气固两相流内中空多孔催化剂性能的数值模拟

气固流态化过程中流体和颗粒分别聚集,形成稀密两相,严重限制其传质效率和反应速率的提高。针对此问题,本工作设计了一种中空多孔结构的催化剂颗粒,通过模拟方法研究该颗粒对稀密两相气相传质与反应的影响,及其在稀密相间转换的时间尺度。结果表明,一定的流动强度时,在颗粒稀密相转换的时间尺度内,中空多孔结构的颗粒能够有效地在稀相存储反应气体,并在密相释放,为密相提供额外的反应气体,增强体系的整体反应效率。当催化反应速率高于传质速率时,在所研究的流动条件下中空多孔颗粒体系的反应效率比实心球形颗粒体系高出26.92%~29.55%。可以预见在稀密相分布更广的大型气固流化床反应器中,中空多孔结构的催化剂颗粒能够更为有效地提高反应器的整体效率。     

鼓泡床中基于气泡结构的多相反应模型

气固鼓泡床是一个流动、传热/传质和反应多尺度时空耦合的复杂系统。其中介尺度流动结构(如气泡)对于气固相间传递起着关键性的作用。为了准确描述气固流态化系统中的"三传一反"行为,需要在合理物理简化的基础上建立介尺度模型。提出了基于气泡结构的多流体反应模型,考虑了介尺度非均匀结构对于鼓泡床内气固相间反应的影响;定义了基于气泡的反应非均匀因子修正双流体(TFM)传质反应模型,从而使模型更加易用。通过鼓泡床内的臭氧催化分解反应模拟,对模型进行了初步验证,模拟结果与文献结果相符。     

鼓泡床中基于气泡结构的多相反应模型

气固鼓泡床是一个流动、传热/传质和反应多尺度时空耦合的复杂系统。其中介尺度流动结构（如气泡）对于气固相间传递起着关键性的作用。为了准确描述气固流态化系统中的“三传一反”行为,需要在合理物理简化的基础上建立介尺度模型。提出了基于气泡结构的多流体反应模型,考虑了介尺度非均匀结构对于鼓泡床内气固相间反应的影响;定义了基于气泡的反应非均匀因子修正双流体（TFM）传质反应模型,从而使模型更加易用。通过鼓泡床内的臭氧催化分解反应模拟,对模型进行了初步验证,模拟结果与文献结果相符。     

气固鼓泡床结构双流体模型及其模拟验证

气固鼓泡流化床因具有较好的传热传质特性已被广泛应用于工业生产,而气泡这类非均匀结构普遍存在于流化床中,它显著影响流化床内动量、能量和质量传递以及化学反应过程。合理描述非均匀结构与三传一反的定量关系对提高连续介质模型模拟的准确性至关重要。结构双流体模型在控制方程及本构关系方面均考虑气固系统内非均匀特性的影响,是一种逻辑自洽、完备地考虑了介尺度结构的全新连续介质模型;本研究拓展了结构双流体模型应用于鼓泡流化床的数值模拟,在构造控制方程时将系统划分成颗粒主导的乳化相和气体主导的气泡相这两类相互渗透的连续流体,同时构造本构关系时涉及的气泡直径、乳化相固含率及黏度等均考虑非均匀结构影响。模拟结果表明,结构双流体模型可成功预测鼓泡床系统内的气固流动特性,同时确定气泡直径影响稀/密相相间相互作用,对模拟结果影响显著。     

基于两相两区模型的气固流化床DEM模拟

气固流化床DEM模拟中,通常采用面积加权平均法计算局部空隙率,为了考虑网格中显著非均匀结构对局部空隙率的影响,提出一个计算局部空隙率的两相两区模型。该模型将网格中的非均匀结构虚拟划分为稀相和密相,将实际网格区域划分为稀区和密区,并采用时空关联性原理识别稀区和密区;模型还采用自适应方法计算网格中颗粒分布的非均匀度;将非均匀度作为非均匀结构的影响权重计算密区颗粒的局部空隙率。模拟了鼓泡流化床,模拟结果表明:与传统的DEM相比,基于两相两区模型的DEM能更好地模拟气泡形态,且能捕捉气泡冒出床层和气泡破裂的复杂现象。     

