三价铬脉冲电沉积纳米晶Ni-Cr合金工艺

采用脉冲电沉积方法对三价铬电沉积Ni-Cr合金镀层工艺进行研究,确定并优化三价铬脉冲电沉积Ni-Cr合金的最佳镀液配方及工艺参数。研究镀液中各成分及工艺参数对三价铬脉冲电沉积Ni-Cr合金厚度及合金镀层中铬的影响,利用扫描电镜和电子能谱分析Ni-Cr合金镀层的形貌、微观结构和化学组成。结果表明,镀层厚度和Ni-Cr合金中铬含量在不同浓度的络合剂、稳定剂、乙酸钠及不同的电流密度、温度、pH值、占空比和脉冲频率下都存在极大值,且Ni-Cr合金厚度随合金中铬含量的增加而减少。当铬含量为24%时,镀层的厚度大于10μm,无裂纹,其晶粒为纳米球状晶粒。     

三价铬电沉积铬基二元合金工艺的研究进展

近年来,由于六价铬的毒性及其对环境的严重危害,加快了三价铬电沉积的研究。但三价铬电沉积难以获得厚铬镀层,而铬基二元合金在镀厚性方面具有明显的优势。详细总结了三价铬体系电沉积铬镍、铬铁、铬钴、铬磷、铬碳和锌铬等二元合金的工艺,并简述了镀层的特性及应用。三价铬合金电镀将会在生产中有着广阔的应用前景。     

三价铬水溶液电镀非晶态铬工艺

报导了一种Ｃｒ３ ＋ 水溶液中电镀非晶态铬新工艺。采用由适当的络合剂、稳定剂、添加剂以及Ｃｒ３ ＋ 盐组成的电镀液, 于室温下电沉积出厚度达１１ μｍ 、外观接近镜面的非晶态铬镀层。实验发现, 蓝膜的生成是光亮非晶态Ｃｒ 层得以电沉积出来的首要条件。采用Ｘ 射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜等方法对铬镀层的结构进行了分析。结果表明, 铬镀层的Ｘ 射线衍射图中只有非晶态铬的宽化峰; 扫描电子显微镜结果显示所得Ｃｒ 镀层没有针孔, 只有少数细小的裂纹。对Ｃｒ３ ＋ 水溶液中电镀Ｃｒ 的工艺条件和络合剂、稳定剂、添加剂的作用进行了探讨     

硫酸盐电镀三价铬镀层性能研究

为对硫酸盐体系三价铬镀层性能进行更深入的了解,分析了电镀时间对镀层厚度、表面形貌和镀层耐蚀性的影响.采用X射线荧光光谱仪、体视显微系统对镀层厚度和形貌进行了测试;通过CASS试验、Tafel曲线和EIS曲线测试,对采用不同电镀时间制备的三价铬镀层及六价铬镀层的耐蚀性进行了分析.试验结果显示:三价铬镀层厚度基本随电镀时间的增加而线性增加;电镀时间达到10min时,镀层表面形貌由微孔变为微裂纹状,镀层耐蚀性最好;硫酸盐体系三价铬镀层的耐蚀性与六价铬镀层的耐蚀性相当.可见,硫酸盐体系三价铬镀层具有优良的耐蚀性.     

甲酸盐三价铬电镀工艺的研究

目的解决现有氯化盐体系和硫酸盐体系三价铬电镀存在的问题。方法以甲酸铬为主盐,甲酸铵、尿素和苹果酸为络合剂,通过Hull槽试验和方槽试验,研究铬离子、甲酸铵、尿素、苹果酸的浓度以及镀液pH值、镀液温度、电镀时间等工艺参数对黄铜表面三价铬镀层形貌、沉积速率和光亮范围的影响。结果甲酸铵和尿素分别与Cr3+形成活性络合物,苹果酸具有pH值的缓冲作用。最佳的工艺条件为:Cr3+浓度0.4 mol/L,甲酸铵浓度0.5 mol/L,尿素浓度0.2 mol/L,苹果酸浓度0.05 mol/L,镀液pH值3.5,镀液温度25~30℃。结论该甲酸盐三价铬电镀工艺具有较宽的光亮范围,镀层孔隙率低,光亮致密,沉积速率较高,与铜基体结合良好,结构为混晶态。在室温、电流密度为15 A/dm2的条件下电镀5min,镀铬层厚度即可达到1.78μm,满足装饰性镀铬层的要求。     

