悬臂梁压电发电装置的实验研究

为了进行压电陶瓷材料发电性能测试与研究,研制了一套悬臂梁压电振子发电系统.设计了悬臂梁压电振子,并对压电振子进行了有限元分析和电导测试.在此基础上,设计了能量存储电路,并在低频下对悬臂梁压电振子发电性能进行了实验研究.研究结果表明,当悬臂梁压电振子处于谐振频率状态下振动时,输出电压和功率达到最大.输出电压随着负载的增大而增大,输出功率并不随着负载的增大而增大;压电振子存在-个最佳阻抗,当负载与最佳阻抗匹配时,此时压电振子的能量转化效率最高且输出功率最大.利用本实验系统进行压电发电实验测试,当负载为50 kΩ时,压电振子输出电压为7 V;当负载电阻为15 kΩ时,此时的输出功率最大可达到1.4 mW,产生的功率可以满足无线传感器等低耗能产品的供能需求.     

宽频压电振动能量采集器的力-电输出特性分析

压电振动能量采集器是一种新型的力(加速度)-电耦合转换输出器件,为了提高单自由度悬臂梁压电振动能量采集器的输出功率和工作频带,通过在单自由度悬臂梁压电振动能量采集器模型基础上增加一个弹性放大器的方法,构造形成了具有两自由度的宽频压电振动能量采集器。利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了宽频压电能量采集器的有限元力-电耦合模型,数值分析了模型中各参数(如质量比、阻尼比以及负载电阻等)对系统力特性(速度、加速度等)和电输出特性(电压、电流、输出功率等)的影响。研究结果表明：大的质量比和小的阻尼比能够提高压电悬臂梁能量采集器的输出功率并拓展其工作频带;短路谐振状态下的匹配电阻能够使能量采集器产生较大的输出电流,而开路谐振状态的匹配电阻能够使能量采集器产生较大的输出电压,优化后的短路谐振和开路谐振最大输出功率分别达到4386.5 mW/g2和4263.4 mW/g2。频带宽度达到10 Hz,且是SDOF系统的5倍。     

引信小型气流激振压电发电机试验研究

针对引信小型物理电源体积与功率矛盾问题,课题组提出了小型气流激振压电发电机结构方案。建立了测量小型气流激振压电发电机输出特性的试验系统,对原理样机进行了吹风试验研究,测量了发电机的激振力、输出电压,并分析了其振动频率、输出功率以及能量转换效率;试验数据表明,在所研究的气流速度范围内,激振力曲线呈正弦波形,幅值随入流速度的增大而线性增大,频率较高且稳定,约6 k Hz,频率变化在9%以内;压电换能器工作在线性段,输出电压值与激振力幅值成正比,频率一致,符合振动压电发电机的能量转换原理;在负载匹配的情况下(R=3 kΩ),最高能输出85.3 m W的电能,且发电机的转换效率为1.2‰。其输出特性可满足在小口径及低功耗引信的应用;具有结构简单、体积小、振动频率高且无活动部件等特点,有作进一步研究的价值。     

基于压电效应的声能量收集

对圆盘式压电能量收集器在声场作用下的电能输出效果进行了研究。将处于夹持状态的压电陶瓷片,放置在单频稳态的正弦波形声场中,由于激振作用,压电陶瓷片会产生形变。实验结果表明,在器件处于谐振状态时输出电压和功率会达到最大值。在正弦声场中,当声波频率达到907 Hz的谐振频率时压电陶瓷片的开路输出电压可以达到4.6 V;在110 dB的声场中,当负载电阻达到11.2 kΩ时,输出功率最大可达60.4μW。     

基于双ZnO薄膜单元并联结构的微型压电振动能量采集器(英文)

报道了一种基于ZnO压电薄膜双单元结构的压电式微型振动能量采集器,其中的双压电元件是并联结构.采用射频磁控溅射技术制备ZnO压电薄膜,同时,该压电式振动能量采集器采用微加工技术制作.测试表明该器件的共振频率为1 300 Hz,基于ZnO薄膜双单元并联结构的压电式振动能量采集器比起具有同样尺寸的传统型压电振动能量采集器有更高的输出性能.在频率为1 300 Hz,加速度为10 m/s2的外界振动激励下,该压电式振动能量采集器在1 MΩ负载电阻上产生的电压为2.06 V;当负载电阻为0.6 MΩ时,输出功率最大为1.25μW.     

