垃圾土变形特性及防渗膜受力的试验研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾土的降解是垃圾填埋场沉降的主要原因，而垃圾填埋场的沉降对HPDE衬垫膜的受力和工作状态有显著的影响，HPDE衬垫膜的设计需要考虑垃圾填埋场沉降的作用，文章通过垃圾土中有机物的降解试验和垃圾土柱沉降试验，推求了考虑垃圾土压缩和降解的变形计算方法，进行了垃圾填埋场的离心模型试验，探讨了垃圾填埋场中垃圾体的变形分布规律和衬垫膜的受力特征，对衬垫膜的设计计算方法进行了研究。     

垃圾土变形特性及防渗膜受力的试验研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾土的降解是垃圾填埋场沉降的主要原因,而垃圾填埋场的沉降对HPDE衬垫膜的受力和工作状态有显著的影响,HPDE衬垫膜的设计需要考虑垃圾填埋场沉降的作用,文章通过垃圾土中有机物的降解试验和垃圾土柱沉降试验,推求了考虑垃圾土压缩和降解的变形计算方法,进行了垃圾填埋场的离心模型试验,探讨了垃圾填埋场中垃圾体的变形分布规律和衬垫膜的受力特征,对衬垫膜的设计计算方法进行了研究。     

垃圾土变形特性及防渗膜受力的试验研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾土的降解是垃圾填埋场沉降的主要原因,而垃圾填埋场的沉降对HPDE衬垫膜的受力和工作状态有显著的影响,HPDE衬垫膜的设计需要考虑垃圾填埋场沉降的作用,文章通过垃圾土中有机物的降解试验和垃圾土柱沉降试验,推求了考虑垃圾土压缩和降解的变形计算方法,进行了垃圾填埋场的离心模型试验,探讨了垃圾填埋场中垃圾体的变形分布规律和衬垫膜的受力特征,对衬垫膜的设计计算方法进行了研究.     

垃圾填埋场中有机污染物的生物降解

概述了垃圾填埋场中微生物对污染物的吸收与生物化学作用，有机污染物的生物降解的基本原理及其影响因素，介绍了垃圾生物降解的四种基本动力学方程，提出了要重视我国在填埋场有机物降解机理方面的研究。     

准好氧填埋场稳定化指标的室内模拟研究

准好氧填埋场是传统填埋场可持续发展的一个重要的方向，本文结合准好氧填埋场的室内模拟实验结果以及理论分析，提出了准好氧填埋场稳定化评价指标的四条选取原则，在模拟实验的基础上，从渗滤液性质、垃圾降解特性、填埋场地沉降三个方面建立了准好氧的评价指标体系，所包含的指标有：渗滤液COD、氨氮、TVS／TDS，固相垃圾BDM，场地沉降量。     

垃圾填埋场中有机污染物的生物降解

概述了垃圾填埋场中微生物对污染物的吸收与生物化学作用,有机污染物的生物降解的基本原理及其影响因素,介绍了垃圾生物降解的四种基本动力学方程,提出了要重视我国在填埋场有机物降解机理方面的研究.     

垃圾填埋场中有机污染物的生物降解

概述了垃圾填埋场中微生物对污染物的吸收与生物化学作用,有机污染物的生物降解的基本原理及其影响因素,介绍了垃圾生物降解的四种基本动力学方程,提出了要重视我国在填埋场有机物降解机理方面的研究。     

准好氧填埋场稳定化指标的室内模拟研究

准好氧填埋场是传统填埋场可持续发展的一个重要的方向,本文结合准好氧填埋场的室内模拟实验结果以及理论分析,提出了准好氧填埋场稳定化评价指标的四条选取原则,在模拟实验的基础上,从渗滤液性质、垃圾降解特性、填埋场地沉降三个方面建立了准好氧的评价指标体系,所包含的指标有:渗滤液COD、氨氮、TVS/TDS,固相垃圾BDM,场地沉降量。     

准好氧填埋场稳定化指标的室内模拟研究

准好氧填埋场是传统填埋场可持续发展的一个重要的方向,本文结合准好氧填埋场的室内模拟实验结果以及理论分析,提出了准好氧填埋场稳定化评价指标的四条选取原则,在模拟实验的基础上,从渗滤液性质、垃圾降解特性、填埋场地沉降三个方面建立了准好氧的评价指标体系,所包含的指标有:渗滤液COD、氨氮、TVS/TDS,固相垃圾BDM,场地沉降量.     

