Entölung von Rohlecithin mit Propan

Deoiling of Crude Lecithin with Propane The complete removal of extractant from deoiled lecithin is very difficult if acetone has been applied. Furthermore, some reaction products are formed during this process. These products have a negative effect on the quality of the produced lecithin. The deoiling of crude lecithin with propane does not have such disadvantages. The new developed process differs from the “classical” supercritical gas extraction by an operating pressure which is an order of magnitude lower (about 40 bar) than in conventional gas extraction. It is therefore called Low Pressure Gas Extraction (LPGE). In order to determine the suitable conditions for a continuous countercurrent extraction, phase equilibria were measured in the system lecithin / soybean oil/propane in relation to temperature and pressure. Experiments in a pilot plant show that this process can be realized with commercially favorable costs. The produced lecithin is practically oil-free and the oil is lecithin-free.     

Ertragsleistungen und einige Qualitätsmerkmale von verschiedenen Ölleinsorten (Linum usitatissimum L.) auf ökologisch stark unterschiedlichen Standorten

Yield Performance and Some Quality Characteristics of Different Linseed Varieties (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Areas with Greatly Varying Environment Worldwide cultivation experiments during 1972 and 1973 enabled the investigations on seed yield and some important quality characteristics of linseed grown in various countries. The seed yield was strongly influenced by the conditions of growth at the area of cultivation; the yields in different regions varied between 21.7 dt/ha and 8.6 dt/ha for an average of two years using nine different varieties. The varietal differences were smaller, ranging between 12.8 dt/ha and 9.3 dt ha. The weight of 1000 seeds, in an average of regions and years, varied distinctly for the different varieties, e. g. 5.6 g for “Foster”/USA and 11.0 g for “Somaco”/Morocco; within the varieties, the average variation due to varietal differences were between 7.0 g and 9.0 g. With respect to crude fat content, the varietal differences in an average of two years and 10 regions ranged between 44.3% for “Foster” and 41.6% for “Raulinus”. For the nine varieties, the regional variations were between 45.5% in Rabat/Morocco and 41.4% in Gießen, Germany. Mostly, a higher fat content was observed in the colder regions. With respect to crude protein content, varietal differences, established statistically, were between 24.7% for “Vitagold” and 23.3% for “Redwood”. The regional variations on an average of varieties and years were between 27.0% in Izmir/Turkey and 21.2% in Rabat/Morocco. The fatty acid composition was strongly influenced by environmental factors. Greatest variations were found in the content of oleic and linolenic acids; a negative correlation was found between the levels of these two acids. The regional variation in the content of oleic acid was between 13.3% in Rabat/Morocco to 20.3% in Izmir/Turkey; the varietal differences were only between 15.3% (“Redwood”) and 19.9% (“Somaco”). The linolenic acid content varied between 59.3% (“Somaco”) and 64.3% (“Vitagold”) or 64.0% (“Redwood”). The mucilage content, determined as sedimentation value, showed distinct varietal differences, ranging from 90 ml for “Vitagold” to 48 ml for “Raulinus” and “Somaco”. The regional differences were from 60 ml in Rauisch-Holzhausen and Groß-Gerau (Germany) up to 71 ml in Sapporo/Japan. The contents of hydrolyzable hydrocyanic acid exhibited minor varietal differences ranging from 290 mg/kg for “Redwood” to 271 mg/kg for “Somaco”. The average regional differences were between 322 mg/kg in Izmir/Turkey to 253 mg/kg in Rauisch-Holzhausen/Germany; the variations in linamarin content were lower under cold and wet conditions, as in 1972. The average crude fiber content in various regions during 1972 was low as 5.7%. The varietal differences ranged from 5.9% for “Vitagold” to 5.4% for “Raulinus”; the regional differences were between 5.1% in Salo/Finland and 6.2% in Njoro/Kenya.     

