侵彻过载曲线特征参量数值模拟研究

针对侵彻运动过程中加速度过载曲线的特征参量与试验条件、参数、环境等密切相关的问题,提出用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟研究侵彻过载曲线特征,以及侵彻过程中弹丸初速、靶板厚度、侵彻介质对侵彻加速度波形的影响,分析这些因素与波形峰值、脉宽、上升时间等特征参量的对应关系,为侵彻过程分析提供一定的参考。     

刚性尖头弹侵彻圆柱形金属厚靶分析模型

考虑金属厚靶侧面自由边界的影响,研究了刚性尖头弹侵彻有限平面尺寸金属厚靶问题。基于有限柱形空腔膨胀理论和线性硬化材料模型,得到了空腔壁径向压力的解析式,建立了刚性尖头弹侵彻有限直径圆柱形金属厚靶工程模型。与试验和数值模拟比较表明,该文工程模型计算精度很好。基于所建立的工程模型,研究了靶板半径对侵彻深度和侵彻阻力的影响,结果表明:当靶板与弹丸半径比值小于20时,靶板半径对侵彻阻力和侵彻深度有显著影响,不能按无限尺寸靶板计算;当靶板与弹丸半径比值大于20时,靶板半径对侵彻阻力和侵彻深度影响较小,可近似按无限尺寸靶计算。     

钝头弹高速斜侵彻中厚背水金属靶板的机理研究

为探讨高速钝头弹斜侵彻中厚背水金属靶板的机理,根据不同的受力状态及耗能机制,结合中厚背水靶板抗高速斜侵彻特点,通过厚度等效,将斜侵彻转化为相应的正侵彻。然后,将整个侵彻过程分为压缩镦粗、剪切压缩和剪切扰动三个阶段。基于三阶段侵彻机制,建立了钝头弹高速斜穿甲中厚背水金属靶板后的瞬时余速计算模型,并讨论了该计算模型的局限性。采用该模型计算了3.3 g立方体弹丸斜穿甲5 mm背水钢板后的瞬时余速,理论计算值与试验结果及相应的仿真计算值均吻合较好。由于该模型考虑了靶后水介质的动支撑作用及动能耗散等效应,在一定的适用范围内,能对钝头弹高速斜侵彻中厚背水金属靶板的瞬时余速进行合理地预测,具有一定的理论价值和工程应用价值。     

卵形弹丸撞击下 FRP层合板的侵彻和穿透

研究了卵形弹丸撞击下FRP层合板的侵彻和穿透性能, 在局部化破坏模式假定的基础上改进了Wen提出的能量简化分析模型。改进模型仍假设弹体在侵彻过程中表面所受靶体的平均压力由靶体材料弹塑性变形所引起的静态阻力和速度效应引起的动阻力两部分组成, 认为侵彻过程中靶体对弹的阻力不再是一个常数, 而是与侵彻速度相关的函数。同时针对不同厚度靶板的破坏模式, 建立了几种不同的侵彻和穿透模型。通过弹头长度与靶板厚度的比较, 将侵彻过程分为部分侵彻和完全侵彻; 穿透过程分为薄板穿透和中厚板穿透。并且根据不同的破坏方式给出了求解卵形弹丸的侵彻深度、 残余速度和极限速度的预测公式。模型预测与实验数据进行了比较, 发现侵彻深度和弹道极限速度的理论预测值与实验数据吻合得很好。      

船用复合结构加筋板侵彻过程的数值模拟研究

针对半穿甲战斗部对带有复合材料层的舰船薄钢靶的侵彻作用,采用数值模拟的方法,结合已有实验数据,分别进行不同形状弹头对船用薄钢靶侵彻效应的影响分析、卵头弹对带有复合材料层以及带有加筋结构的船用薄钢靶的侵彻效应分析。实验证明德玛尔公式在大质量弹体侵彻舰船薄钢靶计算中的适用性,并得到3种形状弹头极限侵彻速度的关系;超高分子量聚乙烯层(UHMWPE)仅对低速弹丸阻碍效果明显;加筋结构可降低大质量弹体侵彻舰船薄钢靶的剩余速度,但影响有限。     

