压力容器外部冷却可视化图像分析研究

针对反应堆压力容器外部冷却（ERVC）缩比试验台架的可视化视频数据,基于Matlab商业软件开发相应图像自动分辨和界面捕捉程序IMGPROCS1对下朝向半球形结构的沸腾两相流动可视化数据进行批量处理分析。通过图像分析程序的批量处理,分析了不同工况下ERVC过程中沸腾汽泡的界面演化、汽膜厚度、沸腾循环周期等汽泡行为特征。结果表明:核态沸腾工况下,随着热流密度的增加,汽膜厚度逐渐增大;沸腾循环周期维持一恒定值。      

多孔球层内沸腾现象与传热特性研究

采用池式沸腾实验系统,在常压底部加热条件下分别对由直径4、6、8mm玻璃球构建的多孔结构内沸腾过程进行了可视化研究.结果表明,过冷沸腾时,加热壁面上产生孤立汽泡,小汽泡可聚合为主汽泡,主汽泡脱离频率较低,汽相以分散的小汽泡为主;饱和沸腾初期,汽泡生长变快,主汽泡体积变大,连续汽相范围广阔;主汽泡形成频率随热流密度增加而增加;膜态沸腾时,底面被汽膜包围,液相占据球层空间.球体直径越大,产生同类现象需要的热流密度越大,传热系数的极值越大.饱和沸腾存在传热强化区和抑制区.直径4、8mm玻璃球构建的多孔介质传热系数随热流密度的增加而增加,6mm多孔介质则相反.     

窄缝通道内过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率研究

采用高速摄像仪对矩形窄缝通道内垂直上升流过冷流动沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率进行可视化实验研究。结果表明,汽泡脱离频率随质量流速的增大而减小,随入口过冷度的增大而减小,随热流密度的增大而增大。将实验数据与文献中汽泡脱离频率计算模型进行比较,发现基于池式沸腾和饱和流动沸腾开发的计算模型不能准确预测过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率。本文以无量纲参数的形式,分别用液相雷诺数、过冷雅各布数和核态沸腾热流密度表示质量流速、主流过冷度和热流密度对汽泡脱离频率的影响,获得矩形窄缝通道内过冷沸腾区域汽泡脱离频率预测关系式,关系式的平均预测误差为±17.1%。     

倾斜下朝向加热表面汽泡行为可视化实验研究

以AP1000反应堆堆芯熔融物堆内滞留(IVR)策略为研究背景,采用去离子水为工质,在大气压下针对倾斜矩形结构开展下朝向加热表面汽泡行为的可视化实验研究。加热表面倾角从0°变化到30°,矩形窄缝尺寸从3 mm变化到8 mm。可视化观察到下朝向加热表面的汽泡滑移和汽泡变形现象,认为实验本体结构和下朝向加热表面布置是导致汽泡滑移和变形的诱因。通过对临界热流密度触发前后汽-液两相波动现象的可视化分析,认为汽-液波动界面的脱离是触发临界热流密度的主要原因。     

基于微液层模型的单汽泡生长数值模拟研究

核态沸腾换热在传热传质方面有着重要的作用,其发生机理和传热传质过程仍是研究的重点。随着实验手段的提高,微液层模型得到了广泛的关注。通过对微液层中传热传质的分析,建立了微液层厚度与热流密度和气化率之间的关系。利用界面扩散法对汽液相界面进行追踪,并在汽泡与加热壁面之间构建微液层模型,研究在核态沸腾条件下,微液层的变化对汽泡生长和加热壁面温度分布的影响。结果表明,数值模拟得到的汽泡生长过程和加热壁面温度分布与实验结果吻合得很好,初步验证了模型的正确性。并通过数值模拟,进一步分析了汽泡生长过程中微液层、干性区域和汽泡底部半径的变化规律以及壁面温度的分布情况。     

微细化沸腾传热实验研究

气泡微细化沸腾是沸腾到达某个临界热负荷后,加热面温度升高不大,与该临界热负荷相比,热流密度大幅提高的沸腾现象。本文在设计完成一可视化实验装置的基础上,通过高速摄影仪观察并结合采集的壁温数据,对常压下直径为10 mm铜加热面上的池式气泡微细化沸腾现象进行了研究,并讨论了液体过冷度对其的影响。实验发现,气泡微细化沸腾状态下,加热面上生成1层极其不稳定的气膜,气液交界面上不停地有大量微小气泡生成并以极高速度射入过冷液体中。随加热面热流密度的增大,气膜厚度波动周期缩短,气膜最大厚度减小,所生成微小气泡的直径也明显减小。实验中获得的最高热流密度达9 MW/m²。     

