光纤器件流变制造过程数值分析与试验

基于热粘弹流变理论,利用时温等效原理,建立熔融光纤玻璃在非均匀温度场条件下的热粘弹数值模型.通过在拉锥过程中不断修正、调整单元特性与边界条件,对耦合器熔融拉锥流变制造过程进行热力耦合数值分析.获得工艺参数如熔融温度、拉锥速度等对流变制造过程的影响.结果显示:拉锥速度与光纤内部的最大等效应力成正比,熔融温度对器件流变制造过程的影响极大,温度变化5℃可导致最大等效应力变化30%.通过试验测试发现现在气体火焰的加热方式温度飘移达5～30℃,而拉锥速度相对平稳.经过理论分析与试验研究推断,工艺参数中的火焰温度随机变化,导致耦合器性能的重复性差,附加损耗不稳定.     

熔锥型光纤耦合器流变成形的工艺敏感性研究

基于理论与实验研究,建立了光纤耦合器熔融拉锥过程的粘弹流变力学模型,并给出了光纤耦合器非均匀温度场条件下的流变过程数值分析,获得了拉锥速度、熔融温度等流变工艺参数对器件应力分布与器件性能的影响规律。特别是熔融温度对器件应力分布的影响极为突出,熔融温度变化5℃可导致最大应力变化30%,同截面的应力差值改变20%,温度梯度变化3%可以导致锥区截面的应力差值改变90%。并发现在目前的流变工艺条件下,光纤耦合器易产生耦合区析晶、锥区微裂纹等流变缺陷,目前的流变制造技术与设备难以实现器件的微观结构与折射率均匀分布。该研究为光纤耦合器流变制造工艺与设备的改进、优化提供了基础。     

利用锥型光纤实现多模到单模转换实验

研究了截止频率低于发射场频率的单模光纤(@1550nm)中的传输模式,利用火焰熔融法制作了拉锥光纤,通过控制拉锥后的光纤尺寸,得到了632.8nm波长的单模输出。实验上观测了拉锥前后的模场分布。     

数值分析中粘弹材料剪切模量松弛函数的拟合方法

粘弹材料在进行有限元分析时，应先将经验或实验获得的剪切模量松弛函数拟合为相应的粘弹物理模型。文中针对粘弹材料的经验剪切模量松弛函数Kohlrausch-William—Watts（KWW）方程，基于Matlab软件，利用线性方程组插值求解法，实现对粘弹材料的广义Maxwell模型拟合，得出用于粘弹有限元分析的Maxwell模型参数的计算方法。并以1050℃的粘弹光纤玻璃为例，给出一组计算实例。     

经验应力松弛模量与Maxwell模量的转换计算方法

基于MATLAB软件,利用单纯形法搜索最小误差范数,提出了一种针对粘弹材料的经验松弛函数KohlrauschWilliamWatts(KWW)方程与Maxwell模量转换的计算方法,实现了对粘弹材料的广义Maxwell模型的拟合。并以1050℃的粘弹光纤玻璃为例,给出了一组计算实例。     

基于Evans-Johnson流变模型粘塑性流体弹流润滑的数值计算

推导了基于Evans-Johnson流变模型的雷诺方程,并进行了数值求解,将数值计算结果与基于理想粘塑性流变模型的数值结果进行了比较.结果表明,基于Evans-Johnson流变模型和基于理想粘塑性流变模型所得到的油膜压力分布没有本质的区别,但基于二者的油膜厚度却有很大的不同;在大滑滚比的工况下,由前者所得的中心膜厚度比由后者所得的中心膜厚度低,表明在考虑润滑剂粘塑性的弹流润滑研究中,选用合适的润滑剂流变模型很重要。     

基于变分理论的单模光纤耦合器应变特性研究

根据单模光纤耦合器的输出功率的比值对耦合区长度变化敏感的特点,仔细分析了熔融拉锥型光纤耦合器的应变特性.选用螺旋测微仪对光纤耦合器的应变特性进行研究,避免了悬臂梁结构自重、梁的振动等不可控因素对测量结果的影响,有效提高了测量精度.和电阻应变片的对比实验证明,熔融拉锥式单模光纤耦合器不但具有应力敏感性,而且随应变呈线性单调变化,同时具有较好的温度稳定性和横向抗干扰性.     

