静水中较大气泡运动特性实验研究

对较大气泡在静水中的水力学特性、气泡上升速度、气泡形状与曳力系数等进行研究。气泡的产生是通过将特定体积的气泡存放在倒置的球帽杯中,然后释放到静水中。气泡的运动特性通过高速摄像仪捕捉,气泡相关运动参数通过数字图像处理程序得到。实验得到不同尺寸气泡在静水中上升的特性,并将实验结果与现有的曳力模型进行比较,表明Tomiyama等关系式对于曳力以及气泡最终上升的预测比Ishii-Chawa模型好,较大气泡的形状具有一定的相似性。实验结果对存在较大气泡的两相流动特性以及相间交换特性有重要意义。     

基于计算流体动力学的矩形通道内气泡运动机理研究

基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,利用体积流(VOF)模型对矩形流道内单气泡及双气泡运动进行了数值模拟,并分析了其运动规律。模拟结果与前人实验观测结果相符。单气泡上升过程中经历加速上升和摆动上升两个阶段,其稳定速度与Eo数相关,摇摆阶段的气泡轨迹类似于周期性的正弦曲线。上下分布的气泡会发生聚并现象,水平对称分布的气泡上升过程中会出现规律的分离、靠近现象。研究表明:该方法能够准确地模拟气泡的运动,获得气泡运动的机理,可以作为进一步研究自然循环中不同浮升力下气泡分布机理研究的基础。     

基于扩散界面法的较大气泡上升过程数值模拟

基于扩散界面法和有限元法,对较大气泡在上升阶段的形态和速度进行了模拟,结果与实验吻合较好,说明该方法能准确地模拟气泡的运动特性。利用该模型,对初始直径不同的较大气泡上升过程中的形态、速度和振荡随时间变化的规律进行了分析。并分析了14mm直径的气泡在不同尺寸通道中上升过程的形态、速度的变化规律。结果表明:气泡的稳定形态随着气泡初始直径的增大由椭球形变为球帽形,且达到稳定形状的时间更长。气泡初始直径越大,气泡的顶端速度越快,并稍有波动。而气泡的底端速度开始快速增大使气泡向内凹陷,随后回落并在气泡顶端速度上下振荡。气泡上升通道越窄,气泡达到稳定形态的时间越长,顶端速度越小,气泡的高宽比越大。     

横向震荡条件下水中气泡速度特性实验研究

针对横向震荡条件下气泡的速度特性进行实验研究。设计横向震荡实验台,通过高速摄像机记录横向震荡条件下气泡的运动状态,通过追踪气泡的运动轨迹,提取气泡的运动参数,得到不同横向震荡周期(T)下气泡的速度和轨迹。对比不同横向震荡T下气泡的运动状态,结果表明:横向震荡引入的附加惯性力和液面晃荡对气泡水平速度、竖直速度和气泡轨迹均有明显影响;横向震荡T越长,气泡水平速度的峰值越大,气泡的轨迹越曲折,气泡竖直速度越小。与附加惯性力相比,流场对气泡的冲击作用对气泡水平速度的影响更大。     

过冷度对窄缝通道内单蒸汽泡运动特性影响的实验研究

对窄缝通道内过冷条件下单蒸汽泡运动特性进行了实验研究,分析了过冷度对单蒸汽泡运动特性的影响。实验结果表明,过冷条件下,单蒸汽泡在上升过程中,其尺寸不断减小,形状也不断改变;单蒸汽泡界面存在冷凝现象,过冷度越大,直径减小越快,同一直径蒸汽泡的纵横比在一个范围内波动;过冷条件下,单蒸汽泡的z向速度和x向速度都随着直径的增大先增加后减小,均在直径约10 mm时具有最大值;单蒸汽泡z向速度则随着过冷度的增大而增大,而x向速度在零上下波动,随过冷度增大略有增大。过冷度会影响窄缝通道内单蒸汽泡的行为特性,并进一步影响流型形成与演变。      

竖直矩形窄缝通道内静水条件下气泡运动特性实验研究

基于图像自动识别方法对矩形窄缝通道(2 mm×60 mm×790 mm)内常温常压静态流体中的气泡运动特性进行可视化实验研究,获得不同气泡当量直径对应的气泡形态和运动速度;定量分析气泡运动速度与气泡当量直径间的关系,并基于本研究获得的实验数据对现有关于气泡运动速度的预测关系式进行定量评价。     

气泡破裂及其诱发射流液滴释放过程的实验研究

本文基于实验方法,通过高速摄像的方法捕捉不同直径下的气泡破裂过程及射流液滴的释放过程,获得了气泡破裂后气泡空腔的演变过程,捕捉了射流液滴的速度,探究了气泡直径和气泡表面寿命对射流液滴释放过程的影响规律。实验结果表明,气泡表面寿命对气泡破裂产生射流液滴的过程有着重要影响。随气泡表面寿命的增加,破裂气泡产生的射流液滴的速度也随之增加。当气泡直径较小时,气泡表面寿命呈现Rayleigh分布的特征,射流液滴的释放概率也较高。随气泡直径的增加,气泡表面寿命逐渐转变为指数衰减分布的特征,射流液滴的释放概率也随之下降。基于现有实验数据给出了一个精度更高的射流液滴速度与气泡直径关系式。     