中低速长杆弹侵彻半无限岩石靶的动态响应研究

该文将统一强度理论与岩石材料动力强度依赖应变率效应的物理模型相结合,建立了岩石材料在侵彻等动力荷载作用下的率型动态统一强度准则。基于修正的土盘浮动锁应变模型,考虑应变率效应、中间主应力效应、强度准则差异和弹头滑动摩擦的影响,推导了土盘整体平均锁应力和整体平均锁应变的表达式。采用MATLAB数值计算软件和四阶Runge-Kutta算法编制计算程序,求解了中低速（V ≤ 900 m/s）长杆弹侵彻条件下弹体的侵彻深度,研究了侵彻过程中弹体的运动规律及靶体的动态响应,分析了各参数对弹体侵深的影响特性。研究表明:该文计算方法可以较好地描述整个侵彻过程中弹、靶的动态响应,还可以得到一系列基于不同强度准则的侵彻深度的解析解,有效地预测弹体侵深的上限值和下限值;中间主应力效应、强度准则差异和弹头滑动摩擦对岩石靶的抗侵彻性能具有重要影响。     

弹性弹体侵彻混凝土靶板的过载特性研究

研究了弹性弹体侵彻半无限混凝土靶板的冲击过载特性,利用泰勒级数将弹体两个侵彻阶段的阻力表示为一个函数并考虑应力波的影响,提出了简化的侵彻方程。对边界条件进行齐次化,介绍了求解弹体加速度历程的分离变量算法。尖形弹丸垂直侵彻混凝土靶板试验和Sandia实验室的侵彻过载试验数据与计算结果对比,显示两者一致性较好。分析了弹体内不同位置的过载波动特性,为侵彻用火工品和小型装药的过载安定性和可靠性评估提供了理论参考和分析方法。     

Ti/Al3Ti金属间化合物基层状复合材料抗侵彻性能数值模拟

采用LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件对Ti/Al₃Ti金属间化合物基层状（MIL）复合材料靶板的弹道侵彻过程进行了数值模拟。考察了等厚度下Ti体积分数、层数和材料梯度分布对复合材料抗侵彻性能的影响。结果表明,Ti体积分数约为20%时,靶板的抗侵彻性能最好。随着层数的增加,复合材料靶板的抗侵彻性能逐渐增强;但超过25层后,靶板的抗侵彻性能逐渐趋于稳定。不同铺层结构功能梯度板的抗侵彻性能相差较大,正向铺层梯度板的抗侵彻性能明显优于等厚均质复合材料靶板。     

高速钝头弹侵彻中厚金属靶板的机理研究

根据侵彻过程中的不同受力状态,将高速钝头弹对中厚金属靶板的侵彻过程划分为简单压缩阶段、压缩剪切阶段和绝热剪切阶段,每个侵彻阶段都呈现出不同的吸能模式。基于三阶段侵彻机理,建立了钝头弹侵彻中厚金属靶板的弹道极限和剩余速度计算模型;利用侵彻模型计算了3.3g立方体和9.7g圆柱体侵彻4mm、6mm和10mm船用钢的剩余速度,计算值与试验值有较好的吻合。三阶段侵彻模型考虑了试验中出现的发热、发光等现象的吸能,并对金属靶板的抗弹能力和钝头弹的侵彻能力进行了预测,可以降低试验成本,具有一定的理论价值和工程应用价值。     

易碎钨合金杆侵彻间隔靶的实验与仿真研究

易碎弹在侵彻多层靶板时,会带给前后间隔靶程度不一的破坏。其破坏程度和弹丸初速,弹体易碎特性相关。利用FEM-SPH耦合仿真的方法,在相同工况下,对实验进行了数值模拟,为量化靶板的破坏程度,提出以靶板质量损失率和靶板面积增加率作为评价靶版破坏程度的指标,并求得对应靶板的指标参数,最后将两指标叠加,作为评价靶板破坏程度的破坏指数。比较破坏指数可以证明易碎弹较普通弹对靶板具有明显的破坏作用,且速度越高,破坏程度越大,仿真结果和实验基本一致。     

