基于可靠度理论的桥梁涡激振动概率性评价

涡激共振是大跨度桥梁在低风速下容易发生的一种风致振动,涉及的不确定因素众多,利用可靠度理论对这类风致振动进行安全估算是大跨度桥梁风振研究的趋势。探讨了桥梁涡振的三种失效模式,包括基于涡振风速的失效模式、基于涡振振幅的失效模式和基于前两种失效模式交集的涡振刚度失效模式,基于此,以某座大跨度桥梁为例,应用二次四阶矩法计算了基于涡振振幅的失效概率,并与二次二阶矩法的计算结果进行了比较,用Monte Carlo模拟法(MC)进行了验证,发现基于二次四阶矩法的可靠度分析相对于二次二阶矩法具有较高的精度。然后,基于二次四阶矩法的计算结果得到了桥梁涡振刚度失效的概率,研究表明：单独考虑桥梁涡振发生风速或涡振振幅的失效概率偏于保守,应结合起来考虑。     

两端简支输流管道共振可靠度分析

采用基于Galerkin的加权残数法分析输流管道,利用 阶Galerkin截断建立试函数,推导出消除残数方程,得到输流管道的前 阶固有频率,并分析流速对固有频率的影响。建立输流管道共振可靠度的功能函数,利用点估计法计算功能函数的前四阶矩,采用修正Edgeworth级数法求得输流管道的共振可靠度,并讨论了流速对管道共振可靠度的影响。研究结果对于输流管道的防共振设计和共振可靠性评估具有参考价值。     

圆柱齿轮减速器可靠性优化设计与实体造型

考虑应力和强度的随机性,运用机械优化设计理论,按给定的可靠度作为齿面接触和齿根弯曲疲劳强度约束条件,建立单级斜齿圆柱齿轮减速器多目标可靠性优化设计数学模型,以确定齿轮传动参数。应用SolidWorks软件进行减速器实体造型设计并利用COSMOSMotion插件实现了运动仿真,探讨了减速器计算机辅助设计实用可行的新方法。     

电动车减/差速器振动特性分析及改进

以某纯电动车的减/差速器为研究对象,首先考虑齿轮啮合刚度、传动误差、齿侧间隙和轴承因素,建立了齿轮传动系模型;然后考虑传动轴、差速器壳体以及减速器壳体的柔性,建立了减/差速器系统综合耦合模型,对其进行动态响应仿真分析及试验验证;最后通过轮齿微观修形减小齿轮传递误差波动的幅值,降低壳体表面阶次振动的峰值。结果表明,所建立的综合耦合模型能较好的预测减/差速器系统的振动特性,揭示各个振动阶次产生的原因,轮齿修形可使齿轮副传递误差波动幅值和壳体表面阶次振动峰值分别降低40%和57%,对减/差速器啸叫问题的解决起到一定的积极作用。     

等高齿锥齿轮非线性振动特性的联合求解方法

齿轮重载啮合中发生的轮齿接触损失会引起齿轮传动中的动态传递误差,动态传递误差的存在是等高齿锥齿轮非线性振动的重要原因,准确预测和计算等高齿锥齿轮传动中的动态传递误差是进一步改善这类齿轮系统振动特性的有效手段。针对某重载等高齿锥齿轮,研究了其在一定运行速度和扭矩范围内的频率响应特性;运用一种新的曲面积分与局部有限元联合求解方法求解了等高齿锥齿轮传动中的动态传递误差,从而揭示出此类传动系统振动的强非线性特性。这种方法无需将时变拟合刚度和啮合频率变量等非线性因素作为外部的激励进行求解,而是从齿轮啮合的每一时步,计算动态啮合力以及动态传递误差,最终得出等高齿锥齿轮的非线性振动特性。该方法可以精确表达轮齿几何及轮齿接触力等因素对齿轮动力学性能的影响,为等高齿锥齿轮这类复杂振动特性的传动系统提供了一种行之有效的分析方法。     