Zur optimierung der Polymerfraktionierung auf der Grundlage von Lösungsgleichgewichten in Lösungsmittel-Fällungsmittel-Systemen

The phase separation behavior of dilute polydisperse polymer solutions primarily depends on the partial concentration of each polymer component. So the equilibrium data obtained by turbidimetric titration with “calibration” fractions and their mixtures can be used for the construction of a solubility diagram (Claesson-diagram) which generally allows to describe fractionation processes. It can be shown that the characteristic features of precipitation fractionations can well be derived from the solubility diagram. This diagram then offers the possibility for a complete discussion of parameter variation (concentration, step of γ-variation, process-scheme, temperature, solvent/nonsolvent-system) on the efficiency of a fractionation step. On one hand these results correspond – as for the concentration variation – to well known experimentell experiences. On the other hand it is possible for the first time to give definite predictions for the influence of temperature and the solvent/nonsolvent system. The temperature selection can be shown to be inconsiderable for the separation effect. The usual characterization of solvents and nonsolvents as “good” or “poor” is absolutely insufficient, if not misleading, for there is no connection between these properties and the shape of the solubility diagram. Based on the analysis of the single parameters the optimum conditions for the preparation of narrow preparation of narrow precipitation fractions can be derived.     

Probleme der großtechnischen destillativen Aufarbeitung von Rapsölfettsäuren

Problems in the Distillation of Rapeseed Fatty Acids on a Technical Scale The present study concerns large scale recovery of pure fatty acids from unhydrogenated or hydrogenated crude fatty acids of rapeseed. The number of theoretical plates and reflux ratios that are required for the fractionation of the starting materials having different compositions are given with consideration to the thermal behaviour of the components and the required temperature and pressure. ACV-type stretched metallic packings and falling film evaporators with forced circulation and vapour by-pass have been found suitable for large scale fractionation. Construction, working principle and efficiency of one such ACV plant consisting of a degassing unit, two trickle columns and a final evaporator are discussed.     

Über physiologische Wirkungen „oxidierter Fettsäuren”︁ aus geblasenen Ölen

Physiological Actions of “Oxidized Fatty Acids” from Blown Oils Feeding experiments were carried out on 60 rats for 189 days using “oxidized fatty acids” which were isolated by the DGF-method C-III 3 (53). The “oxidized fatty acids” corresponded to oxy-dimeric linoleic acid with respect to molecular weight and elemental formula. The investigations included weight gain of the experimental animals, histological examination of the internal organs, and composition of depot and cellular fats. The results of these studies are reported. Growth retardations were observed as a clear indication of harmful action of “oxidized fatty acids”.     

Gekoppelte LC-GC für die Analyse von Olivenölen

Coupled LC-GC for the Analysis of Olive Oils The analysis of the so-called sterol fraction of fats and oils can be strongly improved by the application of on-line coupled LC-GC. LC replaces saponification, the (difficult) extraction of the non-saponifiable and the clean-up by preparative thin layer chromatography. The proposed method eliminates most of the manual sample preparation work, is more accurate, and provides more information at the same time, since the free and esterified components are analyzed separately. Analyzing olive oils, mostly small admixtures of other oils can be detected. For the determination of solvent extracted oil in “extra virgin” or “pure” olive oils, the method is more suitable than the conventional determination of the triterpenedialcohols erythrodiol and uvaol. Finally pressed oil of first quality (“extra virgin”) can be distinguished from that of second quality (“pure” olive oil). Oils of second quality are usually the result of pression with an excessive delay after harvesting the olives.     

Zur Bestimmung,zum Vorkommen und zur Zusammensetzung von polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen in Ölen und Fetten

On the Occurrence, Determination and Composition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Crude Oils and Fats Various methods have been published regarding analytical determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In principle, all methods are composed of following steps: Enrichment, clean-up and quantitation. The authors prefer the caffein-complexation technique. They have been using this since many years for the routine PAH-analysis of fats and oils. This report contains the results of PAH determination in the most common crude oils used in Europe as well as the statistical trend of their contamination with “light” and “heavy” PAH's. Moreover, the PAH contamination of different oils according to their geographical origin is shown and possible sources of contamination are discussed. The role of Benzo[a]pyrene as the “reference PAH” and its correlation with “heavy” PAH is subjected to a critical evaluation.     