Multiple impact penetration of semi-infinite concrete

An experimental study was performed to gather multiple impact, projectile penetration data into concrete. A vertical firing range was developed that consisted of a 30-06 rifle barrel mounted vertically above a steel containment chamber. 0.41 m cubes of an Air Force G mix concrete were suspended in wet sand and positioned in the steel chamber. The concrete targets were subjected to repeated constant velocity impacts from 6.4 mm diameter steel projectiles with an ogive nose shape and a length to diameter ratio of 10. A laser sight was adapted to the rifle to ensure alignment, and a break screen system measured the projectile velocity. After each impact, the projectile penetration and crater formation parameters were recorded. The penetration and crater formation data were consistent with single impact penetration data from previous studies conducted at Sandia National Laboratories. In addition, an analytic/empirical study was conducted to develop a model that predicted the penetration depth of multiple impacts into concrete targets. Using the multiple impact penetration and crater formation data, a single impact penetration model, developed by Forrestal at Sandia National Laboratories, was extended to account for the degradation of the target strength with each subsequent impact. The degradation of the target was determined empirically and included in the model as a strength-modifying factor. The model requires geometry parameters of the ogive nose projectile, projectile velocity, the number of impacts, and target compressive strength to calculate the overall penetration depth of the projectile.     

A generalized formula for the penetration depth of a deformable projectile

A simple analytical algebraic formula is developed for predicting the penetration depth of a deformable projectile into a semi-infinite target. This formula is a simplified version of more general equations that have been developed to predict the time-dependent penetration process in finite thickness targets. Specifically, the formula generalizes the classical hydrodynamic theory to include dependence on elastic properties of the target and on the yield strengths of both the target and the projectile. Moreover, the formula is limited to the case of long-rod penetration where both the projectile and the target experience significant plastic flow. The limiting values of the location of the elastic–plastic boundary in the target have been determined, and a single empirical constant has been introduced to characterize the transition between these limiting values. A value for this empirical constant has been determined which produces theoretical predictions that are in reasonable agreement with experimental data for moderate to high values of the impact velocity of steel and tungsten projectiles penetrating a steel target.     

刚玉块石混凝土抗弹丸侵彻效应试验研究

块石混凝土由于取材方便、工艺简单等特点,作为遮弹材料一直为人们所关注。但块石自身强度有限,对于大威力的现代弹种,遮弹效果受到了一定限制,以致实际工程中块石混凝土遮弹层厚度太大,施工不便,影响了块石混凝土遮弹层的应用。刚玉块石具有强度高、硬度大等独特的力学性能,利用它代替块石混凝土中的普通块石,研制成一种由刚玉块石和混凝土共同浇注组成的抗侵彻复合材料。为了研究这种新型材料的防护性能,对混凝土和刚玉块石混凝土进行了实弹射击对比试验。制作了刚玉块石混凝土靶体6块,混凝土靶体3块,使用坦克炮发射φ125模拟弹。结果表明,刚玉块石混凝土具有优良的抗侵彻性能,它能够使弹体破坏、变形或跳弹。提高侵彻速度,刚玉块石混凝土靶体破坏情况变化不明显,表明刚玉块石混凝土对抵抗更高速度的弹丸侵彻有效。与相同强度等级混凝土相比,刚玉块石混凝土靶体侵彻深度减小很多。整块刚玉块石完全能够阻止弹丸的侵入。研究成果可为刚玉块石混凝土遮弹层的工程应用和深入理论分析提供依据。     

Cavity and crater depth in hypervelocity impact

We discuss the depth of cavities and craters caused by hypervelocity impacts as a function of impact parameters such as impact velocity, projectile and target densities, and projectile diameter, in two extreme cases: the penetration of intact projectiles at low impact pressure and the hemispherical excavation at very high impact pressure. The relations between the depth and the impact parameters are obtained. Then, previous experimental results are compiled; crater depth normalized by projectile diameter and the ratio of projectile and target densities is plotted for glass, plastic, and metal projectiles and metal, rock, ice, foam, sheet-stack, and aerogel targets. The trends of the data are consistent with the relations in the extreme cases.     

弹体冲击混凝土半无限靶的侵彻阻力与深度计算

假设弹体是刚性的,将弹体侵彻冲击作用下的混凝土靶体划分为粉碎区、径向裂缝弹性区与原始弹性区,并认为侵彻粉碎区域内的混凝土材料处于类似于流体动力学状态,可采用水动力模型.根据伯努利方程推得了细长杆弹侵彻阻抗力的公式,进而求出锥形弹头侵彻阻抗力的等效平面解,得到了弹体的侵彻深度.利用实弹进行了以不同速度侵彻不同强度的混凝土靶体的验证计算,并与多个经验公式做了对比.结果表明,该模型是合理的,与经验公式相比计算结果趋于保守.     