气泡破裂及其诱发射流液滴释放过程的实验研究

本文基于实验方法,通过高速摄像的方法捕捉不同直径下的气泡破裂过程及射流液滴的释放过程,获得了气泡破裂后气泡空腔的演变过程,捕捉了射流液滴的速度,探究了气泡直径和气泡表面寿命对射流液滴释放过程的影响规律。实验结果表明,气泡表面寿命对气泡破裂产生射流液滴的过程有着重要影响。随气泡表面寿命的增加,破裂气泡产生的射流液滴的速度也随之增加。当气泡直径较小时,气泡表面寿命呈现Rayleigh分布的特征,射流液滴的释放概率也较高。随气泡直径的增加,气泡表面寿命逐渐转变为指数衰减分布的特征,射流液滴的释放概率也随之下降。基于现有实验数据给出了一个精度更高的射流液滴速度与气泡直径关系式。     

基于扩散界面法的液态铅铋合金中气泡上升行为模拟

基于扩散界面法,对单个氮气气泡在液态铅铋合金内从静止到充分发展整个过程中的动力学行为进行数值模拟,得到气泡形变特性和气泡上升速度随时间的变化关系,将模拟结果与Grace经验关系图对比,发现模拟得到的气泡形变结果在Grace经验关系图中均可找到且很好地吻合,从而验证了扩散界面法在模拟液态铅铋合金中气泡上升行为的可行性和准确性。同时基于界面扩散法的模拟,对比了5种不同初始直径的氮气泡在液态铅铋合金中的上升行为,发现初始直径较小的气泡在上升过程中扰动会更剧烈,初始直径较大的气泡在上升过程中易发生分裂现象。     

SGTR事故下气泡穿透深度模拟实验

蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)后,气泡在冷却剂中的穿透深度影响铅基冷却反应堆的安全运行。针对中国铅基反应堆SGTR事故,实验营造不同气体泄漏量,利用高速摄影技术对气泡在水介质中的穿透深度特性进行了模拟实验研究。观察了气泡流动流型演化全过程,得到了气泡流型及穿透深度的初步实验数据,并推导出气泡无量纲穿透深度与弗劳德数间的准则关系式,在弗劳德相似准则基础上该关系式可应用于密度比小的气泡在液态金属冷却剂中的注入过程。实验结果表明,在破口面积一定的条件下,气泡穿透深度与气体初始速度呈正比。由量纲分析得到气泡穿透深度关系式与文献的实验结果吻合较好。     

Experimental Investigation on Characteristic of Single Bubble Motion in Stagnant Water

The bubble motion characteristic is one of the most important fields in two-phase flow research. Based on the image recognition method, the characteristic and dynamics of single bubble rising process in stagnant water were analyzed. The trajectory, deformation extent and instantaneous terminal velocity of single bubble rising process with different equivalent volume diameters were analyzed. The research results show that the peak value of lateral oscillation amplitude is proportional to the peak value of lateral velocity. The instantaneous aspect ratio is inversely proportional to instantaneous axial velocity. The phenomenon that the lateral motion position, aspect ratio and rising speed of a single bubble has periodical change. Based on the quantitative analysis of the relationship between bubble terminal velocity and bubble equivalent volume diameter, the existing prediction formulas were compared and evaluated. A more accurate explicit terminal velocity correlation based on experimental data was obtained.     

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of single bubble rising behavior in liquid metal using moving particle semi-implicit method

Gas-lift pump in liquid metal cooling fast reactor (LMFR) is an innovative conceptual design to enhance the natural circulation ability of reactor core. The two phase flow characteristics of gas–liquid metal make significant improvement of the natural circulation capacity and reactor safety. It is important to study bubble flow in liquid metal. In present study, the rising behaviors of a single nitrogen bubble in 5 kinds of common stagnant liquid metals (lead bismuth alloy (LBE), liquid kalium (K), sodium (Na), potassium sodium alloy (Na–K) and lithium lead alloy (Li–Pb)) and in flowing lead bismuth alloy have been numerically simulated using two-dimensional moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method. The whole bubble rising process in liquid was captured. The bubble shape, rising velocity and aspect ratio during rising process of single nitrogen bubble were studied. The computational results show that, in the stagnant liquid metals, the bubble rising shape can be described by the Grace's diagram, the terminal velocity is not beyond 0.3 m/s, the terminal aspect ratio is between 0.5 and 0.6. In the flowing lead bismuth alloy, as the liquid velocity increases, both the bubble aspect ratio and terminal velocity increase as well. This work is the fundamental research of two phase flow and will be important to the study of the natural circulation capability of Accelerator Driven System (ADS) by using gas-lift pump.     