Über ein Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Lecithin-Fraktionen

A Process for the Recovery of Lecithin Fractions A plant for the fractionation of crude lecithin, such as soybean lecithin, sunflower lecithin and rapeseed lecithin is described in which ethanol, methanol or isopropanol is used as extracting solvent. In this context, the liquid liquid extraction and its relationship to the quality and yield of product are discussed. Technical problems involved in transport of miscella and solvent recovery are discussed with aid of diagrams, material data, consumption of utilities and a simple scheme of layout.     

Eiweißsaat Raps: Züchterische Erfolge und Möglichkeiten

Protein Producer Rapeseed: Success and Chances of Breeding Since rapeseed production in the Federal Republic of Germany has been changed to ”?zero erucic”? varieties, the primary breeding goal is directed to the improvement of the rapeseed meal. The present report describes the status of the work in this direction. The first task is to remove the toxic glucosinolate constituents as much as possible. After some initial difficulties were solved, the first breeding lines of winter-rapeseed have now been reported for the official variety tests. Winter-type varieties with a glucosinolate content of below 30 μMol per gram of defatted seed meal may thus be available for rapeseed production in Germany in a few years. With reference to the oil and protein content of the seed, new analytical developments have offered chances for further improvement of both traits. Apparently, selection towards the ”?sum”? of oil and protein percentage is especially promising, irrespective of the well known negative correlation between the two characteristics. On the other hand, it also seems possible to develop ”?oil-cultivars”? and ”?protein-cultivars”?, respectively, if this was desired. The third quality trait of rapeseed meal is its content of ”?crude fiber”? which limits the energy density of the meal as a feed. Since satisfying methods for the analysis of the ”?crude fiber”? content are missing for an extensive screening in breeding materials, the most simple way for progress is the introduction of the ”?yellow-seed”? characteristic. By causing a thinner seedcoat yellow-seededness leads to considerably reduce the fraction of the indigestible ballast substances in the rapeseed meal. Already now corresponding genotypes are available within spring- and winter-types of turnip rape.     

Der Ertrag und die Qualität der Früchte von neun Sonnenblumensorten aus verschiedenen Ländern unter weltweit gestreuten Anbaubedingungen im Mittel von zwei Jahren

Yield and Quality of Seeds from New Sunflower Varieties from Various Countries Under Widely Varying Conditions of Cultivation in an Average of Two Years Studies with 9 varieties from different countries carried out all over the world for a period of two years have provided information concerning the yield of sunflower and the alteration of the quality of oil and that of the residue as feedstuff. The yields varied within the varieties in an average of 6 locations and two years from 24 dt/ha to 32 dt/ha and within the locations in an average of the years and varieties from 15 dt/ha in Bornova/Turkey to 33 dt/ha in Groß-Gerau/Germany. With respect to crude fat content, the varietal differences were 33.3% for the German variety “Sobrid” and 47.9% for the American hybrid “Cms HA 89”; the differences due to location varied from 38.6% for Turkey under dry cultivation conditions to 45.8% in Groß-Gerau. The crude protein content of the seed varied within the varieties between 18.5 and 20.1% and within the locations between 17.1% for Lincoln/New Zealand and 20.8% in Karadj/Iran. The crude fiber content of the defatted seeds, which to a great extent depends on the proportion of hulls in the seeds, varied between 26.8% (Cms HA/USA and Vniimk 8931/UdSSR) and 38.4% (Sorex/Germany).     