刚性弹侵彻有限直径金属厚靶的机理与模型研究

采用统一强度理论,考虑靶板中间主应力效应和靶体侧面自由边界的影响,得到线性硬化靶材在弹塑性阶段和塑性阶段的空腔壁径向应力的表达式,建立线性硬化靶材的统一侵彻模型,求出中低速(v₀≤1000 m/s)刚性弹体侵彻有限直径金属厚靶时侵彻阻力、侵彻深度计算公式,并利用Simpson算法对其进行求解,分析了包括强度准则差异在内的弹道终点效应的一系列影响因素。结果表明:该文计算方法可以更好地描述侵彻过程中弹靶的动态响应,还可以得到一系列基于不同强度准则的侵彻阻力和深度的解析解、对靶材在不同撞击速度下侵彻深度的区间范围进行有效预测;强度参数、弹体撞击速度、靶体半径和弹头形状对有限直径金属厚靶的抗侵彻性能均有较大的影响,其中强度参数值由1减小为0时,侵彻深度增加了22.45%;随着靶弹半径比的减小,侵彻深度不断增大,当靶弹半径比小于等于16时,侵彻深度增大的程度显著,此时靶体边界尺寸对侵彻性能的影响很大,不能继续按照半无限靶体进行计算。     

Numerical–analytical model of penetration of long elastically deformable projectiles into semi-infinite targets

A new numerical–analytical model of penetration of long axisymmetric elastically deformable projectiles in semi-infinite targets is presented. A background of this model is the integral–differential equation of ballistics for non-deformable projectile. This equation is obtained on the basis of the Lagrange–Cauchy integral for non-stationary irrotational motion of an incompressible fluid, as well as the solutions for the quasi-static spherical cavity expansion problem in an infinite medium. The velocity field in a target is defined by actual projectile shape. The functional dependence of penetration velocity is determined for both elastic and rigid projectiles. The effect of forced elastic longitudinal oscillations on penetration velocity is estimated. An estimate is made for the critical impact velocity at which point the projectile plastically deforms causing irreversible changes in its shape, and also leads to instability of its trajectory in the target. This velocity depends on both elastic and strength characteristics of the projectile and target, their densities and projectile shape. Results from our penetration modeling are compared with existing experimental and calculated data.     

弹体撞击半无限金属靶极限侵彻深度分析

基于空腔膨胀理论和修正的流体动力学理论,提出了球形弹头弹体侵彻半无限金属靶深度的计算方法.进而根据侵彻极限状态得出的极限撞击速度,得到了极限侵彻深度计算公式,并与试验数据进行对比分析,验证了此种方法的实用性.     

Plate perforation by deformable projectiles — A plastic wave theory

A one-dimensional wave propagation model of plate perforation is developed for cylindrical projectiles impacting plates at normal obliquity. This theory assumes that the projectile and plate materials are rigid-linearly strain-hardening and rigid-perfectly plastic respectively, with respect to engineering stress and strain. During penetration, the projectile deforms and a plug forms in the plate. The plug which is sheared from the plate is larger than the initial cross-section of the projectile. Residual velocity, plug mass and final plug thickness are determined for this model and compared with experiments on ductile metal plates impacted at velocities larger than the minimum perforation velocity.     

尖头弹侵彻延性金属靶板弹道极限的解析模型

现有的尖头弹侵彻金属靶板的弹道极限计算模型往往需要大量的试验数据和靶板材料的动态性能参数,且没有考虑侵彻速度对侵彻效果的影响,这给工程应用带来了很大的不便和误差。基于这一问题,考虑速度效应和靶板材料参数对侵彻的影响,结合流体动力学原理与动态空穴膨胀理论,分别提出了双模式和单模式侵彻模型。双模式侵彻模型的侵彻过程可分为两个阶段：流体动力变形阶段和塑性变形阶段,当侵彻速度小于靶材产生流体动力变形的临界速度时,侵彻进入塑性变形阶段,根据功能原理,建立了计算弹道极限的解析模型;单模式侵彻模型仅考虑塑性变形阶段。解析模型计算的弹道极限与弹道试验结果吻合的较好,且模型中不涉及弹道试验数据和靶板材料的动态性能参数,易于迅速求解,便于工程应用,可用于对延性金属靶板抗尖头弹侵彻能力的评估。