弥散颗粒型燃料特征线方法输运计算研究

弥散颗粒型燃料的中子输运问题因其特有的随机性和双重非均匀性难以直接使用现有输运方法进行求解。Sanchez-Pomraning方法借助更新方程,对特征线方法进行改进,使其能应用于弥散颗粒型燃料的输运计算中。本文对二维圆柱形弥散颗粒燃料输运问题进行了计算,数值结果表明：程序在不同颗粒填充率、不同颗粒尺寸、燃料颗粒与毒物颗粒共存的问题下均能保证较好的计算精度,反应性特征值绝对偏差大多低于100 pcm,仅在QUADRISO毒物颗粒填充时绝对偏差达到163 pcm。本文方法能满足弥散颗粒型燃料的输运求解要求,为新型燃料的设计研究工作提供了可靠的结果。     

燃料球体积填充率对2MW先进高温堆物理特性的影响

在燃料装载量不变情况下,燃料球体积填充率的变化对于先进高温堆的堆芯物理特性有重要影响。我们运用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP 5对Keff、中子能谱及中子注量率的空间分布进行了研究。计算中,燃料球体积填充率取值范围在最密堆积和最稀堆积之间(0.7405–0.5236)。结果表明,燃料球体积填充率的增加可以提高堆芯的Keff,促使中子能谱更加硬化,使中子注量率峰值所在轴向的位置上升。从而为先进高温堆的设计和计算程序的开发提供理论基础。     

双重非均匀系统环形RPT计算方法研究

弥散燃料与弥散可燃毒物由于具有双重非均匀性,采用传统体积均匀化方法(VHM)会带来较大的计算偏差。反应性等效物理转换(RPT)方法被应用于含弥散燃料的双重非均匀系统,具有方法简单且计算精度较高的特点。本文首先对传统RPT方法和改进RPT(IRPT)方法进行了分析和验证,结果表明,这2种方法对于含有弥散可燃毒物的双重非均匀系统燃耗过程中依然存在相对较大的计算偏差;然后提出环形RPT(RRPT)方法和2步环形RPT(TRRPT)方法分别用于处理含单一颗粒类型和含2种颗粒类型的双重非均匀系统,通过含不同类型可燃毒物的算例验证并与蒙卡颗粒模型基准解对比可知,本文提出的RRPT方法和TRRPT方法可用于处理含弥散燃料和弥散可燃毒物的双重非均匀系统,相比传统方法具有更高计算精度和更广适用范围。     

弥散颗粒燃料及可燃毒物双重非均匀特性初步研究

弥散颗粒燃料及可燃毒物由于其固有安全性及自屏效应而被广泛关注,但其双重非均匀性为中子学计算带来挑战。为了研究弥散颗粒系统的双重非均匀性大小,评价体积均匀化方法的适用性,本文针对弥散不同类型、不同相体积、不同颗粒尺寸的颗粒以及不同富集度燃料基体的栅元系统进行了分析,评价栅元系统的颗粒模型与体积均匀化模型在零燃耗下的反应性偏差。分析结果显示,对于弥散燃料颗粒,体积均匀化方法的计算偏差随弥散颗粒尺寸的增加、燃料富集度的增加、以及弥散颗粒相体积的减小而增大;对于弥散可燃毒物颗粒,体积均匀化方法的计算偏差随弥散颗粒的颗粒尺寸的增加、基体燃料富集度的减小、弥散颗粒相体积的增加、以及弥散颗粒吸收截面的增大而增大。同时本文给出了弥散颗粒的双重非均匀性大小的大致顺序,针对双重非均匀性最小和最大的两种毒物颗粒也进行了详细分析,给出了是否需要考虑其双重非均匀性的大致判定条件,为弥散颗粒系统的数值计算提供指导。     

TRISO燃料颗粒三维多物理场耦合计算模型开发

三向同性燃料(TRISO)颗粒是高温气冷堆弥散型燃料和全陶瓷微密封(FCM)耐事故燃料芯块的裂变区。为研究TRISO燃料颗粒在辐照环境中的复杂行为,基于COMSOL有限元软件开发了TRISO燃料颗粒的三维多物理场耦合性能分析模型。通过采用随辐照条件变化的材料物性参数和行为模型,可模拟燃料颗粒在稳态运行和事故工况下复杂的堆内热-力学行为,以及CO气体产生和裂变气体释放、裂变产物扩散等重要物理过程,还可以计算燃料颗粒的失效概率。基于COMSOL开发三维分析模型的计算结果与美国BISON程序对TRISO燃料颗粒的计算结果相比同样符合较好,说明了所开发模型的合理性。     

弥散型燃料等效弹性性质的有限元模拟

弥散型核燃料元件在反应堆中的安全和可靠性与元件芯体的等效力学性能密切相关.本研究采用细观力学的方法,假设芯体中的燃料颗粒在基体中周期性排列,从中取出代表性体积元,运用有限元方法计算弥散型燃料在不同温度和颗粒体积含量下的等效弹性模量.分析比较了颗粒的体积含量和分布形式对弥散型燃料等效弹性性质的影响,并在颗粒随机排列时,将...     