电磁-压电复合式机械能量收集器

微型能量收集技术是移动智能终端和物联网领域内的一项重要技术.多种换能方式和大量的能量收集器得到了许多的研究和报道.针对机械能采集,本文提出了一种基于磁悬浮的电磁-压电复合式高效能量收起器.该器件体积小、重量轻,尺寸为Φ47×27mm,重量仅有80g.电磁发电单元输出的开路电压分别为8.1V,4.2V;输出功率分别为42mW和35mW.压电发电单元输出的开路电压分别为60V,40V;输出功率分别为142mW和140mW.复合式能量采集器的平均输出功率为17.71mW,对1 000μF电容充电功率为110.39mW,复合后的衰减系数为53.45%.该复合式能量收集器可以驱动温度传感器.本文中设计的复合能量收集器对于物联网智能终端的自供电工作方案的实现具有重要的现实意义.     

涡激振动型水力复摆式压电俘能器的仿真与实验研究

针对低速水流的能量收集问题,提出了一种复摆式涡激振动压电俘能器。该俘能器由压电悬臂梁与尾端圆柱平行连接组成,具有免予封装绝缘,振动响应大,易于在低速水流中产生涡激共振等优点。通过流-固-电耦合仿真分析和实验测试的方法,研究了水流流速对复摆式压电俘能器振动和俘能的影响规律。结果发现,俘能器的输出功率随负载电阻先增大后减小,存在最优电阻可使俘能器的输出功率最大。俘能器的振动幅值和功率输出均随流速的增大而先增大后减小,在涡激共振处出现最大值;振动频率整体随着流速的增大而增大,但在涡激共振区域,由于"锁定",俘能器的振动频率基本保持在俘能器的固有频率处。俘能器输出功率随圆柱直径的增大而增大,但涡激振动速度也相应的提高。     

无功补偿的原理及效益

一、无功补傣基础知识 　　(一)有功功率:在直流电路中,从电源输送到电器(负载)的电功率,是电压与电流的乘积,也就是电器实际所吸收的功率.在交流电路中,由于有电阻和电抗(感抗和容抗)的同时存在,所以电源输送到……     

一种磁耦合激励的涡轮式压电气流俘能器EI北大核心CSCD

为满足气流管道监测系统的自供电需求,提出一种磁耦合激励的涡轮式压电气流俘能器。建立了俘能器的理论模型并进行了仿真分析,设计制作了样机并进行了试验测试,获得了磁铁排布、附加质量、压电振子串并联及负载电阻对其输出特性的影响规律。结果表明:在其他条件确定时,存在多个较佳气压使输出电压出现峰值,主频峰值的大小和分频的位置均与激励磁铁排布有关;通过附加质量可以调节最佳气压和输出电压峰值,采用多个不同附加质量的压电振子串联或并联可以拓宽俘能器的气压适应范围;存在不同的最佳负载使多个压电振子串联和并联时俘能器的输出功率达到最大,最佳负载及其所对应的最大输出功率分别为(40 kΩ,41 mW),(15 kΩ,50 mW)。     

双自由度压电振动能量采集器的力-电输出特性分析

在单自由度悬臂梁压电振动能量采集器模型基础上增加一个弹性放大器,构造形成了具有双自由度的压电振动能量采集器。利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了双自由度压电能量采集器的有限元力-电耦合模型,数值分析了模型中各参数(如质量比、阻尼比以及负载电阻等)对系统力特性(速度、加速度等)和电输出特性(电压、电流、输出功率等)的影响。研究结果表明:大的质量比和小的阻尼比能够提高压电悬臂梁能量采集器的输出功率,并能拓展其工作频带;短路谐振状态下的匹配电阻能够使能量采集器产生较大的输出电流,而开路谐振状态的匹配电阻能够使能量采集器产生较大的输出电压。研究结果还表明:对于尺寸为50.8mm×31.8mm×0.26mm的悬臂梁基板和50.8mm×31.8mm×0.14mm的压电晶体构成的双自由度系统,在基础加速度40m/s2、频率38Hz的外界振动激励下,系统在负载电阻短路和开路状态下的最大输出功率分别达到4 386.5和4 263.4mW,是单自由度系统的10倍。双自由度系统的频带宽度达到10Hz,是单自由度系统的5倍。     

