Globalization and urban governance in Istanbul

Since the 1980s, the topic of governance has been extensively investigated in parallel with the effects of globalization on policy issues. Meanwhile, there has been an increasing fragmentation of responsibilities in the urban arena. Now, the main focus is on new institutional relations and the policy process in which different constituents and agencies participate at both the national and the local level. As a result of the rescaling process of the state, networked forms of governance constitute a new form of politics. The changing governance structure in Istanbul, as in many other cities, is shaped by the interaction of economic and institutional factors, which are mediated through political, cultural and other contextual forces. To demonstrate that global forces influence urban management systems, this article describes the increasing participation of the private sector in urban development in Istanbul. An evaluation of urban governance is made to ascertain whether the concept of governance can explain the urban management model prevailing in Istanbul.     

50年来我国城镇空间结构的四次转变

通过近50年我国城市发展宏观背景的分析,提出了1950年代、1960年代、1980年代和2000年以来是我国城镇空间结构发生变化的四个重要时期。指出城镇空间发展受政治、经济体制的直接影响,它的发生与发展脱离不了当时、当地的政治和经济形势,离不开自然、地理、环境等条件;在工业化和城镇化进程中,正确的指导思想和合理的规划措施可以使国家的经济、社会效益显著,反之则国家损失惨重;在社会主义市场经济不断完善的今天,应该积极开展国家层面的空间规划,促进社会经济的全面协调发展。     

Alpha: From the International Style to the International Space Station

How has a Modernist predilection for the modular contributed to the design of Space Architecture? Leading space architects Constance Adams and Rod Jones highlight how by embracing a diligent modularity in the early 1980s, NASA initiated a design approach that has enabled replicability, flexibility and technological transparency, and has proved the International Space Station resilient in the face of multiple logistical, financial and political challenges.     

Designing Madrid, 1985–1997

The [Plan General de Ordenación Urbana de Madrid, 1985] is a crucial watershed in the planning processes in Madrid. This essay is particularly interested in how the tension between spatial production and consumption played out during a period in which consumption-based strategies of urban growth and design began to supplant the last stand for a radical modernist-based use of urban planning. In Madrid a consumption-based urban boosterism approach to the planning process was inexorably hegemonic but vigorously resisted in certain sectors. Examining how graphic design figured into urban planning battles offers an interesting example of the synergies between capital, the production and consumption of space and cultural creation. Graphic design becomes a crucial element in the process of reshaping the image of Madrid, of re-presenting the city as a modern or post-modern European metropolis. The PGOUM was perhaps Spain’s last great attempt at rational modernist urban planning with an emphasis on social justice. The resistance to capital once played out on the center stage of planning was replaced with slick images, portraying a city of consumption and growth.     

Architecture: How not to build a city—implementation at Battery Park City

Battery Park City in Manhattan has been hailed as a triumph of urban design and is considered to be one of the success stories of American urban redevelopment planning. The flood of praise for its design and recent criticism of its iconography obscure the lessons learned from the long struggle to develop the project. Nothing was built on the site for over a decade after the first master plan was approved and the redevelopment agency flirted with bankruptcy in 1979. This paper examines why the project took so long to get started and almost died in the implementation process. Both policy and urban design implementation are analyzed as the reasons for the initial failures are intertwined.The delays and problems in the implementation process at Battery Park City were largely a product of the political policy debate that created the original master plan. The major failure of the 1969 Plan was experimentation with a megastructure. This complex urban typology is unsuited for incremental implementation by multiple developers over a period of decades. New York's political and economic cycles exacerbated the policy and physical planning faults. The 1979 urban design plan was not only cheaper, but easier to implement using traditional urban development techniques. Changes to the policy environment permitted a nimble agency to redevelop much of the site during the boom of the 1980s.     

1937年伪满国都建设纪念典礼述论

依据历史文献记述伪满洲国时期＂新京＂第一期五年计划完成的＂国都建设纪念＂典礼,揭示了其将建筑和城市建设作为主要展品的政治用意,探讨其仪式次序、路线选择、宣传方式与伪满政治和文化形象建构的关系。     

The failed promise of a festival marketplace: South Street Seaport in lower Manhattan

This article examines the history of urban renewal planning for the South Street Seaport in lower Manhattan, the largest and most subsidized festival retail marketplace in the United States. Festival marketplaces were a leading downtown revitalization strategy in American cities during the 1970s and 1980s. The Seaport marketplace was planned and developed over a 20-year period as a joint venture between the non-profit South Street Seaport Museum, the city and state of New York, and the Rouse Company. The Seaport became a popular Manhattan destination, relying upon an expanding banking and financial sector for political support and as a source of demand for retail shops, restaurants and offices. But its marginal profitability eroded with the Wall Street downturn of the late 1980s, and the Museum withdrew from its joint venture with Rouse, unable to realize financial returns to support its operations. This case study illustrates the tension between historic preservation and real estate development, the changing politics of city planning and urban renewal in New York and the economic problems of the festival marketplace.     

