ICP-MS法同时测定卷烟主流烟气中的7种痕量元素

建立卷烟主流烟气中7种有害痕量元素的测定方法。采用剑桥滤片和吸收瓶分别捕集卷烟主流烟气中粒相物和气相物中的As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Se、Hg元素,硝酸-过氧化氢混合溶液微波消解后,用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)法同时测定捕集到的7种元素。方法相对标准偏差15%(n=6),检出限为0.12~2.3 ng/支,回收率为82%~110%。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定主流烟气总粒相物中烟草特有N-亚硝胺的不确定度评定

通过对高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定主流烟气总粒相物中烟草特有N-亚硝胺测量不确定度的分析研究,确定了测量不确定度的主要来源为标准溶液的配制,测量重复性及方法回收率。测量结果的合成标准不确定度为3.3ng/cig。在95%的置信度下,取包含因子k=2,其扩展不确定度为6.6ng/cig。     

聚乙二醇基固-固相变材料的制备及其在加热卷烟中的降温效果研究

为解决加热卷烟入口烟气温度过高的问题，采用接枝共聚的方式合成了聚乙二醇基固-固相变材料，研究了反应条件对接枝产物相变行为的影响，并考察了接枝产物对加热卷烟入口烟气温度和关键成分释放量的影响。结果表明：采用接枝共聚合成的醋酸纤维素接枝聚乙二醇单甲醚共聚物(CA-g-mPEG)表现为固-固相变行为，并且具有优异的热稳定性。相变工作单元mPEG的分子量与接枝率对CA-g-mPEG的相变行为有直接影响，优选的CA-g-mPEG₅₀₀₀的相变温度为58.9℃,相变焓为150.2J/g。与IQOS以及未涂覆降温材料的加热卷烟相比，采用涂覆CA-g-mPEG₅₀₀₀降温滤棒的加热卷烟的最高入口烟气温度分别降低9.5℃、11.6℃,说明CA-g-mPEG₅₀₀₀具有优异的烟气降温效果。相对于未涂覆降温材料的加热卷烟，添加CA-g-mPEG后加热卷烟主流烟气的总粒相物、烟碱、丙二醇、丙三醇、水分含量有所降低。     

吸烟机机型对主流烟气释放量的影响

为了比较直线型和转盘型两种吸烟机对主流烟气释放量的影响,分别使用SM400直线型吸烟机和RM200A转盘型吸烟机在同一实验条件下对监控卷烟进行抽吸,并对卷烟主流烟气释放量(焦油、烟气烟碱量、烟气一氧化碳及烟气水分)进行差异性分析。结果表明:用两种机型测得总粒相物、烟碱基本一致,但RM200A测得一氧化碳、烟气水分均高于SM400测得结果,焦油则低于SM400。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定卷烟接装纸中的己二酸酯

建立气相色谱-质谱法测定卷烟接装纸中己二酸酯的方法,采用超声辅助异丙醇萃取,DB-5MS色谱柱分离,选择离子检测,内标法定量。己二酸酯在0.05～2.00μg/mL浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,加标回收率为78.84%～112.62%,RSD<9%,检出限为0.0051～0.0211mg/kg。证明该方法快速、简便易行,可作为测定卷烟接装纸中己二酸酯的方法。     

食品包装塑料中双酚F和双酚S迁移量测定的优化及分析

目的 优化液相色谱串联质谱测定塑料制品中双酚F和双酚S迁移量的方法。方法 通过色谱条件及质谱条件的优化,迁移实验所得食品模拟物经C18柱分离、甲醇-氨水洗脱、多反应模式监测、外标法定量。结果 优化条件下,双酚F和双酚S线性关系良好,水基模拟物的检出限为4μg/L和0.2μg/L、定量限为10μg/L和0.5μg/L,油基模拟物的检出限为20μg/kg和1μg/kg、定量限为50μg/kg和2.5μg/kg,回收率为89.2%～105.5%,RSD值为1.42%～6.18%。结论 该法准确、灵敏,适用于食品包装塑料双酚F和双酚S迁移量的测定。     

固相微萃取——气相色谱法测定污水中的苯系物

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱(GC)技术对污水中苯系物进行了分析测定.针对要检测的几种苯系物,采用100μm聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)作为固相微萃取(SPME)装置的固相涂层,并对SPME的参数进行了优化.本方法的重复性好,相对偏差＜5%;线性范围较宽,在0.10～10.0μg/L浓度范围;色谱峰面积与溶液浓度具有良好的线性关系,相关系数＞0.997;检测限均低于0.07μg/L;回收率为88.3%～114.0%.     