Consideration of impedance matching techniques for efficient piezoelectric energy harvesting

This study investigates multiple levels of impedance-matching methods for piezoelectric energy harvesting in order to enhance the conversion of mechanical to electrical energy. First, the transduction rate was improved by using a high piezoelectric voltage constant (g) ceramic material having a magnitude of g33 = 40 x 10(-3) V m/N. Second, a transducer structure, cymbal, was optimized and fabricated to match the mechanical impedance of vibration source to that of the piezoelectric transducer. The cymbal transducer was found to exhibit approximately 40 times higher effective strain coefficient than the piezoelectric ceramics. Third, the electrical impedance matching for the energy harvesting circuit was considered to allow the transfer of generated power to a storage media. It was found that, by using the 10-layer ceramics instead of the single layer, the output current can be increased by 10 times, and the output load can be reduced by 40 times. Furthermore, by using the multilayer ceramics the output power was found to increase by 100%. A direct current (DC)-DC buck converter was fabricated to transfer the accumulated electrical energy in a capacitor to a lower output load. The converter was optimized such that it required less than 5 mW for operation.     

Modeling and analysis of dual-output piezoelectric transformer operating at the thickness-shear vibration mode.

In our previous study, the multioutput piezoelectric transformer operating at the thickness-shear vibration mode was proposed and experimentally investigated. By designing a new construction of support and lead wire connection, a power density of 52.7 W/cm3 and a total output power of 169.8 W were achieved at a temperature rise less than 20 degrees C. In this work, a theoretical model was developed for the dual-output piezoelectric transformer operating at the thickness-shear vibration mode. The equivalent circuit parameters of the piezoelectric transformer were derived. Based on this, the impedance characteristics, equivalent inductance, capacitance ratio, voltage gain, and efficiency of the piezoelectric transformer were calculated. The theoretical results were verified by experimental data. Furthermore, the effect of the transformer size on the voltage gain, efficiency, output power and power density, and the effect of the load of one output on the voltage gain of another output were analyzed. Some useful guidelines were achieved by these analyses.     

小直径附加圆柱对圆柱涡激振动抑制的参数优化

采用基于迭代嵌入式浸入边界法对后方对称布置两个小直径圆柱的单圆柱涡激振动进行了数值模拟研究,对涡激振动抑制进行了参数优化。雷诺数和圆柱直径比分别为Re=100和d/D=0.125,其中D和d分别为大、小圆柱直径。通过改变控制角度(θ)、主圆柱与小圆柱的间隙比(G/D)、小圆柱旋转角速度和旋转方向(α)和阻尼比(ζ)确定的最优控制参数组合为θ=25°、G/D=0.125、α=-2.2和ζ=1.02。小圆柱的旋转角速度和旋转方向对圆柱振幅有一定的影响,其中内向反转会进一步抑制圆柱的振动,外向反转则恰好相反。随着阻尼比的增加,圆柱振幅先增后减,但影响程度较小。     

Modeling and analysis of dual-output piezoelectric transformer operating at thickness-shear vibration mode

In our previous study, the multioutput piezoelectric transformer operating at the thickness-shear vibration mode was proposed and experimentally investigated. By designing a new construction of support and lead wire connection, a power density of 52.7 W/cm/sup 3/ and a total output power of 169.8 W were achieved at a temperature rise less than 20 /spl deg/C. In this work, a theoretical model was developed for the dual-output piezoelectric transformer operating at the thickness-shear vibration mode. The equivalent circuit parameters of the piezoelectric transformer were derived. Based on this, the impedance characteristics, equivalent inductance, capacitance ratio, voltage gain, and efficiency of the piezoelectric transformer were calculated. The theoretical results were verified by experimental data. Furthermore, the effect of the transformer size on the voltage gain, efficiency, output power and power density, and the effect of the load of one output on the voltage gain of another output were analyzed. Some useful guidelines were achieved by these analyses.     