低压下水欠热流动沸腾的两相CFD数值模拟研究

采用两流体(汽相和液相)基本数学模型,结合汽相和液相之间的界面传热、传质和动量交换封闭模型、汽泡平均直径模型、汽泡脱离直径模型、汽泡成核模型、汽泡脱离频率模型、欠热沸腾起始点模型和壁面热流密度分配模型,在CFD软件CFX4.4中采用用户自定义函数将相变引起的传热、传质和动量交换作为源项分别添加到汽相和液相的能量、质量和动量守恒方程中,对低压下内管加热外管绝热的环形通道内的欠热沸腾进行了数值研究,得到了欠热流动沸腾下汽相体积份额、液相速度、汽相速度分布等。采用Lee等的环形通道内低压下欠热沸腾体积份额实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,吻合良好。     

竖直矩形窄缝通道内近壁汽泡生长和脱离研究

可视化研究窄缝通道内汽泡生长和脱离对于揭示窄缝通道内的沸腾传热机理具有重要意义。本文采用高速摄影仪从宽面和窄面可视化观察了常压条件下矩形窄缝通道内汽泡核化生长和脱离规律。研究结果表明，汽泡在核化点生长时，汽泡底部与加热面存在一小的接触面，总体而言，汽泡在生长过程中基本呈球状。在相同热工参数下，不同核化点处汽泡生长规律基本相同，但汽泡脱离直径相差较大。窄缝通道内汽泡生长速率小，脱离时间较长，可采用修正的Zuber公式预测窄缝通道内汽泡生长直径。在同一拍摄窗口内，统计分析了热工参数对汽泡平均脱离直径的影响规律。随热流密度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随入口欠热度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随主流速度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小。     

倾斜及摇摆条件下窄通道内汽泡密度变化研究

通过可视化方法研究了窄通道内发生过冷沸腾时汽泡密度在摇摆与倾斜工况下的变化。图像统计结果表明：在摇摆过程中,汽泡密度呈周期性波动。通过数据对比发现：随着摇摆周期的减小,汽泡密度波动幅值逐渐增大,但波动形式无明显变化;随着摇摆角度的增加,汽泡密度有所下降,但波动形式不变。正角倾斜时,汽泡密度随角度的增大而逐渐减少;负角倾斜时,随角度的增加汽泡密度出现先减后增的现象。摇摆条件下最大角度处汽泡密度与对应角度下倾斜时的汽泡密度接近。     

倾斜限制空间内池式沸腾流型特性研究

以去离子水为工质,在大气压下针对倾斜矩形结构开展了倾斜窄缝空间内池式沸腾汽泡行为的可视化试验研究.加热表面倾角从0°变化到30°,矩形窄缝尺寸从3 mm变化到8 mm.研究表明,窄缝结构和加热表面下朝向是产生"孤立变形汽泡"、"聚合变形汽泡"和"局部干涸"等3种流型的主要原因.以无量纲热流密度数Q和窄缝尺寸与汽泡脱离直...     

Bubble Dynamic Behavior Study on Pool Boiling with Downward Facing Heated Surface

Based on the Matlab software, a program for automatic identification of vapor liquid two-phase flow interface was developed. The program can obtain such characteristics as vapor liquid interface change, vapor film thickness, vapor film departure period and normal velocity. The dynamic data of bubbles on the downward facing heated grooved surface with different inclination angles and heat fluxes were processed and analyzed by this program. The results show that when the downward facing heated surface under the nucleate boiling, the vapor film thickness increases with the heat flux, and the bubble departure period decreases with the increase of the heat flux firstly and then maintains a stable value. The vapor film departure period decreases with the increase of inclination angle, and is about 0.27 s when the inclination angle is 5°. When the boiling crisis occurs, the vapor film thickness decreases rapidly, which can be used as the basis for dynamically monitoring the boiling state of heated surface.     