颗粒群绕流传质特性的格子Boltzmann模拟

为考察气固两相流中颗粒团聚对气固传质过程的影响,采用耦合传质的格子Boltzmann模型对在空间均匀分布的颗粒结构和非均匀分布的颗粒团聚物结构条件下的绕流过程进行了直接数值模拟,得到了气体绕颗粒流动的速度分布和伴随流动的浓度分布,发现颗粒团聚物对绕流过程的速度分布和浓度分布都具有明显的影响。通过对颗粒绕流的气固传质过程进行定量分析发现,在两种结构条件下计算得到的传质舍伍德数均随着雷诺数的增大而呈指数函数形式增大,并且在均匀结构条件下的传质舍伍德数一般为非均匀结构条件下的3~5倍,颗粒团聚物的存在将严重影响颗粒绕流过程的气固传质效率。通过格子Boltzmann方法建立的气固相间传质模型,可以为研究气固两相流介尺度结构的传递特性提供理论依据。     

基于重置温度方法的双参数介尺度气固传热模型构建

颗粒聚团等介尺度结构在气固两相流中普遍存在,这些介尺度非均匀结构直接影响气固流动特性及气固接触效率,进而影响气固相间传热、传质及化学反应过程。在更适合工业大尺度气固传热模拟的粗网格方法中缺乏准确度高、简单易用且可以考虑介尺度非均匀结构影响的传热模型。采用计算流体力学-离散单元法（CFD-DEM）研究了气固两相流相间传热,为了保证气固相间持续传热,采用了两种维持气固相间传热温差的方法,并讨论了两种方法的优缺点。方法一：给气相能量方程添加热源项;方法二：每间隔一段时间重置气相温度,重置温度后气固两相自由传热,两种方法中均保持固相温度不变。结果表明聚团界面位置的局部单位体积气固传热量最大,重置温度方法在稀相和界面位置的局部单位体积传热量与总单位体积传热量之比大于热源项方法,而在浓相位置的局部单位体积传热量与总单位体积传热量之比小于热源项方法。通过过滤CFD-DEM计算数据,为重置温度方法构建了双参数（过滤固含率、过滤尺度）传热系数修正因子模型,通过先验分析评价了模型的表现,研究表明所构建模型在过滤网格尺度为5~40倍颗粒直径范围内优于文献中已有的双参数模型。     

气固垂直并流上行两相流不均匀性机理的进一步研究

应用能量最小多尺度作用(EMMS)模型原理,分析垂直气固并流上行两相流局部不均匀性(稀、密两相结构)和整体不均匀性(轴向和径向分布)形成的机理,讨论了流场结构与稳定性的关系,定义了饱和夹带发生的临界条件,并介绍了一种流场均匀无壁效应的反应器.研究表明,密相流化和稀相气力输送具有不同的稳定性条件,因而呈现不同的流动结构,两者过渡时系统内出现饱和夹带,并发生显著的轴向不均匀分布——两态共存.不均匀性的产生,归因于能量最小.壁面的影响可促进能量最小化过程,因而导致径向不均匀分布.实验表明,通过截面的反复收缩和扩大可以实现均匀的流场.     

基于OpenFOAM的精馏塔内气液两相流传热传质模拟

对于精馏塔内的多相传质过程,计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)不仅可用于模拟流动现象,而且可以用于研究传热传质过程及其与流动的相互作用规律。基于之前精馏塔板气液流动模拟的研究工作,本研究应用OpenFOAM平台的多相流求解器,考虑了能量方程与组分输运方程,构建了精馏体系的传热传质模型,分别对环己烷-正庚烷理想体系与乙醇-水非理想体系进行了模拟,并分析了塔板上气液两相流动、组分浓度及温度等参数的分布规律。对于理想体系,理想溶液传质模型能够较准确地预测多层塔板上的温度及浓度场;对于非理想体系,需要在理想溶液传质模型的基础上引入活度系数模型,为此对比了UNIQUAC与NRTL两种活度系数模型的效果。在当前模拟框架下,引入活度系数模型有助于提升非理想体系温度场与浓度场的模拟精度,两种活度系数模型预测的整体趋势与文献结果基本一致,但在数值上UNIQUAC模型与文献结果吻合更好。此外,气液两相流场与浓度场分布的对比分析表明,液相的循环流动能够提升塔板的局部传质效率,导致液相入口与塔板堰处的效率高于塔板中心,但是循环区域内气液两相无法及时更新,将导致塔...     