西北卫生填埋场渗滤液回灌系统研究

回灌技术是一种简单、低廉的渗滤液处理技术,可有效降低渗滤液中COD和氨氮的含量,加速填埋场内垃圾的降解,提高产甲烷速率和甲烷的产量,增大填埋场的沉降速率和总沉降幅度,缩短填埋场的维护期.回灌技术能够适应渗滤液水质水量的复杂变化,在我国西北地区有非常广阔的应用前景.同时,由于该技术在我国利用过程中尚缺乏成熟的工艺设计和运行经验,所以还有待进一步研究和实践.     

Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Measurements from Southern Appalachian Soils: Assessing Soil Carbon Sequestration under Climate and Land-Use Variation

Measurements of the distribution of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in soils are needed due to their potential to improve our understanding of soil CO2 emissions and sequestration under varying climatic conditions and land management technologies. Organic carbon and nitrogen isotopic and elemental composition was measured in baseline forest soils as well as in anthropogenically and intermittently flooded soils in the southern Appalachian Mountains. For the undisturbed forest soils, the consistent relationship between elemental and isotopic composition in the soil column, across soil organic matter pools, was supportive of the hypothesis that isotopic signature is reflective of microbial induced carbon turnover and nitrogen decomposition. A climatologic analysis suggested that isotopic indicators of soil organic matter turnover were influenced by mean annual temperature at our study sites, as well as in 10 other regional and global soil carbon and nitrogen isotopic studies. Intermittently flooded soils showed carbon and nitrogen distributions that reflected successive high magnitude events where sediments were deposited upon a developing forest floor. Measurements from soils disturbed by mining, agriculture, and recreation suggest the potential for using carbon and nitrogen isotopes to indicate the degree of soil organic matter turnover induced by different land management scenarios.     

Pyrolysis-GC∕FID Test for Biogenic Interference in Contaminated Soil

“Biogenic interference” is that portion of natural organic matter in soil that cannot be distinguished from petroleum in a standard test for contamination. Biogenic interference is normally a small fraction of total natural organic matter. In organic soils, however, biogenic interference alone can exceed “petroleum” limits set by regulatory agencies. A test using a pyrolysis-gas chromatograph∕flame ionization detector (GC∕FID) was developed to quantify biogenic interference in soil samples from northern Alaska. The samples had no known history of contamination, so all measured “petroleum” was derived from biogenic interference. The pyrolysis test was found to predict biogenic interference in soil samples more accurately than any combination of standard soil tests, including C:N ratio, pH, percent organic carbon, extractable carbon, humic acids, fulvic acids, low molecular weight acids, hydrophobic neutrals, and hydrophilic neutrals. Analysis of samples contaminated in the laboratory confirmed that the pyrolysis test could quantify biogenic interference in soils recently contaminated by petroleum.     

Studies on the Fractionation and Availability of Added Soluble Rare Earth Elements in Soil

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Feasibility of Estimating Heavy Metal Contaminations in Floodplain Soils Using Laboratory-Based Hyperspectral Data—A Case Study Along Le'an River,China