气相色谱-负化学电离质谱法测定茶叶中氟乐灵、三唑酮、丙溴磷的残留量

建立以固相萃取净化和气相色谱-负化学电离质谱(GC/NCI/MS)技术测定茶叶中氟乐灵、三唑酮、丙溴磷残留量的方法。样品经正己烷-丙酮(1+1)提取,共提物中的基体杂质经Cleanert TBT固相萃取柱去除,用负化学源质谱检测。氟乐灵、三唑酮、丙溴磷三种农药的方法回收率在74.3～98.1%之间,室内变异系数在6.2～12.5%之间(n=6),方法的检出限分别为1μg/kg、5μg/kg、10μg/kg。     

高效液相色谱法测定桶装水及水桶中双酚A含量

该文建立固相萃取/高效液相色谱测定桶装水及水桶中双酚A含量的方法。桶装水样品经C18固相萃取柱富集,水桶用二氯甲烷溶解甲醇提取双酚A;采用C18色谱柱,以乙腈-水(V/V,60:40)为流动相,检测波长224 nm,高效液相色谱法测定双酚A含量。在最优检测条件下,双酚A在0.4～10μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.999 8),方法的检出限为0.069μg/mL,定量限为0.23μg/mL,平均回收率为98.3%。该方法简便、灵敏、重现性好,所抽取桶装水中并未检测到双酚A的存在,水桶材质中检测出双酚A的含量为37.1μg/g。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定植物性食品中阿维菌素类药物残留

提出超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定植物性食品中阿维菌素类药物(阿维菌素、伊维菌素、多拉菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和乙酰胺基阿维菌素)残留量的方法。用乙腈提取溶剂样品中的目标物,经碱性氧化铝固相萃取小柱或炭黑氨基柱净化,超高效液相色谱分离后用串联质谱方法测定。以5类代表性植物性食品样品为基体,分别进行了4μg/kg、20μg/kg和100μg/kg3个添加水平的5种目标化合物的加标回收实验,回收率分别为80.6%～99.8%,RSD分别为0.22%～6.4%。该方法简单快速,并且方法的灵敏度、准确度和重复性均满足农药多残留分析的要求。     

Fluorescent approach to quantitation of reactive oxygen species in mainstream cigarette smoke

A novel approach to monitoring of mainstream smoke reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been developed and applied to the quantitation of smoke oxidants. Redox-active fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 6G (DHR-6G) was selected as the molecular probe because it is sensitive to typical smoke ROS. The experimental system couples an automatic cigarette smoke machine fiber-optic fluorometer for real-time monitoring of the reaction progress between cigarette smoke and DHR-6G. Quantitation was achieved based on the amount of rhodamine 6G, which is the sole product from DHR-6G oxidation. With the optimization of the trapping efficiency, we detected 391 nmol of ROS/cigarette in the mainstream CS for a standard cigarette 2R4F under standard Federal Trade Commission smoking protocol. Applying this method, we quantified the ROS of selected cigarettes and found that the cigarettes made of burley tobacco have much ( approximately 10 times) higher ROS content in the smoke than that in the tobacco made of bright tobacco. The smokeless cigarette, Eclipse, has comparable ROS with cigarettes made of bright tobacco.     

A new look at radicals in cigarette smoke

Radicals in cigarette smoke have been proposed to contribute to the harm caused by cigarette smoking. For the first time, using HPLC and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of stable radical adducts, we have identified specific radical species in cigarette smoke: 7 acyl and 11 alkylaminocarbonyl radicals. Their combined abundance measured in fresh whole smoke from a single 2R4F cigarette is approximately 225 nmol (1.4 x 10(17) radicals). The fiberglass Cambridge filter pad conventionally employed to separate the gas phase from mainstream smoke was found to reduce the apparent yield of these radicals, introducing artifacts of measurement. The long-accepted steady-state mechanism for the formation of carbon-centered radicals in cigarette smoke involving NO2 chemistry cannot account for these newly identified radicals, and it does not in general appear to be a major source of carbon-centered radicals in fresh mainstream cigarette smoke. Consequently, we suggest that the precise nature of radicals in cigarette smoke warrants reexamination.     

