chain compounds would be less potent than their shorter homologs, and that bugs that carry the former would benefit from a synergistic effect of n-tridecane. To test this hypothesis we used three different behavioral assays with ants. A predator?Cprey assay tested the deterrence of allomones toward predators; a vapor experiment tested the effectiveness of allomones in the gaseous phase toward predators; and application of allomones onto predators tested the effect of direct contact. The results substantiate the hypothesis of a synergistic effect between n-tridecane and longer chain keto-aldehyde and (E)-2-alkenal in deterring predators. The short chain keto-aldehyde 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal was highly effective on its own. Thus, it seems that different groups of the infraorder diverged in their strategies involving defensive chemicals. Implications of this divergence are discussed.     

Volatiles from mandibular glands of male beewolves (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae,Philanthus) and their possible roles

Observations of wasp behavior indicate that male beewolves,Philanthus basilaris andP. bicinctus apply a marking pheromone to the leaves and stems of plants within their territories. We now provide direct evidence for the presence of volatile chemicals in the paired mandibular glands of the males, provide preliminary identification of these volatiles, and show that all of the volatile chemicals in the mandibular glands are present on freshly marked plant surfaces but are absent from unmarked plants. Pyrazines, which have been reported in other species of aculeate wasps including the EuropeanPhilanthus triangulum, were not found inP. basilaris orP. bicinctus.     

Defensive Secretions in Three Species of Polydesmids (Diplopoda,Polydesmida, Polydesmidae)

Nine compounds were detected in three different millipede species: Polydesmus complanatus (L.), Brachydesmus (Stylobrachydesmus) avalae Ćurčić & Makarov, and Brachydesmus (Stylobrachydesmus) dadayi Verhoeff. Benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzoylnitrile, benzyl methyl ketone, benzoic acid, benzyl ethyl ketone, mandelonitrile, and mandelonitrile benzoate were identified by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Hydrogen cyanide was detected qualitatively by the picric acid test. Benzyl ethyl ketone, benzyl methyl ketone, and benzyl alcohol were detected for the first time in polydesmidan millipedes. Benzoylnitrile was the major component in all three hexane extracts. These compounds are suspected to be active in the defensive secretions of these millipede species.     

Drying of Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) Leaves: Retention of Volatiles and Color

Lemon myrtle plant (Backhousia citriodora) leaves were dried at three different drying temperature conditions (30, 40, and 50°C) in a fluidized bed dryer. The retention of the principal volatile compound, citral, was analyzed in dried products obtained at these three drying conditions. The changes in the color parameters L?, a?, b? of leaves were also analyzed. More than 90% of citral was retained at 50°C drying temperature, whereas the retention at 30 and 40°C was 81 and 85%, respectively, suggesting that higher temperature is beneficial to achieve higher retention of volatiles. However, in terms of the color, all the color parameters were changed maximum at 50°C drying temperature unfavorably, suggesting that the higher temperature drying causes more degradation of the pigment. Blanching of the leaves in hot water at 80°C for 1 min prior to drying did not result in any improvement in volatile retention or color.     

Identification and Field Evaluation of Fermentation Volatiles from Wine and Vinegar that Mediate Attraction of Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

Previous studies suggest that olfactory cues from damaged and fermented fruits play important roles in resource recognition of polyphagous spotted wing Drosophila flies (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). They are attracted to fermented sweet materials, such as decomposing fruits but also wines and vinegars, and to ubiquitous fermentation volatiles, such as acetic acid and ethanol. Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), two-choice laboratory bioassays, and field trapping experiments were used to identify volatile compounds from wine and vinegar that are involved in SWD attraction. In addition to acetic acid and ethanol, consistent EAD responses were obtained for 13 volatile wine compounds and seven volatile vinegar compounds, with all of the vinegar EAD-active compounds also present in wine. In a field trapping experiment, the 9-component vinegar blend and 15-component wine blend were similarly attractive when compared to an acetic acid plus ethanol mixture, but were not as attractive as the wine plus vinegar mixture. In two-choice laboratory bioassays, 7 EAD-active compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl lactate, 1-hexanol, isoamyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, and ethyl sorbate), when added singly to the mixture at the same concentrations tested in the field, decreased the attraction of SWD to the mixture of acetic acid and ethanol. The blends composed of the remaining EAD-active chemicals, an 8-component wine blend [acetic acid + ethanol + acetoin + grape butyrate + methionol + isoamyl lactate + 2-phenylethanol + diethyl succinate] and a 5-component vinegar blend [acetic acid + ethanol + acetoin + grape butyrate + 2-phenylethanol] were more attractive than the acetic acid plus ethanol mixture, and as attractive as the wine plus vinegar mixture in both laboratory assays and the field trapping experiment. These results indicate that these volatiles in wine and vinegar are crucial for SWD attraction to fermented materials on which they feed as adults.     