It is necessary to estimate heavy metal concentrations within soils for understanding heavy metal contaminations and for keeping the sustainable developments of ecosystems. This study, with the floodplain along Le'an River and its two branches in Jiangxi Province of China as a case study, aimed to explore the feasibility of estimating concentrations of heavy metal lead (Pb), copper (Cu)and zinc (Zn) within soils using laboratory-based hyperspectral data. Thirty soil samples were collected, and their hyperspectral data,soil organic matters and Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations were measured in the laboratory. The potential relations among hyperspectral data, soil organic matter and Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations were explored and further used to estimate Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations from hyperspectral data with soil organic matter as a bridge. The results showed that the ratio of the first-order derivatives of spectral absorbance at wavelengths 624 and 564 nm could explain 52% of the variation of soil organic matter; the soil organic matter could explain 59%, 51% and 50% of the variation of Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations with estimated standard errors of 1.41, 48.27 and 45.15mg·kg-1;and the absolute estimation errors were 8%-56%,12%-118% and 2%-22%,and 50%,67% and 100% of them were less than 25% Pb, Cu and Zn concentration estimations. We concluded that the laboratory-based hyperspectral data hold potentials in estimating concentrations of heavy metal Pb, Cu and Zn in soils. More sampling points or other potential linear and non-linear regression methods should be used for improving the stabilities and accuracies of the estimation models.     

Degradation of PCB in different soils by inoculated Alcaligenes xylosoxidans

The degradation of PCB in soils by the biphenyl-utilising strain Alcaligenes xylosoxidans was studied in different soil types. In addition to the congener specificity, significant differences in the degradation of PCB by the strain in the different soil types were observed. Efficiency of degradation was generally better in sterilised soils, but the differences were not as significant as the differences observed between different soil types. These results indicate that the degradation of PCB is probably related not only to the capabilities of the strain employed and quality and amount of competitive species inhabiting the soils, but also to the soil sorption of the PCB congeners. Degradation is faster in the soils containing an intermediate amount of organic carbon with a high portion of total and aromatic carbon in humic acids.     

Degradation of ethylenethiourea (ETU) in oxic and anoxic sandy aquifers

Ethylenethiourea is an important degradation product of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides, which are widely used in different kinds of crops. The ethylenebisdithiocarbamate group includes maneb, zineb and mancozeb. The ethylenebisdithiocarbamates are not highly toxic and degrade rapidly in the presence of moisture and oxygen, forming different compounds. One of these is the polar ethylenethiourea, which is relatively stable. Thus, this compound appears to be a potential contaminant for groundwater. Batch experiments were carried out under biotic as well as abiotic conditions to study the degradation dependence of concentration, temperature and organic matter. The decomposition of ethylenethiourea under abiotic conditions was found to be less than 5% of the degradation under biotic conditions. Further, ethylenethiourea showed to be stable over a period of 150 days at 20 degrees C in tap water as well as in batch with soil sterilized with NaN3. The degradation of ethylenethiourea depends on the concentration in the water implying first order reaction kinetics. The microbial degradation of ethylenethiourea is highly temperature dependent with aerobic Q10 between 2.9 and 4.2, and an anaerobic between 2.1 and 2.5. A minor increase in degradation rates was observed by application of nitrate and manure to the batches. The experiments show extremely complete degradation of ethylenethiourea in the presence of microbial nitrate reduction with pyrite which occurs in deeper parts of the aquifers.     

Factors affecting the biodegradation of toluene in soil

The biodegradation of toluene in soil microcosms was examined in order to identify the physical, chemical, and biological factors which determine the fate and lifetime of organic chemicals in soils. Toluene degradation rates were proportional to the initial substrate concentration and these rates reached a maximum at a concentration of 200 micrograms/g. No degradation occurred above this concentration presumably due to the toxicity of the hydrocarbon to the soil microorganisms. Small differences were observed in the degradation rates in soils at different moisture content. However, the availability of water in soil appeared to limit toluene degradation only at a very low water content. The lifetime of toluene in soil was also related to the initial level and activity of the soil microorganisms. Toluene was metabolized rapidly in those soils which initially contained high levels of degrading microorganisms. Furthermore, exposure of the soil to toluene resulted in an increase in the number of degrading organisms. The lack of inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen prevented complete degradation of toluene in a clay soil which contained high levels of degrading microorganisms. The biodegradation of organic chemicals in soil is not an intrinsic property of the molecule and cannot be predicted without first delineating the environment in which it is found. The biodegradation of a compound is defined by the biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of the soil environment. The lifetime of a chemical in soil results from a combination of all three of these parameters.     