Critical Heat Flux and Near-Wall Boiling Behaviors in Saturated and Subcooled Pool Boiling on Vertical and Inclined Surfaces

The mechanism of the critical heat flux (CHF) where the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB)-type boiling transition takes place has not been fully elucidated. In this paper, we examine the trigger mechanism of the CHF for saturated and subcooled pool boiling on vertical and inclined surfaces based on measurements of the liquid-vapor behaviors near heating surfaces by using a conductance probe. The angle of inclination was varied from 90° (vertical) to 170° (facing almost horizontally downwards). The probe signals and the void fraction distributions showed that a liquid layer remains beneath the vapor masses moving upward along the heating surface at high heat fluxes near the CHF. The thickness of the liquid layer was determined from the location where the probe signals corresponding to the vapor masses disappeared. The thickness of the liquid layer formed on the vertical surface increased with increasing degree of subcooling, which may be the cause of the increases in CHF with increasing degree of subcooling. The measurements of saturated boiling on the inclined surface confirmed that the orientation of the heating surface greatly affects the period it takes for vapor masses to pass, but it negligibly affects the liquid layer thickness. This suggests that the decrease in CHF with increasing angle of inclination is primarily caused by the lengthening of the duration of vapor mass passage.     

An investigation of transition boiling mechanisms of subcooled water under forced convective conditions

A mechanistic model for forced convective transition boiling has been developed to investigate transition boiling mechanisms and to predict transition boiling heat flux realistically. This model is based on a postulated multi-stage boiling process occurring during the passage time of the elongated vapor blanket specified at a critical heat flux (CHF) condition. Between the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) and the departure from film boiling (DFB) points, the boiling heat transfer is established through three boiling stages, namely, the macrolayer evaporation and dryout governed by nucleate boiling in a thin liquid film and the unstable film boiling characterized by the frequent touches of the interface and the heated wall. The total heat transfer rates after the DNB is weighted by the time fractions of each stage, which are defined as the ratio of each stage duration to the vapor blanket passage time. The model predictions are compared with some available experimental transition boiling data. The parametric effects of pressure, mass flux, inlet subcooling on the transition boiling heat transfer are also investigated. From these comparisons, it can be seen that this model can identify the crucial mechanisms of forced convective transition boiling, and that the transition boiling heat fluxes including the maximum heat flux and the minimum film boiling heat flux are well predicted at low qualities/high pressures near 10 bar. In future, this model will be improved in the unstable film boiling stage and generalized for high quality and low pressure situations.     

3-D numerical investigation of water/CuO nanofluid critical heat flux phenomenon in a PWR core channel during LOCA

Forced convection boiling and critical heat flux have been under considerable attention in variety of areas due to high heat removal capacity. However, once the heat flux exceeds a certain high level (CHF), the heated surface can no longer support continuous liquid contact, associated with substantial reduction in the heat transfer efficiency. One way to increase the level of the CHF is to add certain nanoparticles to the base fluid. The present paper investigates the effects of the addition of copper oxide nanoparticles on CHF phenomenon within the general-purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The governing equations solved are generalized phase continuity, momentum and energy equations. Wall boiling phenomena are modeled using the baseline mechanistic nucleate boiling model developed in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). To simulate the critical heat flux phenomenon, the RPI model is extended to the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) by partitioning wall heat flux to both liquid and vapor phases considering the existence of thin liquid wall film. It was shown that the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles in the base fluid, delays the dryout phenomenon dramatically and in specific concentration, CHF threshold would be enhanced, therefore, raising the upper limit of CHF could allow for higher safety margins.     

Critical heat flux of forced convection boiling in an oscillating acceleration field — III. Reduction mechanism of CHF in subcooled flow boiling

To investigate the effect of variation in acceleration on the critical heat flux (CHF) in subcooled flow boiling, a photographic study was made. The test section was an internally heated vertical annulus with a glass shroud, in which Freon-113 flowed upwardly. The observation was made at a pressure of 3 bar, a mass flux of 920 kg/m²s, an inlet subcooling 45 K and a slightly lower heat flux level than steady CHF. The vertical acceleration was oscillated with amplitude of 0.3g_e and a period of 6 s.At low apparent gravitational acceleration, bubbles generated on the heated surface moved longer along the surface without detachment and coalesced with other bubbles to form large vapor slugs. This causes early CHF, the mechanism of which is dry-out of the liquid film existing between the heated surface and vapor slugs.     