熔盐冷却球床实验堆堆内热源分布计算与分析

熔盐冷却球床堆采用球形燃料元件,冷却剂采用高温熔盐,其堆内热源分布与压水堆有着明显的区别,而与同样使用球形燃料元件的高温气冷堆相比,燃料球产生的中子和γ会在冷却剂中沉积更多的能量,因此准确计算堆内释热率分布对于这种新型反应堆的热工水力设计、瞬态分析、结构力学设计等都有重要意义。本文使用蒙特卡罗计算程序MCNP对中国科学院设计的10 MW固态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆（TMSR-SF1）堆内的释热率分布进行了详细计算研究,通过使用光子产生偏倚卡（pikmt）,经过3次MCNP输运计算得到了TMSR-SF1寿期初（BOL）及寿期末（EOL）堆内各部件的总释热率、体积释热率分布和最大体积释热率。计算结果显示,燃料球释热率占堆内总释热率的94%以上,熔盐和反射层释热率占总释热率的1%以上,其他堆内部件释热率的比例都小于1%。寿期末燃料球、控制棒与石墨球的释热率均有所减少,而反射层等其他构件的释热率有所增加。     

基于弦长抽样方法的弥散燃料蒙特卡罗中子输运模拟

弥散燃料因具有燃耗深、包容裂变产物能力强和导热性好等优点而被广泛应用于新型核能系统设计中。然而,弥散燃料因其燃料颗粒在基体材料中的随机分布特性给传统中子输运模拟方法带来了新挑战。基于弦长抽样法发展了弥散燃料蒙特卡罗中子输运计算方法和数值模拟程序,其可以实现弥散燃料的在线建模,充分考虑中子输运过程中燃料颗粒在基体材料中的随机分布特性,快速获得准确可靠的中子输运模拟结果。利用数值例题对本文方法及程序开展了基准验证,证明了本文方法及程序在弥散燃料临界计算中的正确性。     

球形燃料元件中包覆燃料颗粒的化学分析

报道了高温气冷堆球形燃料元件中包覆燃料颗粒的表面铀沾污、自由铀含量及包覆燃料颗粒的装铀量等性能指标的测试方法、范围及测量误差。利用激光荧光法测量并计算了包覆燃料颗粒中的自由铀含量及表面铀 沾污,利用电位滴定法测量了包覆燃料颗粒的装铀量。结果表明,经4层连续包覆的包覆燃料颗粒的质量符合并满足高温气冷堆球形燃料元件对包覆燃料颗粒的设计要求。     

熔盐冷却球床实验堆堆内热源分布计算与分析

熔盐冷却球床堆采用球形燃料元件,冷却剂采用高温熔盐,其堆内热源分布与压水堆有着明显的区别,而与同样使用球形燃料元件的高温气冷堆相比,燃料球产生的中子和γ会在冷却剂中沉积更多的能量,因此准确计算堆内释热率分布对于这种新型反应堆的热工水力设计、瞬态分析、结构力学设计等都有重要意义。本文使用蒙特卡罗计算程序MCNP对中国科学院设计的10 MW固态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆(TMSR-SF1)堆内的释热率分布进行了详细计算研究,通过使用光子产生偏倚卡(pikmt),经过3次MCNP输运计算得到了TMSR-SF1寿期初(BOL)及寿期末(EOL)堆内各部件的总释热率、体积释热率分布和最大体积释热率。计算结果显示,燃料球释热率占堆内总释热率的94%以上,熔盐和反射层释热率占总释热率的1%以上,其他堆内部件释热率的比例都小于1%。寿期末燃料球、控制棒与石墨球的释热率均有所减少,而反射层等其他构件的释热率有所增加。     

Development of Improved Chord-length Sampling Method and Its Application in Monte Carlo Simulation of Dispersion Fuel

Dispersion fuel is widely used in high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), accident tolerant fuel, experimental research reactor, naval nuclear power plant and so on. The chord-length sampling (CLS) method can simplify the geometry modeling of dispersion fuel, which can improve the efficiency. However, traditional CLS can only handle the packing of single particle, and has large error when the packing fraction is high. Aiming to solve these two problems, the improve CLS method was developed in reactor Monte Carlo code RMC, and applied to the fully ceramic micro-encapsulated fuel pin case and HTGR fuel pebble with mixed fuel and poison particles. Results show that the proposed method can handle mixed particles with multiple types, and preserve the accuracy of packing fraction, which provide precise and high efficiency for the critical and burnup calculations.     