电沉积Ni-Co-B纳米晶合金代硬铬镀层

为解决电镀铬工艺严重污染环境的问题,制备低污染且具有良好外观的Ni-Co-B合金代硬铬镀层。采用单因素实验分别讨论电镀液组成及工艺条件对镀层硬度、外观、沉积速度及阴极电流效率等的影响,确定较优的镀液组成及工艺条件,考察优化条件下所得镀层经不同温度热处理后的镀层硬度,分析镀液的极化情况和200℃热处理1 h前后镀层的表面形貌、晶体结构及耐蚀性。结果表明:优化条件下得到的合金镀层为纳米晶结构,宏观上均匀光亮,微观上平整、无孔隙,经200℃热处理1 h后晶体颗粒进行重结晶,晶粒尺寸略有增大,镀层表面更加致密,硬度达10.875 GPa,高于硬铬镀层的,且耐蚀性与硬铬镀层的相当。该电镀工艺有望取代电镀硬铬工艺而获得广泛应用。     

电沉积非晶态Cr—Fe—C合金镀层结构与性能研究

采用以三价铬为主盐的铬合金电镀工艺,对获得的Ｃｒ－Ｆｅ－Ｃ合金镀层的化学成分、结构、性能及其成因进行研究,结果表明,这种含铁量为２０％,含碳为５％左右的镀层为非晶态结构,含有大量微裂纹,微观上镀层表面呈结瘤状,热处理后可出现极明显的硬化现象,并伴随镀层逐渐向晶态转化。     

减少铬镀层污染的新型电镀液获国家专利

江西理工大学科研人员研制成功的钨钴稀土合金电镀液近日获得国家专利。该成果可以有效减少我国钨钴稀土合金生产过程中产生的铬镀层污染。由多元络合剂与稀土制成的电镀液,可降低制备合金镀层的温度,使施镀过程不需加温,提高了镀层的沉积速度。而且,电镀液配方中的各种化学试剂对环境危害小,工艺稳定,溶液成分简单,维护调整方便,     

Cr-Fe-C非晶态合金镀层研究

采用Cr3+离子镀液,以SUS304钢为阳极和Fe离子源,在4Cr10Si2Mo钢表面电沉积了非晶态Cr-Fe-C三元合金镀层,之后在不同温度下对镀层进行退火.通过XRD、EDS分析以及硬度实验和极化曲线测量,研究了镀层的成分、组织和性能.结果表明:非晶态Cr-Fe-C镀层主要由(质量分数)65.8%Cr,27%Fe和6.58%C组成,镀层中无显微裂纹,在3%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性明显优于SUS304不锈钢.镀层硬度随退火温度的升高而增大,600℃退火时硬度达到最高值18000 MPa.硬度随温度的变化,与镀层中相继出现Cr原子的偏聚、Cr3C2、Cr7C3、Cr23C6和Cr2O3等化合物有关.     