Numerical investigation of bubble wake properties in the moving liquid with LES model

Wake flow caused by the relative motions between bubble and liquid phase influences bubble motions and enhances turbulent properties in the liquid phase. This phenomenon has been stressed for a better understanding of bubbly flow. In this paper, large eddy simulation (LES) is performed to simulate a single bubble rising in the moving liquid, with volume of fluid (VOF) method to capture the interface movements between bubble and liquid phase. The simulation results are firstly compared with the numerical and experimental data from the literature. A good agreement demonstrated the capability of the employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach to predict turbulent properties in the liquid phase and capture interface movement as well as its induced wake flow. Consequently, the dynamic behaviors of a single bubble rising in the moving liquid were investigated. An ensemble averaged has been employed to evaluate the velocity distribution composed by wake velocity and liquid velocity quantitatively as well as the velocity fluctuations enhanced by bubble motion. Their dependency was also evaluated based on a systematic CFD simulation which covers a wide range of liquid velocity. With comparisons of the single phase flow, the influence from the existence of bubble on turbulent properties was determined.     

Numerical analysis of bubble motion with the VOF method

Numerical analyses of a two-dimensional single bubble in a stagnant liquid and in a linear shear flow were conducted in the present study using the volume of fluid method, which is based on the local-instantaneous field equations. It was clarified that this method gives qualitatively appropriate predictions for the effects of the Morton number and the Eotvos number on fluctuating bubble motion in a stagnant liquid. Calculated velocity and pressure distributions indicated that the Karman vortex causes a sinuous movement of the bubble. As for the bubble motion in a linear shear flow, calculated bubbles migrated in a lateral direction. The direction of the lateral migration agreed to available experimental data. It was also confirmed that (i) the direction or the magnitude of the lateral migration is affected by the Eotvos and the Morton numbers, and (ii) the interaction among the internal flow of the bubble, the wake of the bubble and the external shear flow plays an essential role for the lateral migration.     

基于图像法的气液两相稀疏泡状流气泡参数分析

采用图像法对垂直上升管气液两相流中稀疏上升气泡进行实验测量研究。该方法使用高速摄像机拍摄气泡运动图像,经图像处理后,提取气泡的特征参数,分别绘制稀疏气泡上升过程中速度变化曲线和单个气泡上升过程中面积变化及形心位置变化曲线,分析气泡参数,总结运动规律。实验结果表明,采用图像法可以很好地完成对气泡参数的分析。     

单个浸没孔气泡动力学特性的数值模拟

In severe accidents of a nuclear power plant, the released radioactive aerosols can be removed by pool scrubbing effect. Two-phase numerical simulation of the pool scrubbing process is necessary. The boundary conditions at the bubble injection point need to be determined before using the two-phase CFD program. Based on the framework of Integration of Pool scrubbing Research to Enhance Source-term Calculations (IPRESCA) project and the volume of fluid (VOF) method, a numerical simulation of gas injected bubble dynamics from single submerged orifice was carried out. Bubble size, shape, and detachment frequency at the orifice were captured. Sensitivity analysis of the influence of bubble injection speed on bubble detachment frequency was carried out. The bubble centroid height was obtained by DBSCAN clustering algorithm, and the bubble rising velocity at different heights was calculated. The distribution of the mean void fraction along the z-axis direction and the distribution of mean void fraction and mean mixture velocity along the horizontal lines and radius in central plane at different height are given.     

单个浸没孔气泡动力学特性的数值模拟

核电厂发生严重事故时可利用池洗效应去除泄漏的放射性气溶胶。对池洗过程进行两相数值模拟研究是有必要的,在使用两相计算流体力学(CFD)程序计算之前需要确定气泡注入点处的边界条件。基于整合池洗研究(IPRESCA)项目框架和流体体积法(VOF),对单个浸没孔气泡动力学特性进行数值模拟研究,捕捉浸没孔处气泡的大小、形状和脱离频率,并对气泡注入速度对气泡脱离频率的影响进行敏感性分析。利用DBSCAN聚类算法获得了气泡质心高度,并计算得到了不同高度的气泡上升速度。给出了平均空泡份额沿z轴方向的分布,以及平均空泡份额和平均混合速度在不同高度平面沿水平及径向的分布。     

上升气泡内气溶胶沉降机理研究

气溶胶池洗过滤是反应堆严重事故中去除放射性源项的重要手段。本文以严重事故条件下上升气泡中气溶胶的滞留过程为背景，设计搭建了可视化单气泡鼓泡实验装置。通过该装置研究了气溶胶在上升气泡中的沉降效率，并与MELCOR中的气溶胶沉降模型计算结果进行了对比。结果表明，气溶胶沉降效率对气泡尺寸的变化较为敏感，当气体流量大于0.1 L/min时，气泡等效直径迅速增加，相应的气溶胶沉降效率快速降低；与MELCOR模型计算结果的对比表明，两者在总体趋势上呈现出较好的一致性，但计算结果低估了液相对气溶胶的实际去除能力，导致这种偏差的主要原因是气泡在上升过程中存在无规则的晃动以及气液界面的波动。