权力与空间：北京中轴线城市设计思想的嬗变

城市中轴线是北京城市建设成就的杰出代表,除拥有杰出的美学价值和文化价值外,还体现了中国人代代相传的权力意识形态.本文从权力与空间的关系角度,阐述了贯穿于元、明、清和新中国长达700多年历史长河中,北京城市中轴线在不同政治制度下如何受多种权力形态相互影响而实现嬗变.从权力与空间视角重新审视北京中轴线的城市设计,不仅有助于了解城市空间演变的深层机制,同时也为保护和传承城市历史中轴线提供了新的思维方式和解决问题视角.     

City as Wilderness: The Wilderness Metaphor from Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl to Contemporary Urban Designers

In this text we take a closer look at the development of the wilderness metaphor of the Zwischenstadt, that is, fragmented urban landscapes in Germany. We trace the metaphor's meanings back to its origins in the conservative cultural criticism of Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl of the mid-nineteenth century and analyse the different meanings of ‘wilderness’ in today's urban and landscape planners’ positions. Our aim is to demonstrate that the meanings of the concept of wilderness, as well as those of city and cultural landscape, differ depending on the context in which they appear. We point out that different values can be attached to each individual meaning. These evaluations depend on cultural and political patterns and on one's own world view. We apply the insights thus gained to identify three different types of design strategy for the Zwischenstadt used by urban and landscape designers.     

FREESCAPE OF TIRANA,ALBANIA

Tirana, capital of Albania, is a city where voices are silenced and identities remain opaque. With a tumultuous and dark history, Tirana’s political landscape, which is inherent to public trust, has been fractured. Then, how can the public realm be reconceived to better express individual and collective voices? This project explores how cultural forms of identity, memory, and voice found in Albanian textiles can be interpreted at the urban scale. The master plan currently implemented in the city scarcely recognizes public spaces but allocates new poly-center developments. Grounding the project in one of these poly-centers, a derelict textile factory, cultural memory is interpreted, extracted, and manifested in a multi-faceted urban development. Such a process aims to operate as a business incubator, housing and public space, community agriculture, and transitoriented development. This project aspires to reposition the city’s history by excavating the past through soil remediation, new forms of labor, and community development. Unlocking this memory and restructuring its texture will form a liberated, vocal, and free public realm.     

Belgrade: Imaging the future and creating a European metropolis

Belgrade is a European city, the capital of the Republic of Serbia and previously capital of Yugoslavia. The city lies on the confluence of two major European rivers, the Danube and the Sava. Throughout its long history, Belgrade has often been a border city between the East and West and as a result has often been attacked. This has not only influenced, but also shaped its urban structure, especially in the 19th century, when most of the structures related to its oriental Turkish character were demolished and reconstruction of the city began. Belgrade's need to develop itself as a European metropolis in accordance with European standards reveals the discrepancy between its political and cultural pretensions and the real economic opportunities. It also reveals the need of the political and intellectual elite to keep Belgrade, Serbia and Yugoslavia in a state of general development that leaves enough space for political and ideological manipulation, as well as social and national experiments, particularly in the communist and post-communist period. Based on its specific character, Belgrade is recognized as a useful case study that is not simply a “post-communist” city, but a palimpsest of every catastrophe that has been experienced in Europe over a century or more. The connection between the political and urban changes in Belgrade throughout the 20th century is more than evident. Accordingly, this paper will explore what has driven the urban change and the extent to which the balance between state, market and civil society is present in Belgrade, both during its history and today.     

Where to for Brazil's Cities? Citizen Empowerment or Global Marketing?

An awakening interest in public space in Brazilian cities is emphasising the value of existing civic areas. Guilherme Wisnik , a critic, curator and professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, looks at the history and potential future of Brazil's urban spaces. He highlights how despite the introduction of innovative Modernist design in the mid-20th century, which forged ‘a new relationship between architecture, urbanism and landscape design’, more recently the country's cities have been subject to the vicissitudes of market and political forces.     

NEIGHBORHOOD EMPOWERMENT AND URBAN MANAGEMENT IN THE 1980s

A variety of forms of neighborhood empowerment have continued to evolve during the 1970s and 1980s. At the most basic level, neighborhood organizations have shown the capability to articulate successfully community interests to both the private and public sectors. Furthermore, these organizations have also shown the capacity to administer neighborhood services and have begun to take on more comprehensive policy making functions. Recent experiences indicate that these efforts have enhanced neighborhood participation, improved the delivery of neighborhood services, and helped resolve conflicts. While the current urban fiscal crisis provides some political opportunities for extending these neighborhood efforts, neighborhood groups will have to avoid vigilantly the economic and political entrapments present in the current situation.     