Measuring Aqueous-Air and Sorbed-Aqueous Mass Transfer Coefficients for Application in Soil Vapor Extraction

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a common remediation practice typically implemented without a rigorous design process because of insufficient or unspecific design data. Field observations have shown that the mass of contaminant removed by SVE often tails off over time. Significant time has been spent modeling SVE to gain a better understanding of the governing processes and the cause of tailing. Studies have shown that improper mass transfer coefficients affect modeling accuracy. As a result, considerable effort has been spent studying the mass transfer coefficients directly related to the non-aqueous-phase liquid (NAPL), with less emphasis on aqueous air and sorbed-aqueous mass transfer coefficients, despite affecting the observed tailing behavior. Accordingly, a laboratory and modeling study was undertaken with toluene to determine the appropriate aqueous air and sorbed-aqueous mass transfer coefficients. SVE column data generated in laboratory experiments were used to back-calculate the mass transfer coefficients by using FRACMAT, a numerical model. The developed experimental protocol allowed the placement of toluene contamination in the unsaturated soil environment without the development of a NAPL phase. The data generated by the SVE column with soils with organic matter and without organic matter, showed that the aqueous-air mass transfer coefficient was exponential, with the aqueous concentration the independent variable. For the zero to moderate organic matter content soils tested, the aqueous-air mass transfer coefficient varied from 1??s-1 to 0.001??s-1. Some sorbed contamination was also observed, requiring a sorbed-aqueous mass transfer coefficient. Numerical modeling with FRACMAT showed that the best sorbed-aqueous mass transfer coefficient was a constant value of 0.01??s-1. The aqueous-air mass transfer coefficient was observed to be the controlling rate limitation in SVE when no NAPL was present in the soil with the zero to moderate organic matter content soil. Studies with silty loam soil showed that additional mass transfer resistances occurred, which could be attributed to the increase in organic matter content and decrease in particle size.     

Combined Effects of Aging and Cosolvents on Sequestration of Phenanthrene in Soils

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of organic cosolvents on the extractability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) from soils after defined aging periods following HOC contamination. Phenanthrene was used as the representative HOC. Two soils with organic matter contents 2.9 and 6.5%, respectively, were investigated. The soils were spiked with phenanthrene, then saturated in water or mixtures of water and methanol, and aged for up to 422 days. After freeze drying, the extent of phenanthrene release was measured using a mild extraction process. The results show that as aging period increases, phenanthrene removal from the soils becomes more difficult. The amount of easily extractable phenanthrene tended to increase when more methanol existed in the pore fluid during aging, but the difference largely diminished after about 400 days. At the early stage of aging, extraction of phenanthrene from the soil with lower organic matter content tended to be less difficult compared with that from the soil containing more organic matter. The opposite appeared to be true when the aging time was longer than 200 days. From the results, we propose that a shift in the predominant sequestration mechanisms occurred after a certain period of time, in which hydrophobic interactions between HOCs and organic matter gradually yield to physical trapping of the sorbate molecule in the meso- and micropores of the soil particles.     

对我国二十种土壤中稀土元素形态分组的研究

本文提出了土壤中稀土元素形态分组的方法,对我国20种土壤中稀土元素形态分组特征进行了评价。结果表明,土壤中稀土元素主要以残渣态存在,其次为氧化铁结合态和松结有机态。在碱性土壤中碳酸盐结合态仅次于氧化铁结合态,中酸性土壤中紧结有机态仅次于松结有机态,而碱性土壤中紧结有机态极低。土壤中交换态和氧化锰结合态稀土元素均比较低。