Simultaneous determination of five tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke by isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) have been previously implicated as a source of carcinogenicity in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Accurate quantification of these chemicals is needed to help assess public health risk. We have developed and validated a specific and sensitive method to simultaneously measure five TSNAs in the particulate phase of mainstream tobacco smoke. Cigarette smoke particulate, produced using standardized machine smoking protocols, was collected on a Cambridge filter pad. The particulate matter was extracted using methylene chloride, back extracted into aqueous solution, further purified by solid-phase extraction, and analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using isotopically labeled analogues as internal standards. Limits of detection for this method ranged from 0.05 to 1.23 ng/mL using an injection volume of 20 microL. A linear calibration range spanning 2.5-2500 ng/mL was adequate to measure TSNA levels in cigarette smoke. The method achieved excellent reproducibility and accuracy. The identity of each TSNA was established by chromatographic retention time, analyte-specific fragmentation patterns, and relative peak area ratios of two product/precursor ion pairs. This new method provides higher sensitivity, specificity, and throughput than earlier methods for TSNA determination.     

Analysis of cigarette smoke condensates by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry I acidic fraction

Cigarette smoke condensate is a complex chemical matrix, and analysis of its components is very difficult because of the limitation of the peak capacity and sensitivity of conventional chromatography and the extensive and laborious sample preparation that is frequently required. In this study, the acidic fraction of mainstream cigarette smoke condensate has been investigated by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS). Different column systems were tested and compared under proper GCxGC/TOFMS conditions. Auto data processing by TOFMS software combined with manual identification was used to assign the components. Over 1000 compounds, with S/N > or = 100, including 139 organic acids and over 150 phenols were tentatively identified by the developed method.     

Development of a quantitative method for the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

An improved method has been developed for the determination of the four major tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in mainstream cigarette smoke. The new method offers decreased sample preparation and analysis time as compared to traditional methodologies. This method uses isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization and is significantly more sensitive than traditional methods. It also shows no evidence of artifactual formation of TSNA. Sample concentrations were determined for four TSNA in mainstream smoke using two isotopically labeled TSNA analogues as internal standards. Mainstream smoke was collected on an industry standard 44-mm Cambridge filter pad, extracted with an aqueous buffer solution, and analyzed without further sample cleanup. This method has been validated through intra- and interlaboratory studies and has shown excellent recoveries, sensitivity, and repeatability. The limits of detection of each TSNA varied from 0.01 to 0.1 ng/mL, and the linear calibration range of the instrument in sample matrix spanned 0.5-200 ng/ mL, which allowed for the determination of the TSNA levels in cigarettes with a wide range of deliveries. Data are also reported from two commercially available industry reference cigarettes and show excellent agreement and reproducibility over a six-month time period (n > 50).     

Application of time-of-flight mass spectrometry with laser-based photoionization methods for time-resolved on-line analysis of mainstream cigarette smoke

The application of soft photoionization mass spectrometry methods (PIMS) for cigarette mainstream smoke analysis is demonstrated. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) at 260 nm and vacuum ultraviolet light single-photon ionization (SPI) at 118 nm were used in combination with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). An optimized smoking machine with reduced memory effects of smoke components was constructed, which in combination with the REMPI/SPI-TOFMS instrument allows PIMS smoke analysis with a time resolution of up to 10 Hz. The complementary character of both PIMS methods is demonstrated. SPI allows the detection of various aliphatic and aromatic compounds in smoke up to approximately 120 m/z while REMPI is well suited for aromatic compounds. The capability of the instrument coupled to the novel sampling system for puff-by-puff resolved measurements is demonstrated. The feasibility of using the experimental system for intrapuff smoke measurements is also shown. Two main patterns of puff-by-puff behaviors are observed for different smoke constituents. The first group exhibits a constant increase in smoke constituent yield from the first to the last puff. The second group shows a high yield of the constituent in the first puff, with lower and constant or slowly increasing yields in the following puffs. A third group cannot be clearly classified and is a combination of both observed profiles.     