孔穴圆柱齿轮钻孔参数的优化计算

基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立了孔穴圆柱齿轮接触分析的五齿接触模型,实现了基于APDL语言齿轮三维有限元网格的自动生成。以齿根弯曲疲劳主应力最小为优化目标,将ANSYS软件的计算结果采用响应面法拟合为二次多项式,对钻孔参数进行优化,其分析结果对圆柱齿轮的结构设计和改进提供了必要的参考数据。     

基于EMD小波阈值去噪和时频分析的齿轮故障模式识别与诊断

建立了齿轮故障系统试验装置,对齿轮传动系统在各种转速与故障状态下进行测试分析,获取了有关振动信号,对齿轮系统的无故障、齿根裂纹、分度圆裂纹、齿面磨损四种状态信号进行特征提取,并对提取的信号进行基于经验模态EMD分解的小波阈值去噪处理,然后对预处理后的信号进行时频分析与诊断。结果表明,采用基于EMD的小波阈值去噪方法比单纯采用小波阈值去噪对测试信号进行预处理,能提高信噪比,并更加有效的提取出故障特征,而在EMD的小波阈值去噪的基础上,再与时频分析方法相结合能够较好的识别不同运转状况下不同种类的故障,如齿根裂纹、分度圆裂纹、齿面磨损等,可用于对实际工程工作的齿轮系统进行故障诊断。     

内平动齿轮副啮合综合刚度与系统的分岔特性

用机构反转法将内平动齿轮副转化为定轴齿轮副,然后用有限元方法分析了该内啮合定轴齿轮副的啮合综合刚度,并使用FFT变换得到其频谱特性,进而得到了内平动齿轮副的啮合综合刚度的频谱特性,在此基础上,考虑了齿侧间隙的非线性因素,进一步得到存在多齿接触的时变啮合刚度下内平动齿轮副的运动微分方程。然后,用经典的显式四阶Rouge-Kutta法对系统的各个参数进行了数值计算,得到系统的参数分岔图,并分析了各参数对系统动力学行为的影响。为内平动齿轮副的设计参数选择提供理论依据。     

非高斯随机振动下包装件时变振动可靠性分析

包装件在流通过程中经常受到非高斯随机振动激励的作用,提出了一种包装件在非高斯随机振动激励条件下的时变可靠性的分析方法。结合多项式混沌扩展和Karhunen-Loeve扩展,提出了基于功率谱(或自相关函数)、均值、方差、偏斜度和峭度信息的非高斯随机振动激励的模拟方法;为减小数值分析量,应用拟蒙特卡洛法,在随机变量空间中合理控制变量的分布模拟非高斯随机振动激励,通过四阶龙格库塔法分析,用较少的随机振动模拟样本准确得到了包装件加速度响应的前四阶矩和自相关函数。基于响应的统计信息,应用该研究提出的多项式混沌扩展、Karhunen-Loeve扩展和拟蒙特卡洛分析,获得包装件加速度响应样本,计算包装件的时变可靠性,用原始蒙特卡洛法验证了计算的准确性;该方法在包装件的可靠性分析、包装系统优化等方面具有重要意义。     

圆弧齿锥齿轮接触动力学分析

运用三角网格方法重构了三维离散的圆弧齿啮合齿面模型。基于多体动力学理论和迟滞接触动力学方法,提出了考虑全齿面动态接触关系的螺旋锥齿轮三维接触动力学模型和动力学分析方法。运用三角网格单元接触的包围盒搜索技术和微分代数方程求解方法,仿真分析了单侧齿面接触、双侧齿面接触、负载扭矩和齿侧侧隙等因素对齿轮啮合传动特性的影响,获得了圆弧齿啮合全齿面接触冲击力,力矩和角速度等齿轮啮合传动的动态响应特性。研究表明：新方法和动力学模型较好地模拟了圆弧齿锥齿轮的承载特性和啮合接触动力学特性,对以动力学特性为目标的圆弧齿锥齿轮设计和齿轮系统动力学研究提供了理论参考。     