反思都市史——比较都市史与规划史阅读书目的导言

百花齐放的都市史成就展现在出版上,包括了社会与文化取向的都市史、在通史写作之外对都市形式课题与对城市设计的历史研究、威尼斯学派的批判史学以及新马克思主义的历史地理学、社会学与史学等方面的杰出学术贡献。作者指出面对21世纪网络社会的挑战,工业社会崛起时的都市化方法论假设必须通过理论的检验才能面对1980年代后中国大陆都市现实中浮现的悖论性空间与社会。以马克思·韦伯为代表的两方现代城市的普同价值,不仅不易区分中国城市的政治性格与繁华市井的都市氛围,而且面对新的信息技术冲击,在研究分析上显得过时,在实践上难接地气。所以,值得由比较的角度重建亚洲的都市史写作,而规划史则是其中重要的现代专业者反思空间实践的历史环节。     

City as a geopolitics: Tbilisi,Georgia — A globalizing metropolis in a turbulent region

Tbilisi, a city of over a million, is the national capital of Georgia. Although little explored in urban studies, the city epitomizes a fascinating assemblage of processes that can illuminate the interplay of geopolitics, political choices, globalization discourses, histories, and urban contestations in shaping urban transformations. Tbilisi's strategic location in the South Caucasus, at the juncture of major historical empires and religions in Eurasia, has ensured its turbulent history and a polyphony of cultural influences. Following Georgia's independence in 1991, Tbilisi found itself as the pivot of Georgian nation-building. Transition to a market economy also exposed the city to economic hardship, ethnical homogenization, and the informalization of the urban environment. The economic recovery since the early 2000s has activated urban regeneration. Georgia's government has recently promoted flagship urban development projects in pursuit of making Tbilisi as a modern globalizing metropolis. This has brought contradictions, such as undermining the city's heritage, contributing to socio-spatial polarization, and deteriorating the city's public spaces. The elitist processes of decision-making and a lack of a consistent urban policy and planning regimes are argued to be among major impediments for a more sustainable development of this city.     

Latvia: the future in Riga's past

Situated at the crossroads of international trade routes, the historical architecture of Riga, the capital city of Latvia, was shaped by tides of different social and cultural groups that over many centuries left their mark. It is notable for its rich mixture of Gothic, Baroque, Russian Classical, German Art Nouveau and Finnish Modernist buildings. Janis Lejnieks describes why now, after the stultification of the Soviet era, as much of its 19th-century building stock is threatened by decay and dereliction, Riga needs to invest in new, high-quality architecture that will revive the dynamic cultural traditions of the city. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relocating Disadvantage in Five Australian Cities: Socio-spatial Polarisation under Neo-liberalism

During the mid-1980s, the Australian political discourse shifted decisively towards a neo-liberal political agenda that has remained the dominant policy paradigm ever since. Arguably, a key outcome of this has been an increase in social inequality. However, there has been little acknowledgement of this process in Australian urban policy debates. Yet these social outcomes have been accompanied by distinctive impacts on the socio-spatial structure of the Australian city. Using Census data over a 25 year period between 1986 and 2011, this paper analyses the trend towards a marked suburbanisation of the most disadvantaged households in the five major Australian cities. Its conclusions have relevance for current metropolitan planning strategies and their capacity to address what is emerging as Australia’s version of the now more widely recognised “urban inversion” of the last quarter of a century.     

URBAN POLITICAL REGIME FORMATION: A Study in Contrast

ABSTRACT: Urban political economists in the 1980s have focused much of their attention on urban development and the politics of growth. Urban political regime analysis has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the political economy of urban development. This study applies regime analysis to two cities— Boston and Detroit—with starkly different economic contexts to determine the relationship between uneven development and the form and policy focus of urban political regimes.     

合作与权力下放：1980年代以来英国城市复兴的组织手段

第二次世界大战以来，相关的城市更新活动几乎贯穿了整个英国的城市发展。最近的一次高潮是从1980年代开始旨在解决内城衰落问题、重新赋予内城活力的城市复兴。从英国的城市复兴历史来看，中央政府一直都对其有所影响，并根据社会经济背景的变化进行改革，使之能够更好地适应社会的发展。本文将从城市政治经济的角度，分析1980年代以来英国城市复兴组织的演变和特征，以期对中国有所借鉴。总的来说，这一时期英国城市复兴组织的特征是合作和权力下放，可以大致分为两个阶段。第一阶段是1980年代至1990年代末，以城市开发公司的盛行和中央政府指导下的合作为特征；第二阶段是1990年代末至今．以授权地方、半官方机构进行管理为特征。     

建构现代景观中传统文化内涵的思考

在社会发展的每一历史阶段,由于当时特定的政治、经济、文化等因素的影响,景观环境都会有不同的艺术表现形式及其特征,反映人们对传统文化在一定程度上的认识与把握。本文从景观及城市文脉传承的角度出发,对如何构建现代景观设计中传统文化内涵进行思考。