Transient film boiling under transient conditions related to vapor explosion (effects of transient flow and fragmentation under a shock pressure)

Two fundamental phenomena are significant when a shock pressure interacts with the large scale coarse mixing state. One is an intensive flow and the other is the surface area enhancement due to the disintegration of the hot drops. The effects of these phenomena on the transient heat transfer and behavior of vapor film under a shock pressure are investigated. Transient heat transfer of film boiling from an electrically heated platinum ribbon 2.5 mm wide and 0.15 mm thick was measured immediately after passage of a shock pressure from 0.1 to 0.7 MPa. The heater was set horizontally in a vertical shock tube which was filled with vapor liquid bubbly mixture and kept initially in the film boiling state. That is, the heater corresponds to a typical hot drop and the bubbles around it correspond to the coarse mixture around the drop. The liquid was Freon-113 with an initial void fraction in the range from 0 to 3%. When the shock wave arrives at the heater, intensive transient flow occurs due to collapse of bubbles around the heater. First, the effects of the initial void fraction, the intensity of the shock and the heated wall temperature on the transient heat fluxes and collapse of the vapor film were investigated experimentally and analytically under the shock pressure. Compared with a heated wall in the liquid alone, the transient heat flux at the heated wall increases and the collapse of the vapor film becomes easier in the bubbly mixture due to the transient flow. Effects of surface enhancement during the fragmentation process on the heat transfer rate and transient behavior of vapor film are investigated analytically by application of the newly proposed surface stretch model. It is made clear when the surface area is increasing, the vapor film is apt to collapse and the transient heat transfer is enhanced by the surface stretch.     

An Analytical Model for Displacement Velocity of Liquid Film on a Hot Vertical Surface

The downward progress of the advancing front of a liquid film streaming down a heated vertical surface, as it would occur in emergency core cooling, is much slower than in the case of ordinary streaming down along a heated surface already wetted with the liquid. A two-dimensional heat conduction model is developed for evaluating this velocity of the liquid front, which takes account of the heat removal by ordinary flow boiling mechanism.

In the analysis, the maximum heat flux and the calefaction temperature are taken up as parameters in addition to the initial dry heated wall temperature, the flow rate and the velocity of downward progress of the liquid front. The temperature profile is calculated for various combinations of these parameters. Two criteria are proposed for choosing the most suitable combination of the parameters. One is to reject solutions that represent an oscillating wall temperature distribution, and the second criterion requires that the length of the zone of violent boiling immediately following the liquid front should not be longer than about 1 mm, this value being determined from comparisons made between experiment and calculation.

Application of the above two criteria resulted in reasonable values obtained for the calefaction temperature and the maximum heat flux, and the velocity of the liquid front derived therefrom showed good agreement with experiment.     

Experiments on microgravity boiling heat transfer by using transparent heaters

To clarify the relation between the liquid–vapor behavior and the heat transfer characteristics in the boiling phenomena, the structures of transparent heaters were developed for both flow boiling and pool boiling experiments and were applied to the microgravity environment realized by the parabolic flight of aircraft. In the flow boiling experiment, a transparent heated tube makes the heating, the observation of liquid–vapor behavior and the measurement of heat transfer data simultaneously possible. The heat transfer coefficient in the annular flow regime at moderate quality has distinct dependence on gravity provided that the mass velocity is not so high, while no noticeable gravity effect is seen at high quality and in the bubbly flow regime. The measured gravity effect was directly related to the behavior of annular liquid film observed through the transparent tube wall. In the pool boiling experiment, a structure of transparent heating surface realizes both the observation of the macrolayer or microlayer behavior from underneath and the measurements of local surface temperatures and the layer thickness. It was clarified in the microgravity experiments that no vapor stem exists but tiny bubbles are observed in the macrolayer underneath a large coalesced bubble at high heat flux. The heat flux evaluated by the heat conduction across the layer assumes less than 30% of the total to be transferred. The evaporation of the microlayers underneath primary bubbles just after the generation dominates the heat transfer in the microgravity, not only in the isolated bubble region but also in the coalesced bubble region.