Dynamic reliability analysis of gear transmission system based on sparse grid numerical integration and saddle-point approximation method

Gear systems are widely used in various mechanical transmission systems. This paper aims to develop an effective and practical method for dynamic reliability analysis of gear transmission system. The proposed method can comprehensively evaluate the dynamic reliability of gear transmission system by adopting the fourth-moment SPA method. First, a nonlinear dynamics model of a single-stage spur gear transmission system is established, which simultaneously takes into account the nonlinear backlash, time-varying meshing stiffness, and static transmission error. After that, a dynamic reliability model for the tooth surface contact fatigue failure of gear system is established with the uncertainty of the motion, structure, and material parameters using stress-strength interference (SSI) theory. To be specific, the sparse grid numerical integration (SGNI) method is applied to solve the statistical characteristic parameters of the dynamic reliability of the system. The probability distribution of the performance function is obtained with the fourth-moment SPA method. Test examples show that the results of the proposed method are consistent with the results obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and superior to the maximum entropy with fractional moments (ME-FM) method, which verifies the effectiveness of this approach. Finally, the dynamic reliability of the gear transmission system with respect to load times is evaluated.     

基于齿轮传动系统横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型的齿廓修形优化设计

基于齿轮传动系统动力学模型的齿廓修形优化设计可真实地反映修形参数对齿轮动态特性的影响。考虑几何偏心、陀螺力矩和齿向偏载力矩,建立了单级齿轮传动系统10自由度横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型。提出了考虑齿轮实际运动状态并可适用于齿廓修形齿轮的啮合刚度模型,并采用解析法计算啮合刚度。为了降低齿轮传动系统的振动和噪声,以减小齿轮传动系统的动载系数为目标,建立了基于齿轮传动系统横-扭-摆耦合非线性动力学模型的齿廓修形优化模型。对某重载车辆齿轮传动系统进行了齿廓修形优化设计,优化结果有效的降低了齿轮的动载荷,可为设计低振动和低噪声的齿轮传动系统提供依据。     

基于齿根动应力的船用人字齿轮疲劳分析与优化

为了合理预估人字齿轮齿根动应力疲劳寿命,利用考虑啮合刚度激励、啮合冲击激励和齿面摩擦激励的十二自由度人字齿轮弯-扭-轴耦合动力学模型,同时考虑了参与啮合齿对之间的齿根应力关联性,并由此合理有效地计算出了人字齿轮齿根受拉侧的动应力变化趋势。通过对轮齿疲劳寿命机理分析,选取三种常用载荷工况下小轮齿根中点受拉侧动应力作为疲劳寿命计算对象,采用考虑应力幅值和应力均值双参数的雨流计数法,结合Miner线性累积损伤理论对人字齿轮受拉侧齿根弯曲疲劳寿命进行了预估。同时比较了考察啮合轮齿在进入啮合前其它齿对产生的反向压缩应力对疲劳寿命的影响。通过三维修形技术,对人字齿轮齿面进行了以综合载荷工况下齿根动应力疲劳寿命为目标的优化设计,优化结果表明修形后齿根动应力变化趋势平缓,疲劳寿命增加25%。     

Influence of different load models on gear crack path shapes and fatigue lives

A computational model for determination of the service life of gears with regard to bending fatigue at gear tooth root is presented. In conventional fatigue models of the gear tooth root, it is usual to approximate actual gear load with a pulsating force acting at the highest point of the single tooth contact. However, in actual gear operation, the magnitude as well as the position of the force changes as the gear rotates. A study to determine the effect of moving gear tooth load on the gear service life is performed. The fatigue process leading to tooth breakage is divided into crack‐initiation and crack‐propagation period. The critical plane damage model has been used to determine the number of stress cycles required for the fatigue crack initiation. The finite‐element method and linear elastic fracture mechanics theories are then used for the further simulation of the fatigue crack growth.     