流化床液固两相传质过程的模拟研究进展

液固两相流化床具有液固相接触效率高、传质和传热性能好、颗粒分布均匀等优点，已被广泛应用于众多工业过程中。然而，流化床中与传质过程耦合的颗粒流化的复杂非线性特征及其湍动特性，使得对传质过程特性的研究十分困难。且仅依靠实验观测和理论预测难以揭示多相流相互作用规律，无法获得全面和详细的速度场和浓度场分布情况。近年来，数值模拟的快速发展为深入探索流化床中液固两相流动行为及其与传质过程耦合问题提供了重要的途径。本文对流化床液固两相流动与传质过程模拟方法进行了综述，并对其未来研究趋势进行了展望。借助于计算传质学理论可以更精确地预测局部浓度的分布情况，进而可以深入分析液固两相流化床中的传质过程规律与传质特性，为液固两相流化床的设计和优化提供理论基础。     

循环流化床气固传质实验研究

This study is devoted to gas-solid mass transfer behavior in heterogeneous two-phase flow. Experiments were carried out in a cold circulating fluidized bed of 3.0m in height and 72mm in diameter with naphthalene particles. Axial and radial distributions of sublimated naphthalene concentration in air were measured with an online concentration monitoring system HP GC-MS. Mass transfer coefficients were obtained under various operating condition, showing that heterogeneous flow structure strongly influences the axial and radial profiles of mass transfer coefficients. In the bottom dense region, mass transfer rate is high due to intensive dynamic behavior and higher relative slip velocity between gas and clusters. In the middle transition region and the upper diluter region, as a result of low mass transfer driving force and the influence of flow structure, mass transfer rate distribution becomes non-uniform. In conclusion, among the operating parameters influencing mass transfer coefficients, the superficial gas velocity is the most important factor and the solid circulation rate should be also taken into account.     

气液固三相循环流化床气液传质行为

<正>气液固三相流化床反应器在石油化工、湿法冶金、环境工程和煤的液化等工业领域得到了广泛应用,其基础研究也取得了很大进展.但是,传统三相床主要应用于低液速(U_L<     

三相循环流化床中的气液相界面积和传质系数

采用溶氧法测量了三相循环流化床中液相溶氧浓度的轴向分布,并按轴向扩散模型处理实验数据,优化得到气液体积传质系数kLa,同时用光纤探头测量了体系中的气含率和气泡大小分布,计算得到了气液相界面积a和气液传质系数kL,并研究了主要操作条件(表观气速、表观液速和固含率)对气液传质系数的影响规律.     

MULTI-SCALE MASS TRANSFER MODEL FOR GAS-SOLID TWO-PHASE FLOW

This article is devoted to analyzing the mass transfer in heterogeneous gas-solid flow by means of structure and process decomposition. A multi-scale mass transfer model was developed on the basis of the hydrodynamics calculated from the so-called EMMS model. This resulted in the predictions of the steady-state two-dimensional concentration distributions of sublimated substance as well as total mass transfer coefficient for circular concurrent gas-solid contactors. The predictions were validated by experimentally measured (via an on-line HP GC-MS system) axial concentration distributions of sublimated naphthalene in air in a circulating fluidized bed riser 3.0 m in height and 72 mm in diameter. The experiment also obtained mass transfer coefficients comparable to theoretical predictions under conditions with various gas velocities, solid circulation rates, particle sizes, and active material fractions in the particles. Both the theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that the heterogeneous flow structure prevailing in the concurrent gas-solid flow greatly influenced the flow's mass transfer.     