三价铬电镀黑铬新工艺研究

本文是在研究三价铬盐电镀装饰铬的基础上,又试验了三价铬盐电镀黑铬工艺。电镀液的主要成分有氯化铬、氯化铵、乙酸铵、草酸和72-4光亮剂。镀液成分简单,操作容易,可以得到比较满意的黑色镀层,能减少环境污染,有利于环境保护。     

Preparation of Ni-Cu-Mo-Cr film deposited on AZ31magnesium alloy by double glow sputtering with Cu interlayer

For improving the corrosion resistance of AZ31magnesium alloy, a double glow sputtering deposited Ni-Cu-Mo-Cr film with brush plating Cu interlayer is applied to deposit a metal amorphous/nanocrystal film on AZ31magnesium alloy. Using a brush plated Cu interlayer, the content of noble elements, such as Ni, Cr, and Mo, is higher than that of a Ni-based film without Cu interlayer. The microstructure of the Ni-Cu-Mo-Cr alloy film with the brush plated Cu interlayer confirms that the film is classified into two regions, i.e., an amorphous layer on the outmost surface and an underlying nanocrystalline layer with a grain size of less than 5 nm. The Ni-based alloy amorphous film formed on AZ31magnesium alloy was investigated using an electrochemical polarization measurement. Compared with the AZ31 magnesium alloy, the sputter-deposited Ni-based alloy film and the sputter-depostion Ni-based alloy film with a brush plated Cu interlayer formed on AZ31 magnesium alloy exhibit obvious passivation phenomena.     

影响铁基上滚镀Fe-Ni-Cr合金镀层质量和成分的因素

在氯化物-硫酸盐混合体系中,在铁基上进行滚镀Fe-Ni-Cr合金实验,结果表明:滚镀所得的Fe-Ni-Cr合金镀层铬的含量只有2%左右,难以提高,且镀层表面质量不佳,常出现滚桶眼子印现象。通过对影响滚镀Fe-Ni-Cr合金镀层质量和镀层成分的因素进行分析,认为局部电流密度过大是影响滚镀Fe-Ni-Cr合金镀层质量的主要因素;铬盐浓度、pH值、温度以及Cu2 、Fe3 杂质离子是影响镀层成分的主要因素。并对Fe-Ni-Cr合金的应用前景和目前存在的问题进行了阐述。     

The Effect of Brush Plating on the Structure and Wear Properties of Electrodeposits

In this work, the structure and wear properties of brush plated electrodeposits were investigated. An additive free sulphamate solution was used for plating with different methods of solution supply as well as conventional bath plating, and the structures were investigated by TEM and X-ray diffraction.

The structure of the nickel sulphamate deposit obtained by brush plating with pumped solution supply was found to resemble that of bath plated deposits. When solution supply was realised by dipping of the anode, the coatings had a more fine grained structure and higher hardness.

Ball-on-ring tests were carried out on samples brush plated with different nickel and cobalt alloy coatings. A comparison was made with specimens bath plated with hard chromium. The cobalt and chromium deposits gave similar results, while nickel coatings were found to be less wear resistant.     

Electrodeposition and mechanical properties of Ni-W-B composites from tartrate bath

Electrodeposition of Ni-W-B alloys from plating baths containing tartrate in the absence of ammonia is studied. Detailed studies on the effects of bath temperature, pH, cathode current density and plating time have led to optimum operational conditions for obtaining satisfactory alloy deposits. The operational conditions for deposition the alloy with high hardness are; current density 30 mA cm^?2, pH 6.0 and bath temperature of 60°C. The results have shown that the adherence of Ni-W-B is better than the Ni and Chromium on Cu substrate. It adheres to Cu substrates better than electrodeposited Ni and chromium. The morphology of the deposits was studied by SEM and the analysis of composition performed by EDX and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The as-deposited alloy contained 21.66 wt % W and the highest cathode current efficiency for deposition of the alloy was about 38%. The deposit obtained under these conditions had an amorphous character with a hardness of about 800 HV, which is comparable to the hardness of chromium, occurred at a heat treatment temperature of 400°C. When heat treated up to this temperature, the initial metastable structure decomposed into fine particles of Ni₄W in a nickel solid solution.     