Analytical model for mesh stiffness calculation of spur gear pair with non-uniformly distributed tooth root crack

Gear tooth crack is likely to happen when a gear transmission train is working under excessive and/or long-term dynamic loads. Its appearance will reduce the effective tooth thickness for load carrying, and thus cause a reduction in mesh stiffness and influence the dynamic responses of the gear transmission system, which enables the possibility for gear fault detection from variations of the dynamic features. Accurate mesh stiffness calculation is required for improving the prediction accuracy of the dynamic features with respect to the tooth crack fault. In this paper, an analytical mesh stiffness calculation model for non-uniformly distributed tooth root crack along tooth width is proposed based on previous studies. It enables a good prediction on the mesh stiffness for a spur gear pair with both incipient and larger tooth cracks. This method is verified by comparisons with other analytical models and finite element model (FEM) in previous papers. Finally, a dynamic model of a gear transmission train is developed to simulate the dynamic responses when cracks with different dimensions are seeded in a gear tooth, which could reveal the effect of the tooth root crack on the dynamic responses of the gear transmission system. The results indicate that both the mesh stiffness and the dynamic response results show that the proposed analytical model is an alternative method for mesh stiffness calculation of cracked spur gear pairs with a good accuracy for both small and large cracks.     

支承刚度及齿面涂层对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响研究

支承刚度对自动变速器齿轮副的啮合质量有着重要影响,研究支承刚度及齿面涂层对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响具有重要意义。以某七挡双离合自动变速器的一挡斜齿轮副为研究对象,建立了2种不同支承刚度的齿轴系统刚柔耦合模型,分析了不同工况下支承刚度对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响规律;通过FCL-250H齿轮精测试验台得到有/无磷酸锰转化涂层齿轮的齿形齿向参数,并将其代入有限元模型进行仿真分析;进行齿轮接触疲劳点蚀实验,对比齿面涂层处理前后齿轮的接触疲劳寿命,并从齿轮表面形貌、动力性能及跑合性能等角度进一步揭示了涂层的强化机理。研究结果表明：齿轴跨度增大,支承刚度减小,则齿轮单位长度所受最大载荷和啮合错位量对输入扭矩的变化更为敏感;有涂层齿轮跑合后更有利于啮合,其疲劳寿命得到提高。研究结果为汽车自动变速器齿轮传动系统的结构优化和齿轮疲劳寿命的提高提供了参考。     

A stochastic finite element method for fatigue reliability analysis of gear teeth subjected to bending

A stochastic finite element method (SFEM) is developed for accurate structural reliability analysis. Using the second-order three-moment reliability analytical model, this method takes into account such random factors as load, material parameters and especially geometry randomness. The calculation of the bending fatigue strength reliability of a cantilever beam is carried out as a numerical example to verify the present method. Monte-Carlo FEM and SFEM based on the first-order second-moment model are used in the example to compare with the proposed method. By incorporating the fatigue theory of gears, the present method is then used to analyze the bending fatigue strength reliability of a spur gear. The effects of random variables' coefficient of variation and skewness and the gear's correction factor (not random variable) on the gear's reliability are also investigated.     

Three‐dimensional fatigue crack growth modelling in a helical gear using extended finite element method

In this paper, the fatigue crack growth in helical gear tooth root has been simulated using linear elastic fracture mechanics. The extended finite element method has been used to simulate 3D fatigue crack growth and obtain growth path. Paris equation has been used to calculate the fatigue life of the gear. The modelling time has reduced considerably compared to previous works carried out on 3D crack growth in gears. Some verifications have been carried out to ensure the reliability of the results.     

论第三代结构设计理论

该文采用新点估计法和简化四阶矩法对丁发兴提出的钢管混凝土轴压承载力公式进行可靠度分析,该公式考虑了不同截面钢管形状约束系数,且探讨了不同截面形状、混凝土等级、钢材强度等级、两种荷载组合以及不同荷载比对可靠指标的影响。分析结果表明,不同截面形状的钢管混凝土轴压承载力公式的可靠指标均高于3.7,满足目标可靠指标3.2的要求;当办公室活恒载比为1.0时,混凝土强度越高时,可靠指标越大。