Mass transfer at the confining wall of helically coiled circular tubes with gas–liquid flow and fluidized beds

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various dynamic and geometric parameters on mass transfer coefficients in two-phase helically coiled flow systems. Computation of mass transfer coefficients was facilitated by the measurement of limiting current at the electrodes fixed flush with the inner surface of the tube wall. Two flow systems were chosen: a two-phase liquid solid fluidized bed and a two-phase gas–liquid up flow. An equimolar potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide solution in the presence of sodium hydroxide was used as the liquid phase. In the fluidized bed, glass spheres and sand of different sizes were employed as fluidizing solids. In two-phase flow system nitrogen was employed as inert gas. The pressure drop in the presence of fluidizing solids in helical coils was found to increase with increase in the pitch of the coil and was maximum for straight tube. The mass transfer coefficients were found to increase with increase in liquid velocity. The mass transfer coefficients in case of gas–liquid flow were found to be independent of liquid velocity and the pitch of the coil, and were largely influenced by gas velocity only. The data were correlated using j_D factor, Helical number, Froude number and Stanton number.     

MULTI-SCALE MASS TRANSFER MODEL FOR GAS-SOLID TWO-PHASE FLOW

This article is devoted to analyzing the mass transfer in heterogeneous gas-solid flow by means of structure and process decomposition. A multi-scale mass transfer model was developed on the basis of the hydrodynamics calculated from the so-called EMMS model. This resulted in the predictions of the steady-state two-dimensional concentration distributions of sublimated substance as well as total mass transfer coefficient for circular concurrent gas-solid contactors. The predictions were validated by experimentally measured (via an on-line HP GC-MS system) axial concentration distributions of sublimated naphthalene in air in a circulating fluidized bed riser 3.0 m in height and 72 mm in diameter. The experiment also obtained mass transfer coefficients comparable to theoretical predictions under conditions with various gas velocities, solid circulation rates, particle sizes, and active material fractions in the particles. Both the theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that the heterogeneous flow structure prevailing in the concurrent gas-solid flow greatly influenced the flow's mass transfer.     

下行床气固传质及反应特性的实验研究

以臭氧催化分解为模型反应,对气固并流下行循环流化床反应器中气固传质与反应特性进行了研究. 制备了臭氧分解催化剂,并以它为循环物料在内径0.09 m、高度8.2 m的下行床中测定了颗粒浓度分布和臭氧浓度分布. 实验结果表明,臭氧在加速段分解率在45%左右,约占总分解率的90%,其随颗粒循环量(Gs)的增加略有上升. 当Gs从2.77 kg/(m2×s)增加到6.58 kg/(m2×s)时,全床分解率从50%上升至55%. 建立了平推流的传质模型,给出了有效传质系数和操作参数的关联式.     

Gas backmixing in the dense region of a circulating fluidized bed

The gas backmixing characteristics in a circulating fluidized bed (0.1 m-IDx5.3-m high) have been determined. The gas backmixing coefficient (D_ba) from the axial dispersion model in a low velocity fluidization region increases with increasing gas velocity. The effect of gas velocity onD _ba in the bubbling bed is more pronounced compared to that in the Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). In the dense region of a CFB, the two-phase model is proposed to calculate D_bc from the two-phase model and mass transfer coefficient (k) between the crowd phase and dispersed phase. The gas backmixing coefficient and the mass transfer coefficient between the two phases increase with increasing the ratio of average particle to gas velocities (U_p/U_g).     

流化床内自由移动石墨球表面的传热系数

密相区内自由移动的煤颗粒表面传热系数是循环流化床锅炉设计和运行的重要参数。利用石墨球模拟煤颗粒,在小型流化床实验台上对由粒度较小的石英砂颗粒组成的密相区内自由移动的石墨球表面传热系数进行了测量。测量结果显示,随着流化风速的增加,石墨球表面传热系数首先升高,当流化风速达到某一临界值时,继续增大流化风速,传热系数将保持不变,从传热的角度证明了流化床内煤颗粒基本停留在乳化相内。在多数情况下,石墨球表面传热系数随床料粒度的增大而减小。而在较低流化风速的情况下,随着床料粒度的增大,石墨球表面传热系数呈先下降后升高的趋势。当流化风速和床料粒径保持不变时,石墨球表面传热系数随着石墨球直径的增大而减小,且下降的趋势随石墨球直径的增大而减弱。而随着床层高度的增加,石墨球表面传热系数将会略有 升高。