锥形塑料光纤过渡器的制作及测试

研究了可作为塑料光纤与石英光纤连接器件的锥形塑料光纤过渡器的制作方法及性能测试.采用重力垂直熔融拉锥法制作锥形塑料光纤过渡器,并研究其在实验室条件下的最佳工艺参数.重复实验发现,当加热电压为6.0 V,加热区中心温度在214 ℃附近,拉伸力为1.40 g左右时,塑料光纤的拉伸过程容易控制,拉伸后的塑料光纤表面具有良好的光学质量.测试显示锥形塑料光纤的透射率随着锥度的增大而减小,表面显微形貌良好,出射模式数明显减少,出射模模场强度集中在低阶模部分,可见光透射谱在400～500 nm的损耗加大.对测试结果的分析表明,采用重力垂直熔融拉锥法可以制备性能优良的锥形塑料光纤过渡器,实验得到的最佳工艺参数可为POF连接器、耦合器的实际生产提供参考.     

基于两种流变模型粘塑性流体弹流润滑数值分析结果的比较

基于Evans-Johnson流变模型和理想粘塑性流变模型对粘塑性流体弹流润滑进行了数值求解。结果表明:基于两种模型所得到的油膜压力分布没有本质的区别,但油膜厚度有很大的不同,其中由前者所得的中心膜厚比由后者所得的中心膜厚低。     

基于SPR的双锥形光纤折射率传感特性研究

利用液体折射率与表面等离子共振技术(SPR),研究了光纤传感器在液体中透射光功率的变化,提出了一种液体折射率光纤传感器。该传感器采用3 d B耦合器进行分光,利用输出波长范围为1 530~1 580 nm的ASE作为光源,以熔融拉锥光纤作为传感单元。利用该光纤传感器,对Na Cl溶液浓度与透射光功率之间关系的进行了实验研究。研究结果表明传感器外部介质折射率越高,光的传输损耗越大。而且在锥区外部镀膜,能够有效地提高传感器的灵敏度。     

熔融沉积成型过程喷头的传热模拟及实验研究

针对典型的熔融沉积快速成型喷头结构,建立了喷头的热分析有限元模型,分析了喷头的热传递路径和过程,应用有限元软件ANSYS对喷头的温度场和应力场进行数值模拟仿真。结合仿真分析和实验研究,分析了喷头堵塞的原因并提出了解决方法,为喷头的温度控制和结构优化设计提供了参考。     

Effects of temperature on mechanical properties of SU-8 photoresist material

A representative fabrication processing of SU-8 photoresist, Ultraviolet (UV) lithography is usually composed of spin coat, soft bake, UV exposure, post exposure bake (PEB), development and optional hard bake, etc. The exposed region of SU-8 is crosslinked during the PEB process and its physical properties highly depend on UV exposure and PEB condition. This work was initiated to investigate if thermal baking after fabrication can affect the mechanical properties of SU-8 photoresist material because SU-8 is trying to be used as a structural material for MEMS operated at high temperature. Since a temperature of 95°C is normally recommended for PEB process, elevated temperatures up to 200°C were considered for the optional hard bake process. The viscoelastic material properties were measured by dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA). Also, pulling tests were performed to obtain Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio as a function of strain rate in a wide temperature range. From this study, the effects of temperature on the elastic and viscoelastic material properties of SU-8 were obtained.     