Enrichment of pomace olive oil in triterpenic acids during storage of “Alpeorujo” olive paste

Triterpenic acids are natural compounds present in plants and foods with beneficial properties for human health and thus they are desirable in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Pomace olive is considered a good source of these substances. In this study, oleanolic and maslinic acids were found to be the main triterpenic acids identified in pomace olive oil obtained from stored “Alpeorujo”. Determination of the two acids was achieved by a new procedure that consists of extracting the acids from the oil with a mixture of methanol/ethanol, and then separating and quantifying them by HPLC. Results showed that their concentration increased up to 16 g/kg of oil during storage of the pomace in large ponds for 7 months. The concentration of both triterpenic acids was similar in the pomace olive oil obtained by using the centrifugation system. By contrast, a much lower concentration of maslinic than oleanolic acid was detected in pomace olive oils obtained by solvent extraction from the previously centrifugated “Alpeorujo” paste. These triterpenic acids also contributed to the acidity of the crude oil. Likewise, the oil of the pomace paste was enriched in other substances such as 4‐ethylphenol and aliphatic alcohols during the storage of the paste in large ponds. Consequently, crude pomace olive oil can be considered a good source of triterpenic acids when obtained from a stored olive paste.     

Mechanism to Trigger Unfolding in O6‐Alkylguanine‐DNA Alkyltransferase

O⁶‐alkylguanine‐DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) adopts a non‐enzymatic suicide mechanism for the repair of methylated guanine bases by transferring the methyl adduct to itself, thereby initiating unfolding and fast degradation. Classical molecular dynamics simulations provide quantitative evidence that two conserved glycine residues at the centre of an α‐helix make the structure susceptible to structural perturbations. The stability of this helix, designated the “recognition helix”, is an important factor during the early onset of unfolding of human AGT (hAGT). By combining theory and experiment, we found that helical stability is controlled by key factors in the surrounding protein structure. By using a “double‐clip” mechanism, nearby residues hydrogen bond to both the base and centre of the helix. This double clip stabilises this site in the protein in the absence of substrate, but the helix is destabilised upon alkylation. The present investigation aimed to establish why alkylation of hAGT leads to conformational changes and how the protein environment functions as a switch, thus turning the stability of the protein “on” or “off” to tune degradability.     

Über die Veränderung einiger Qualitätsmerkmale bei verschiedenen Ölleinsorten unter kontrollierten Klimabedingungen

Alteration of Several Quality Characteristics of Different Varieties of Linseed under Controlled Climatic Conditions In a phytotron experiment, 9 varieties of linseed from different countries were grown from flowering till ripening under 2 different day lengths (12^h and 19^h), 2 different temperatures (15°C and 23°C) as well as 2 different humidities (85% and 50%). Using these plant materials, the influence of climatic factors, such as photoperiod, temperature and humidity, on several important quality characteristics of linseed were studied with the aim to explain the differences observed in a world-wide field study¹. The crude fat content was generally increased at lower temperatures, however, several varieties behaved oppositely, yielding a higher oil content at higher temperatures. Also with regard to crude protein content, several interactions were found between the varieties and the climatic factors, so that no distinct negative correlation was obtained between crude fat content and crude protein content. These interactions, which were also observed in other quality criteria as well as in field experiments, hardly permit the exact prediction of the quality of linseed of various provenances if the variety is not known.     

Funktionalität von Lecithinen

Functionality of lecithins. In industry the functional emulsifying power of soya lecithin has a great technical and commercial importance, while egg lecithin has taken an interesting market niche. The requirements on consistent emulsifying, stabilizing and nutritional properties can be achieved by adjustment of standard qualities and a range of lecithin modifications: Enzymatic hydrolysis, acetylation and hydroxylation give lecithins with increased hydrophilicity and subsequently improved oil-in-water emulsifying properties. Alcohol fractionation, sometimes combined with chromatographic isolation, divides crude lecithin in specific phospholipid fractions, yielding an optimal functionality in specific product applications. Oil free “pure” lecithins in powder and granular form are used because of convenient dosage, neutral taste and enhanced O/W emulsifying performance. Combinations of the processes give a vaste range of tailor made special lecithins with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance properties in food, feed, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and technical industries.     