Volatiles from thermal decomposition of isomeric methyl (12S, 13S)-(E)-12,13-epoxy-9-hydroperoxy-10-octadecenoates

Two epimers of methyl (12S,13S)-(E)-12,13-epoxy-9-hydroperoxy-10-octadecenoate were isolated after esterification of a mixture of fatty acids obtained from decomposition of (13S)-(9Z,11E)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid by an Fe⁺⁺-cysteine catalyst. These epimeric epoxyhydro-peroxyoctadecenoates were decomposed by heat (210 C) in the injection port of a gas chromatograph, and the cleavage fragments were subsequently separated by gas chromatography (GC) and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Among the scission products obtained, the most prominent in the GC peak profile were methyl octanoate and methyl 9-oxononanoate. Other peaks were identified as pentane, 1-pentanol, hexanal, 2-heptanone, 2-pentylfuran, methyl heptanoate, 2-octenal, 4,5-epoxy-2-decenal, methyl 8-(2-furyl)-octanoate, 11-oxo-9-undecenoate and methyl 13-oxo-9,11-tridecadienoate. In addition, 3,4-epoxynonanal, methyl 8-oxooctanoate, 3-hydroxy-2-pentyl-2,3-dihydrofuran and methyl 10-oxodecanoate were tentatively identified. Except for the furan compounds, the formation of the fragmentation products could be explained by conventional free-radical scission mechanisms. The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Semiochemicals from the Predatory Stink Bug Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff): Components of Metathoracic Gland, Dorsal Abdominal Gland, and Sternal Gland Secretions

Volatile compounds from the metathoracic glands (MTG), dorsal abdominal glands (DAG), and sternal setae of the generalist predatory stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) were studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. MTGs of both male and female bugs contained (E)-2-decenal as the major component, with lesser amounts of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, and (E)-2,9-decadienal. The relative amount of (E)-2,9-decadienal in the MTGs of female bugs was higher than in male bugs. There was no dimorphism in the morphology of the DAGs of adults. However, the DAG contents of adult bugs were different between the sexes. Geraniol was found only in the DAGs of males, and limonene and -terpineol were found only in the DAGs of females, whereas linalool oxide isomers, linalool, neral, and geranial were found in DAGs of both sexes. The DAG contents of nymphs were also analyzed, with 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal, tridecane, and tetradecanal being major components. Male bugs but not females possess sternal setae, and 6,10,13-trimethyltetradecyl isovalerate was detected from extracts of the sternal setae of males. The possible biological significance of dimorphism in the contents of the glands in adults is discussed.     

Dyeability of cellulose fibers using dyestuff from African rosewood (Pterocarpus erinaceous)

Methanol extracted from the “heart wood” of the plant Pterocarpus erinaceous (African rosewood) gave a brick red dyestuff. Chromatographic separation of the dye produced a single homogenous component with an Rf value of 0.78, a yield of about 17.3% and a melting point of 86°C. IR spectrum of the purified dye showed the presence of an aromatic CC double bond band at 1620–1470 cm⁻¹ and NH₂ absorption characteristic of an aromatic amine N H stretch at 3590–3400 cm⁻¹, while para‐disubstitution on aromatic nucleus was observed at 850–840 cm⁻¹. A wavelength of maximum absorbance, λ_max, of 500 nm was recorded on a UV/visible scan for the solvent soluble dye. The dye, which was substantive to cotton, was applied quantitatively to it and reed fibers by exhaust dyeing technique from locally distilled alcohol. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 746–751, 2000     