Nondestructive measurement of the weight of kernels in a simulated cylindrical fuel compact for HTGR using X-ray computed tomography

The TRISO-coated fuel particle for the high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is composed of a nuclear fuel kernel and outer coating layers. The coated particles are mixed with graphite matrix to make HTGR fuel element. Weight of fuel kernels contained in the element is one of the important items for evaluating the characteristics of fuel element, which is generally measured by chemical analysis or gamma-ray spectrometer. The chemical analysis is a destructive method, and gamma-ray spectrometer requires elaborate reference sample for the measurement. In this study, X-ray computed tomography (CT) is suggested to measure the weight of kernels in an element. The three-dimensional (3D) density information is acquired by the X-ray CT for a simulated compact including simulated TRISO-coated particles with ZrO₂ kernels. The volume of kernels as well as the number of kernels in the simulated compact was calculated from the 3D density information. The weight of kernels in the simulated compact was calculated from the volume of kernels and the average density of kernels. It was also calculated from the number of kernels and the average weight of kernels for comparison.     

Estimation of maximum coated particle fuel compact packing fraction

This work develops an analytic fuel fraction packing model for a high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel compact fabricated from overcoated particles of a single size. The model includes the effects of one dimensional compression and finite matrix grain size. One dimensional compression limits the maximum fuel packing fraction to about 48% for the pressed compact in this single sized particle system. This limit is due to two effects. The first is that the process of die loading limits the pre-compression packing configuration to one that is stable under gravity, which is not the most space efficient one. The second effect is due to the one dimensional compression which reduces only the axial dimension of the particle lattice rather than uniformly compressing the lattice. The die wall can also limit the maximum packing fraction by preventing the nearby particles from moving into a more space efficient configuration.     

球床式高温气冷堆MOX燃料循环优化

与压水堆相比,球床式高温气冷堆能在堆芯结构不做明显改变的情况下采用全堆芯装载混合氧化物（MOX）燃料元件。基于250 MW球床模块式高温气冷堆堆芯结构,设计了4种球床式高温气冷堆下MOX燃料循环方式,包括铀钚混合的燃料球和独立的钚球与铀球混合装载的等效方式,采用高温气冷堆设计程序VSOP进行分析,比较了初装堆的有效增殖因数、燃料元件在堆芯内滞留时间、卸料燃耗、温度系数等主要物理特性。结果表明：采用纯铀和纯钚两种分离燃料球且铀燃料球循环时间更长的方案,平均卸料燃耗较高,总体性能较其他循环方式优越。     

Development of components for the gas-cooled fast breeder reactor program

The gas-cooled fast breeder reactor (GCFR) component development program is based on an extension of high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) component technology; therefore, the GCFR development program is addressed primarily to components which differ in design and requirements from HTGR components. The principal differences in primary system components are due to the increase in helium coolant pressure level, which benefits system size and efficiency in the GCFR, and differences in the reactor internals and fuel handling systems due to the use of the compact metal-clad core.The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the principal component design differences between the GCFR and HTGR and the consequent influences of these differences on GCFR component development programs. Development program plans are discussed and include those for the prestressed concrete reactor vessel (PCRV), the main helium circulator and its supporting systems, the steam generators, the reactor thermal shielding, and the fuel handling system. Facility requirements to support these development programs are also discussed. Studies to date show that GCFR component development continues to appear to be incremental in nature, and the required tests are adaptations of related HTGR test programs.     

高温气冷堆和轻水堆超铀元素管理特性研究

乏燃料中长寿命锕系元素对环境造成长期潜在危害,本文研究球床高温气冷堆不同燃料循环中超铀元素的产生和焚烧特性。在250 MW球床模块式高温气冷堆示范电站HTR-PM铀钚循环的乏燃料中提取铀和钚作为核燃料,设计了PuO₂和MOX燃料元件,将新设计的燃料元件重新装入与HTR-PM相同结构和尺寸的堆芯,分别形成纯钚燃料循环和MOX燃料循环。采用高温气冷堆物理设计程序VSOP,研究了高温气冷堆一次通过燃料循环和不同闭式燃料循环的超铀元素焚烧特性,并与轻水堆燃料循环结果进行比较和分析。结果表明：高温气冷堆一次通过燃料循环超铀元素生成率约为轻水堆的1/2;高温气冷堆闭式燃料循环能有效嬗变超铀元素。     