In-situ analysis of inner crack instability of electro-deposited trivalent chromium layers using small angle neutron scattering

Inner crack behavior of electro-deposited trivalent chromium was analyzed in-situ by small angle neutron scattering to study the abrasive heating effect on neutral salt fog spray life. The trivalent chromium was prepared by different current wave forms, namely, direct and pulse current-plating with a modified chromium chloride bath. The trivalent chromium layer has columnar grains in which small chromium clusters and inner cracks are present. Pulse current plated trivalent chromium has a longer neutral salt fog spray life than direct current plated trivalent chromium. As surface temperature increases to 80 °C, inner cracks of the trivalent chromium layer formed by direct current plating tend to have a fractal shape by opening crack tips, whereas those of the chromium layer formed by pulse current plating are relatively stable. The inner crack with a fractal shape is related to an abrupt reduction of the neutral salt fog spray life of the trivalent chromium.     

深管零件内壁专用镀铬添加剂性能研究

基于深管零件内壁镀铬的特殊性,采用未加添加剂及加入自制深管零件内壁专用镀铬添加剂和普通添加剂的标准镀液分别进行深管内壁镀铬,利用称量法测定镀铬层沉积速度,采用磁性测厚仪分析镀铬层锥差,对镀铬层的内应力、抗腐蚀性能、耐磨性能进行了测定,并对镀铬层进行了扫描电镜分析.结果表明:专用添加剂能提高深管内壁镀铬的速度,降低锥差,...     

金笔零件仿金涂层的色泽研究

运用多弧离子镀的方法，在1Cr13不锈钢和黄铜镀铬基体的表面上制备了TiN仿金装饰膜层。对TiN装饰膜层的色泽进行了研究。结果表明，膜层具有装饰效果的黄金色彩，并讨论了镀膜工艺对膜层色泽的影响。     

电沉积Fe-Ni-Cr纳米晶镀层的制备及性能研究

采用脉冲电沉积方法从Cr³⁺溶液中制备Fe-Ni-Cr纳米晶合金镀层,利用SEM,EDS和XRD对Fe-Ni-Cr合金镀层的表面形貌、化学组成和晶粒结构进行观察;利用电化学工作站对镀层进行极化曲线测试并与传统的304不锈钢进行对比。结果表明：电沉积镀层为纳米晶,无裂纹,表面光亮,晶粒尺寸大多分布在10~40 nm之间,镀层主要元素成分含量Cr为25.52%,Fe为59.61%,Ni为6.55%,与传统304不锈钢相比, Fe-Ni-Cr纳米晶镀层在5%的H₂SO₄溶液的自腐蚀电位提高了近30 mV,自腐蚀电流密度降低了近1/8,维钝电流降低了近1/10。因此,Fe-Ni-Cr纳米晶合金镀层表现出更好的耐蚀性。     

Electrodeposition of Amorphous Iron-Nickel-Phosphorus Alloy Coatings

The effects of plating parameters on the composition and structure of electrodeposited Fe-Ni-P alloys have been studied. A sulfate electrolyte containing sodium hypophosphite with an acetate buffer was used. Deposits were plated onto both planar and rotating cylinder electrodes. Alloy deposits that were amorphous over a wide range of iron:nickel ratios were achieved. The anomalous deposition typical of Ni-Fe alloy plating was not observed in these studies where phosphorus was codedeposited. The deposit composition was dependent on both the plating bath composition and current density.     

Electrodeposition and corrosion resistance of Ni-W-B coatings

A ternary nickel-base alloy Ni-W-B has been developed for surface corrosion and wear resistance to replace chromium plating, which uses environmentally hazardous solutions. The deposition conditions used an alkaline bath and insoluble anodes. The as-deposited alloy typically contains 40 wt % W and 1 wt % B and has an amorphous or partially amorphous structure. These deposits compare favorably with hexavalent chromium deposits in throwing power, color uniformity, and reflectivity. The corrosion resistance of Ni-W-B alloy was compared with hexavalent chromium and electroless nickel deposits in a variety of acids, including hydrochloric, sulfuric, fluoroboric, and phosphoric. In all cases, best results were obtained with the Ni-W-B deposits.