Identification and Field Evaluation of Non-Host Volatiles Disturbing Host Location by the Tea Geometrid, Ectropis obliqua

Volatile organic compounds derived from non-host plants, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Corymbia citriodora, and Ruta graveolens, can be used to mask host plant odors, and are repellent to the tea geometrid, Ectropis obliqua. Volatile compounds were collected by headspace absorption, and the components were identified and quantified by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The responses of antennae of female E. obliqua to the compounds were evaluated with gas chromatography/electroantennography detection. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found among the four odor profiles. Consistent electroantennographic activity was obtained for eight of the volatiles from the four plants: β-myrcene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, linalool, cis-verbenol, camphor, α-terpineol, and verbenone. In a Y-tube bioassay, six chemicals, β-myrcene, γ-terpinene, (R)-(?)-linalool, (S)-(?)-cis-verbenol, (R)-(+)-camphor, and (S)-(?)-verbenone, were the main compounds responsible for repelling E. obliqua. An eight-component mixture including all of the bioactive compounds (in a ratio of 13:2:13:8:1:24:6:17) from R. officinalis was significantly more effective at repelling the moths than any single compound or a mixture of equal amounts of the eight compounds. Field results demonstrated that intercropping tea plants with R. officinalis effectively suppressed E. obliqua infestations in a tea plantation. Our findings suggests that odor blends of R. officinalis play a role in disturbing host orientation behavior, and in repelling E. obliqua adults, and that R. officinalis should be considered when developing “push-pull” strategies aimed at optimizing the control of E. obliqua with semiochemicals.     

Identification and Field Evaluation of Pear Fruit Volatiles Attractive to the Oriental Fruit Moth, Cydia molesta

Plant volatiles play a key role in host plant location of phytophagous insects. Cydia molesta is an important pest of pear fruit late in the growing season. We identified and quantified volatiles from immature and mature fruits of six pear varieties by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Attractiveness of synthetic blends to adults based on gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) activity was investigated in both field and laboratory. Consistent electroantennographic activity was obtained for 12 compounds from headspace collections of the mature fruits of the six pear varieties. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found among six odor profiles. Among the six mixtures, the mixture of 1-hexanol, nonanal, ethyl butanoate, butyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, hexyl butanoate, and farnesene (different isomers) with a 1:1:100:70:7:5:1:4 ratio from the variety Jimi and the mixture of nonanal, ethyl butanoate, 3-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, and farnesene with a 1:100:1:32:1:2 ratio from the variety Huangjin were highly attractive to both sexes in the field. However, male captures were much higher than those of females. Further wind tunnel tests proved that both sexes exhibited upwind flight to the lures, but only males landed on the source. Our finding indicates that mixtures mimicking Jimi and Huangjin volatiles attract both females and males of C. molesta, and these host volatiles may be involved in mate finding behavior.     

Responses of the Mediterranean Pine Shoot Beetle Tomicus destruens (Wollaston) to Pine Shoot and Bark Volatiles

The pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens has two dispersal phases per generation. In the first, mature adults move toward trunks of dying pines to lay eggs; in the second, callow adults move toward the shoots of healthy pines for maturation feeding. However, there is no information on the chemical stimuli that govern host selection by T. destruens adults. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the volatiles released by shoots and bark of stone pine that are behaviorally and electrophysiologically active on T. destruens; (2) to verify which blends and concentrations of such volatiles are differently active on males and females, as well as on callow and mature adults, during the two host search phases (breeding and feeding). A four-arm olfactometer was used to test the behavior of walking T. destruens adults toward various sources of volatiles including fresh shoots and bark, their collected volatiles, and two synthetic blends. For each odor, the behavior of both callow and mature males and females was recorded individually. Shoot and bark extracts were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and tested by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography (GC-EAD) on T. destruens males and females. Two blends of two (alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene; blend A) and three (alpha-pinene, beta- myrcene, and alpha-terpinolene; blend B) synthetic compounds, chosen among those that induce EAD responses and known to be attractive for other bark beetle species, were tested in the olfactometer at five concentrations. Insect behavior was affected by the degree of sexual maturation but not by sex. Callow insects were attracted by shoots and their extracts, while mature individuals by bark and its extracts. Six extracted compounds were active on T. destruens antennae: limonene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and beta-caryophyllene, alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, and alpha-terpinolene. alpha-Terpinolene, released only by bark, was active only on mature insects, whereas (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, released only by shoots, was active only on callows. Males and females showed similar EAD responses. Of the six extracted volatiles, two were attractive for callow adults (blend A) and three for matures (blend B). In both cases, responses were positively correlated with blend concentration, although a repellent effect was noted at the highest concentrations.     