Layer‐by‐layer assembly of polymeric complexes: Effect of storing time on the complexes and film structure

Polymeric complexes formed between poly(4‐vinylphenol) (PVPh) and poly(4‐vinylphyridine) (PVP) at small molar ratio based on hydrogen bond in ethanol were found to undergo a long “aging” process during storage, which composed of two different stages. In Stage 1, the intra‐complex reorganization occurred and the size of the complexes enlarged gradually. And in Stage 2, the aggregation between complexes particles occurred and made the size of the complexes enlarge more quickly. This “aging” process could last for 80 days even though the polymeric complexes precipitated in the end like others. The effect of “aging” time on the Layer‐by‐Layer assembly behavior of the complexes was also investigated. The assembly behavior of the complexes might change from linear growth to exponential growth by simply prolonging the “aging” time of the complexes and two extremely different structures were obtained. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:E394–E402, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Ahiflower oil: A novel non‐GM plant‐based omega‐3+6 source

Ahiflower oil, a novel and proprietary dietary oil with the richest effective combined essential fatty acids from a single non‐GM plant, has been developed agronomically in a unique vertically integrated “soil to oil” model at commercial scale by Nature's Crops International. Ahiflower oil helps resolve a persistent dilemma in sustainable global omega‐3 nutrition from marine sources while dramatically improving dietary omega‐3 EPA conversion from plant sources and while supplying beneficial anti‐inflammatory GLA not found in fish or algal oils. Having achieved key regulatory clearances in the US and EU, Ahiflower oil is launching in the latter half of 2015 in supplements and foods.     

Der Begriff der hochwertigen Dichtung für lösbare Rohrleitungsverbindungen

Concept of High-Quality Seals in Disconnectable Pipeline Connections. The “Technical Instruction Air” of the Federal Republic of Germany stipulates the use of highquality gaskets in flange connections employed in handling of certain hazardous materials, but it gives no detailed informations concerning the high-quality criterion. This article gives reasons why the highquality criterion should be extended on all elements of disconnectable pipeline connections of various types which are to be evaluated as systems. It further discusses the basic aspect of quality management as well as the terms ?secluded emission”? and “diffuse emission”, which should be avoided or minimized respectively. The following criteria of high-quality pipeline connections are discussed: Design reserves, corrosion resistance, position fixing, safety against fracture without deformation, tightnessperiod and process hygiene.     

Qualitätsaspekte von Palmöl

Quality Aspects of Palm Oil The quality of crude palm oil of different origins is surveyed. The influence of transport and storage conditions on the hydrolytic and oxidative deterioration is discussed. The effect of the crude oil quality on the quality parameters of the refined oil is demonstrated on the basis of colour, stability towards oxidation and keepability in general. Some of this correlations are shown graphically.     

Qualitätssicherung bei der Betreuung und Instandhaltung von Anlagen

Quality Assurance for the Service and Maintenance of Chemical Plants. The production facilities must be incorporated into the quality-assurance system in order to comply with the requirements of a reproducible high product quality. All activities relating to this subject are combined in the “Anlagenwirtschaft”; this discipline stays with the production facility throughout its entire life-cycle. Attention is focussed on maintaining and improving the production facility during its useful life in several ways, i.e. in terms of quality of the goods produced as well as the production facilities and their components. A system of hierarchically, clearly structured and identified plant components is the prerequisite for this work and for a complete technical documentation of all activities. Supplementary means and tools to effectively master this task are available. They may be of a technical or of an administrative nature.     

Application of small system thermodynamics to polymer molecules. III. Molecular fractionation and tertiary nucleation

The statistical mechanical methods developed in Parts I and II in this series permit the postulation of a thermodynamic criterion for the molecular fractionation which occurs during crystallization. Using this criterion we define a “local equilibrium” melting temperature as that temperature at which a polymer molecule (considered as a small thermodynamic system) has the same free energy when crystallized into the lowest possible free energy conformation on a given crystal surface (or surfaces) as it does in a completely molten state but still in contact with the same surfaces. This temperature will be a function not only of molecular length but also of the nature of the crystal surfaces to which it is exposed. Lowest “local equilibrium” melting temperatures occur on large flat crystal surfaces (secondary nucleation sites), higher temperatures result from the intersection of two crystal surfaces (tertiary nucleation sites). A number of such potential tertiary nucleation sites have been investigated and the resulting temperatures satisfactorily cover the range over which molecular fractionation has been observed.