Effects of a parallel resistor on electrical characteristics of a piezoelectric transformer in open-circuit transient state

This paper investigates electrical transient characteristics of a Rosen-type piezoelectric transformer (PT), including maximum voltages, time constants, energy losses and average powers, and their improvements immediately after turning OFF. A parallel resistor connected to both input terminals of the PT is needed to improve the transient characteristics. An equivalent circuit for the PT is first given. Then, an open-circuit voltage, involving a direct current (DC) component and an alternating current (AC) component, and its related energy losses are derived from the equivalent circuit with initial conditions. Moreover, an AC power control system, including a DC-to-AC resonant inverter, a control switch and electronic instruments, is constructed to determine the electrical characteristics of the OFF transient state. Furthermore, the effects of the parallel resistor on the transient characteristics at different parallel resistances are measured. The advantages of adding the parallel resistor also are discussed. From the measured results, the DC time constant is greatly decreased from 9 to 0.04 ms by a 10 k(omega) parallel resistance under open output.     

Cymbal压电发电换能器有限元分析

通过建立Cymbal压电发电换能器的机电耦合有限元分析模型,计算分析了换能器结构参数对输出电压和谐振频率的影响以及外接负载对Cymbal换能器输出电压和输出功率的影响。研究表明,为了降低换能器的工作频率和提高换能器的输出电压,应增大换能器的空腔底部直径和减小换能器的空腔高度;在选择金属端冒和压电陶瓷厚度等参数时,应综合考虑换能器系统的刚度和外界振动源的频率特性和加速度特性;在任意一个频率点上,Cymbal换能器均存在一个最佳的外接负载,使得换能器的输出功率最大,而这个最佳的负载阻抗就等于Cymbal换能器在这个工作频率点上的输出阻抗。文中还提出并分析了基于外加预应力的多振子级联方式Cymbal压电发电换能器系统的结构。     

亥姆霍兹上喷嘴出口结构对射流振荡特性的影响

应用FLUENT软件对二维的亥姆霍兹喷嘴自振射流进行了模拟,并以此为基础研究了上喷嘴出口凸出部深入振荡腔对亥姆霍兹喷嘴自激振荡特性的影响。结果表明,上喷嘴的出口凸出部长度和喷嘴壁厚度都对自激振荡特性产生显著的影响。长度为0～0.15D_1时,自振射流的脉动幅值可以提高20%～80%,提升幅度在射流速度较低时更大;凸出部长度为0.15～0.25D_1时,射流振幅的提升逐渐降低;长度0.25～0.3D_1时,射流振幅比普通喷嘴更低,稳定性下降;长度超过0.3D_1时自振射流会完全消失。凸出部分喷嘴壁厚度在0δ0.1D_1范围内对射流性能几乎没有影响,但随着厚度δ的不断增大,性能会减弱,δ0.15D_1时无法形成自振射流。总之,上喷嘴出口凸出可改善射流振荡性能,但长度和厚度需在一定范围内,否则无法产生自振射流。     

覆冰多分裂导线三种TMD防舞效果对比研究

在风洞试验验证的覆冰导线三自由度运动方程基础上建立了竖向、扭转向和竖扭耦合调谐质量阻尼器和导线系统的运动方程。提出采用扭转向和竖扭耦合的调谐质量阻尼器进行舞动防治,并与竖向调谐质量阻尼器进行对比。根据李雅普诺夫第一稳定定理计算导线-阻尼器系统起舞风速,采用Newmark-β法求解运动方程验证起舞风速的正确性。计算了D形覆冰6分裂导线全攻角舞动幅值,以舞动幅值最大的170°风攻角为目标风攻角,以提高目标风攻角起舞风速为优化目标,对三种调谐质量阻尼器进行参数优化,并对比研究了不同风攻角下三种阻尼器在最优参数下对于导线起舞风速提高的效果。研究表明:竖向调谐质量阻尼器在覆冰侧迎风的5°～20°风攻角下降低了起舞风速;扭转向调谐质量阻尼器使得覆冰侧迎风的0°～40°风攻角的导线起舞风速提高至10 m/s以上;竖扭耦合的调谐质量阻尼器较另外两种形式的调谐质量阻尼器具有更好的提高起舞风速的效果。     

高层建筑顶部横梁的风效应

结合CFD数值方法和风洞试验分析了高层建筑顶部横梁的气动力和风荷载特性。CFD数值结果显示建筑顶部绕流会显著增大横梁处的气流风攻角;横梁气动力的数值计算结果和风洞试验结果均证实横梁为驰振稳定截面;风振分析显示横梁的峰值升力大于峰值阻力,通过进一步分析广义力功率谱密度函数和频率比对峰值升力的影响,证实横梁在50年重现期强风作用下处于涡激共振状态。