Isolation of Volatiles from Oak Wood (Quercus alba) by a Thermomechanical Process: Screening of some Processing Parameters

Experiments were performed to evaluate an extraction process developed in our laboratory called the instantaneous controlled pressure drop process (“Détente Instantanée Contrôlée” or (DIC)) for extracting volatile compounds from oak wood. This process involves subjecting oak chips for a short time (10 s to 12 min) under a steam pressure (1 to 6 bars or from 100 to 165°C). This first step is followed by a rapid decompression toward vacuum (up to 50 mbar). Some parameters were evaluated: steam pressure level, processing time, initial moisture content, chips thickness and velocity of the rapid decompression. A preliminary experimental design allowed optimizing the processing pressure and processing time: 6 bar and 5 minutes. Under these conditions, the optimal conditions were as follows: 20% for initial moisture content, 0.5 mm for the chips thickness. The number of decompressions towards vacuum was also investigated and it appeared that extraction yield can be enhanced by repeating the decompressions cycles for a same processing time. Moreover, GC-MS analysis indicated that DIC extract included the same molecules that obtained by steam distillation with almost the same percentages.     

Olea europaea Volatiles attractive and repellent to the olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae,Gmelin)

Comparative study of the headspace (HS) composition from olive leaves, olives of varying degrees of ripeness, and crushed olives revealed significant quantitative and qualitative differences. Three different methods were employed to test the effect of the substances identified on the behavior ofDacus oleae gravid females. Attractive/repellent features were tested by presenting the insects with olfactory choices of a water solution of the test chemicals examined, water (blank), and a highly attractive (control) solution of olive maceration water (MW). Toluene and ethylbenzene, present in leaf and half-ripe olive HIS proved attractive, while (E)-2-hexenal emitted by the crushed olives was found to be decidedly repellent. An oviposition stimulation/deterrence test was carried out on olives placed in proximity to test chemicals under examination in water solution, with olives from the same crop serving as control. In the oviposition test-pinene, mostly emitted by the leaves and half-ripe olives, emerged clearly as an activant,p-xylene, myrcenone, ethylbenzene,n-octane ando-xylene as weak activants. (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal, both emitted by the crushed olives, displayed an oviposition deterrent effect. The highly repellent property of (E)-2-hexenal was again confirmed in this test.     

An Unexpected Mixture of Substances in the Defensive Secretions of the Tubuliferan Thrips, Callococcithrips fuscipennis (Moulton)

Adults and larvae of the thrips Callococcithrips fuscipennis (Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera: Phlaeothripidae) live in the sticky wax masses of adult females of the felt scale insect Callococcus acaciae (Maskell) (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). The scale is sessile and feeds on Kunzea shrubs (Myrtales: Myrtaceae). If stressed, the thrips produce droplets of secretions. The mixture contains pentadecane, tridecane, two monoterpenoids, hexadecyl butanoate, and smaller amounts of 15 other esters of long-chain unbranched alcohols identified as acetates, butanoates, hexanoates, and octanoates. The monoterpenoids are dolichodial, an iridoid, and an unknown substance with a mass spectrum very similar to that of anisomorphal and peruphasmal, diastereomers of dolichodial, but with a different retention time. Iridoids, butanoates, hexanoates, and octanoates have not been previously identified in Thysanoptera.