The detection of nitro pesticides in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke using electron monochromator-mass spectrometry

Over the past decade, electron monochromator-mass spectrometry (EM-MS) has been shown to be a selective and sensitive technique for the analysis of a wide variety of electrophilic compounds in complex matrixes. Here, for the first time, three different dinitroaniline pesticides, flumetralin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, have been shown to be present in both mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke using an EM-MS system. A number of cigarettes were tested that included three pure-tobacco-type cigarettes, an experimental reference cigarette, and 11 commercial cigarettes. Due to the complexity of the smoke particulate matter, the pesticides were identified only after each sample was subjected to a multistep cleanup process that included phenyl solid-phase extraction; an acid wash; aminopropyl solid-phase extraction; and finally, normal phase LC fractionation. All cigarette types tested showed the presence of the three pesticides in the tobacco smoke, with flumetralin ranging from trace levels up to 37 (+/- 9) ng/cig, pendimethalin ranging from trace levels up to 10.4 (+/- 0.6) ng/cig, and trifluralin ranging from trace levels up to 47 (+/- 17) ng/cig. Acute toxicity information is presented for the three pesticides.     

Real-time fourier transform-infrared analysis of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide in sidestream cigarette smoke

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was compared directly to independent standard analytical techniques for the routine measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) yields from cigarette sidestream smoke. The FT-IR instrument was configured in-line with a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer for CO analysis and a chemiluminescence (CL) analyzer for NO analysis to monitor the sidestream smoke from a single port of a linear smoking machine. A cold trap was inserted prior to the FT-IR to minimize the levels of vapor phase interferents, such as water. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were evaluated for the prediction of cigarette yield from time-resolved spectral data at 1, 2, 4 and 8 cm-1 spectral resolution. Regressions were developed using three different spectral ranges including unique rotation-vibration lines, the R-branch, and the entire absorption band. As per standard methods, yields were calculated from the concentration traces generated during the smoke runs for five different cigarettes spanning the expected range of mainstream total particulate matter deliveries. The FT-IR traces for the smoke runs revealed improved temporal resolution yielding analytical information from smoke generated in between puffs. The performance between the validation methods and the FT-IR calibrations was statistically compared. In general, for the determination of CO, the FT-IR calibrations underestimated the yield measured by NDIR by less than 10%. For the NO measurement, the univariate FT-IR calibrations overestimated the NO yield measured by the CL analyzer, whereas the partial least squares (PLS) calibrations showed good agreement. PLS calibrations were developed for both analytes providing no significant difference when compared to the respective standard analytical techniques. Results for sidestream CO and NO yields for Kentucky reference cigarette 1R4F utilizing 8 cm-1 calibrations compared favorably to values reported elsewhere in the literature. Hence, calibration of the FT-IR system at 8 cm-1 spectral resolution clearly revealed the potential of this method, providing enhanced temporal resolution, simultaneous determination of several smoke components, and reduced complexity of the experimental setup in contrast to the standard techniques.     

Development of nitroxide radicals–containing polymer for scavenging reactive oxygen species from cigarette smoke

We developed a nitroxide radicals–containing polymer (NRP), which is composed of poly(4-methylstyrene) possessing nitroxide radicals as a side chain via amine linkage, to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) from cigarette smoke. In this study, the NRP was coated onto cigarette filters and its ROS-scavenging activity from streaming cigarette smoke was evaluated. The intensity of electron spin resonance signals of the NRP in the filter decreased after exposure to cigarette smoke, indicating consumption of nitroxide radicals. To evaluate the ROS-scavenging activity of the NRP-coated filter, the amount of peroxy radicals in an extract of cigarette smoke was measured using UV–visible spectrophotometry and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The absorbance of DPPH at 517 nm decreased with exposure to cigarette smoke. When NRP-coated filters were used, the decrease in the absorbance of DPPH was prevented. In contrast, both poly[4-(cyclohexylamino)methylstyrene]- and poly(acrylic acid)-coated filters, which have no nitroxide radical, did not show any effect, indicating that the nitroxide radicals in the NRP scavenge the ROS in cigarette smoke. As a result, the extract of cigarette smoke passed through the NRP-coated filter has a lower cellular toxicity than smoke passed through poly[4-(cyclohexylamino)methylstyrene]- and poly(acrylic acid)-coated filters. Accordingly, NRP is a promising material for ROS scavenging from cigarette smoke.