非球面玻璃透镜模压成形有限元分析

针对玻璃与模具的材料属性、随时间变化的黏弹性和结构松弛原理,基于非线性有限元软件MSC.Marc建立了非球面玻璃透镜的超精密模压成形的有限元数值仿真分析模型,对比分析了不同工艺参数（模压温度、模压速度、摩擦因数等）对成形透镜残余应力与轮廓偏移量的影响。研究结果表明：随着模压温度的升高、模压速度和摩擦因数的减小,残余应力相应减小;随着模压温度和退火速度的增大,以及模压速度的减小,轮廓偏移量相应变小。     

计算机监控系统在制备丝装置中的应用

实验证实：拉丝温度、拉丝张力、预制棒下降速度（棒速）和制备丝的走速（简称丝速）是影响拉丝质量的四大关键因素。为了提高成丝品质，就必须控制好以上关键参数。基于此目的，我们应用光电等较先进的检测技术手段，全面引进计算机监控系统，取得了较好的控制效果。     

The Characterisation and Finite-Element Analysis of a Polymer under Hot Pressing

Finite-element simulation of the hot pressing process has been performed using ABAQUS. The viscoelastic polymer (polymethyl methacrylate) used in this study has mechanical properties that depend on the temperature and working pressure. Based on the nonlinear viscoelastic model, the polymer material behaviour is simulated successfully with the data obtained from material tests. Simulation results conform to related experiments, indicating that the approach can accurately predict pressure distribution within a polymer hot pressing.     

SMT软钎焊接头热循环力学行为研究

应用粘背景性理论分析研究了SMT软钎焊接头热循环力学行为,并用热膨胀模拟加载试样进行了试验验证。研究结果表明：SMT软钎焊接头在热循环过程中的应力由全部热循环的温度历史决定,时间效应（变温速率、保温时间等）对软钎焊接头在热循环中的力学行为具有显著影响。随热循环温度升高和保温时间延长,钎焊接头内将发生显著的应力松弛。     

Residual stresses in a laminated shell during cure

In this paper, a viscoelastic finite element analysis was performed to investigate residual stresses occurred in a laminated shell during cure. A viscoelastic constitutive equation that can describe stress relaxation during the cure was defined as functions of degree of cure and temperature, and derived as a recursive formula used conveniently for numerical analyses. The finite element program was developed on the basis of 3-D degenerated shell element and the first order shear deformation theory, and was verified by comparing with an exact solution of the one dimensional problem. Effects of chemical shrinkage and stacking sequence on the residual stresses in the laminated shell during the cure were investigated. The results showed that there were big differences between viscoelastic stresses and linear elastic stresses calculated by considering thermal deformation and the chemical shrinkage induced by the degree of cure.     

An analytical model of dissipated viscous and hysteretic energy due to interaction forces in a pneumatic tire: Theory and experiments

When in use, a tire dissipates energy according to various mechanisms: rolling resistance, viscosity, hysteresis, friction energy, etc. This dissipation of energy contributes to influencing tire temperature, contact conditions and the resulting friction coefficient.This research project deals with viscoelastic and hysteretic mechanisms, and presents an explicit expression of the energy dissipated by tire-road interactions caused by these mechanisms. It is based on the Dahl model with regard to the hysteretic force together with a spring and a frequency variable damping coefficient with regard to the viscoelastic one. The energy expression found in this way can be used in tire thermal models to determine one of the heat flows needed to estimate the contact temperature and to find out the actual friction coefficient to be used in real time tire-road interaction models.Experimental tests were carried out, for longitudinal interaction only, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed expression by identifying the parameters and validating the results.     

Effect of cyclic internal pressure on the temperature distribution in a viscoelastic cylinder

A modified numerical method is introduced to study the interaction between the heat and dynamic response of viscoelastic bodies with temperature-dependent properties. The method is applied to calculate the stress and temperature distributions in a viscoelastic cylinder subjected to cyclic internal pressures. It is found that a large temperature rise may occur due to the interaction, where the value depends upon the thermal and mechanical properties of the material, cylinder size and the frequency of the applied pressure.