安全经济高效的先进能源

具有第四代安全经济特性的核电应该是人们期待的先进的清洁低碳能源。高温气冷堆是当今研发的第四代核电堆型之一,但现有的设计还存在需要排除的严重的安全隐患。堆芯不熔化,不等于说不会有严重事故发生。需要吸取国外球床高温堆和柱状高温堆两种实验堆型运行的经验教训、扩展安全观念和应对安全低概率事件,确保反应堆不出现后果极其严重的放射性释放事故。当热电转换系统采用与燃气蒸汽联合循环耦合应用的技术以后,会发挥高温堆所长,更大地提升转换效率,形成一种高安全低投资和高效率的双燃料清洁能源,可用于大堆或小堆的应用环境,可满足电力系统基本负荷和调锋负荷的需要。在工程设计上采取一系列改进和创新措施,包括釆用规则床模块化及地下反应堆设计以后,可在提高反应堆核心部位安全防卫能力的同时,防范低概率事件,成为一种新的安全经济高效的先进能源。     

Irradiation behavior of HTGR coated particle fuel at abnormally high temperature

Irradiation behavior of high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) coated particles under temperature transient conditions was investigated in accordance with a design-base accident scenario for HTTR, a 30 MWth HTGR under construction at JAERI. One of the scenarios predicts that the fuel temperature of the block-type fuel elements rises to abnormally high temperature by blocking a coolant channel with some foreign substance. For simulating this scenario the fuel compacts incorporating the coated particles were irradiated at normal temperature in three capsules, followed by temperature transient up to a maximum of approximately 2000°C. The post-irradiation examinations, including surface inspection, metrology, ceramography and a measurement of coated particle failure were applied to the fuel compacts to investigate the thermal-transient effect on the fuel integrity. Integrity of the fuel compact was also assessed by an estimation of tangential stress introduced into the compact by the temperature transient.     

Core Burnup Calculation of Plutonium Burning Inert-Matrix Fueled High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor

For the efficient reduction of excess plutonium amount, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI, now Japan Atomic Energy Agency) has studied a concept of rock-like oxide (ROX) fuel as a kind of inert matrix fuel (IMF). In the JAERI study, ROX fuel is burnt in existing light water reactors (LWRs), while in this study, pebble bed type high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) is studied, mainly because of its high neutron economy and softer neutron spectrum than LWRs. Here, PuO₂-yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ: (Zr,Y)O_2-x) particles are dispersed in graphite matrix. In the ROX fueled LWR study, it was necessary to improve fuel temperature reactivity coefficients by adding such additives as ²³⁸U and Er. Here in HTGR, although the negative temperature coefficient is much larger than that in LWR without any improvements, temperature coefficient was improved as large as possible to the level of UO₂ HTGR case by adding Er in the fuel. Burnup calculations on PuO_2-YSZ fueled HTGR, by simulating the continuous refueling of fuel pebbles with the batch fuel loading, showed almost complete transmutation for ²³⁹Pu and more than 80% for the total plutonium. As the maximum power density of the fuel pebble obtained by the core burnup calculation was very large in comparison with the UO₂ HTGR, the maximum temperature in YSZ fuel particle was also evaluated. Despite the low thermal conductivity of YSZ, the evaluated YSZ temperature was well below the melting point, thanks to the high thermal conductivity of graphite and small YSZ particle size. Here, the high power density in the Pu-YSZ fueled core might become a problem, but is possible to be reduced by adjusting the initial plutonium enrichment.     

碳化硅基新型包覆燃料颗粒的设计及制备

TRISO型包覆燃料颗粒可将核裂变产生的气体、固体裂变产物束缚在燃料颗粒内部,是高温气冷堆安全性的重要保障。为满足未来超高温气冷堆在更高温度及更高燃耗条件下对燃料元件的要求,需对传统TRISO颗粒进行优化和改进。基于包覆颗粒的破损机制,设计了两种SiC基新型包覆颗粒,一种采用疏松SiC层替代疏松热解炭层,包覆层由内而外依次为疏松SiC层、内致密热解炭层、致密SiC层、外致密热解炭层;另一种为全SiC包覆结构,包覆层由内而外依次为内层疏松SiC层、SiC过渡层、外层致密SiC层。根据结构设计,采用流化床化学气相沉积法实验探索了疏松SiC的形成机制及包覆工艺条件,并利用SEM、XRD等进行材料分析,最终成功实现了两种新型包覆颗粒的大规模制备。更进一步,提出了全SiC基燃料元件的概念,并制备了球形和柱形全SiC基模拟燃料元件。