塑料热喷涂层中残余应力的测定

涂层厚度受到限制的主要原因是残余应力，而残余应力的测定至今仍无可靠的方法，本文提出了一种新的测定塑料涂层中残余应力的方法，对该方法进行了可行性试验，并讨论了冷却速度和加工方式对残余应力的影响。     

塑料热喷涂层中残余应力的测定

涂层厚度受到限制的主要原因是残余应力，而残余应力的测定至今仍无可靠的方法，本文提出了一种新的测定塑料涂层中残余应力的方法，对该方法进行了可行性试验，并讨论了冷却速度和加工方式对残余应力的影响。     

再制造电弧喷涂成形层的残余应力分析

阐述了热喷涂涂层中残余应力的产生原因,并利用XRD残余应力测试仪、纳米压痕仪、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪研究了不同厚度和热处理温度下电弧喷涂7Cr13涂层的残余应力、弹性模量及涂层微观结构.结果表明,涂层的残余应力与厚度成正比关系.适当的热处理工艺能够释放涂层的残余拉应力,当热处理的温度在200～300 ℃之间时,涂层由拉应力转变为压应力,并随着温度的升高,压应力逐渐增大;涂层的弹性模量和热处理温度之间成正比关系.通过对涂层残余应力分布的研究,为喷涂成形较厚涂层提供了一定的理论依据和方法.     

热喷涂滚动件中残余应力区的实验测量

应用X射线衍射技术这一天破坏性的试验方法可以研究热喷涂滚动讲中残余应力的形成。在不同的深层厚度和不同的基体形状上,以不同的样品角度进行残余应力的侧面。在涂层的脱落区也可以进行残余应力的侧举。应用复杂的应力、应变关系,残余应力测壤结果以主应力值的形式表示。这些结果表明：残余应力对涂层的性能起着决定性的作用。     

轴类件热喷涂涂层残余应力的有限元分析

热喷涂涂层内部的残余应力分布是影响喷涂成形质量和使用性能的重要因素之一.文中基于热喷涂过程的逐层叠加成形的基本假设,利用有限单元法建立了轴类金属基体表面沉积铝涂层的温度场和应力场二维数值模型,研究结果揭示了喷涂涂层温度的波动上升和大量粒子独立快速凝固的典型规律,通过分析残余应力分布行为,发现涂层内部的周向和轴向应力分量最大,皆为拉应力;径向应力分量值远小于周向和轴向应力,应力方向不固定.当涂层不断增厚时,每一薄层的应力受后续沉积薄层的作用发生部分抵消,且残余应力分量值都随着涂层厚度的增加而增大.     

热喷涂涂层残余应力的数值模拟

利用有限元方法建立轴对称模型,对铜表面热喷涂镍金属涂层的残余应力进行模拟分析.研究基体温度和粒子速度对涂层残余应力的影响.研究表明,涂层受残余压应力,从涂层向基体方向残余应力呈减小趋势,随基体温度升高,残余应力呈减小趋势,随粒子速度增加,残余应力呈增大趋势.     

MoSi2涂层残余应力和结合强度的有限元分析

目的研究残余应力对MoSi_2涂层结合强度的影响。方法基于粉末包渗法(PC)制备的MoSi_2涂层在退火前后的微观形貌和相组成,建立有限元分析模型,计算MoSi_2涂层在退火前后的残余应力。根据涂层法向和切向残余应力随涂层厚度的变化,并结合涂层在退火前后结合强度随涂层厚度的变化规律,研究残余应力对涂层结合强度的影响。结果有限元模拟结果表明,MoSi_2涂层的法向残余应力随涂层厚度的增加而减小。涂层的切向残余应力在涂层界面边缘处形成应力集中,并且最大切向残余应力随涂层厚度的增加而增大,与涂层结合强度的变化趋势相吻合。此外,退火后,MoSi_2涂层的法向残余应力几乎没有变化,但是最大切向残余应力下降了10%左右,结合强度提高了20%左右。结论粉末包渗法(PC)制备的Mo Si_2涂层的结合强度受切向残余应力的影响,涂层切向残余应力增大,导致涂层结合强度降低。退火处理能够起到有效改善涂层界面切向残余应力集中的作用,对于提高涂层结合强度有明显的效果。     

高速电弧喷涂过程涂层表面残余应力预测

目的提出一种由连续叠加热失配应力和曲率淬火应力组成的新型涂层表面残余应力预测模型,用于预测高速电弧喷涂成形过程涂层表面残余应力值。方法基于高速电弧喷涂层逐层叠加成形基本假说,利用力和力矩平衡原理,分别建立了涂层逐层叠加热失配应力模型和淬火应力模型,将两模型组合后,得出喷涂过程涂层表面残余应力数值模型。结果通过与X射线衍射仪测得的不同厚度FeAlCrBSiNb涂层表面残余应力值进行比较,发现喷涂一道次时,涂层表面残余应力值为涂层形成过程中最大表面残余应力值。喷涂层厚度为500μm前后,涂层表面残余应力变化规律不同,即理论预测值与实际值随喷涂厚度的增加先减少,当喷涂厚度沉积至500μm后,理论预测值趋于有增有降的波动平稳,而实际测量值在厚度增加至1500μm后逐渐下降。结论高速电弧喷涂过程涂层表面残余应力预测模型,可以较为准确地预测涂层形成过程中表面最大残余应力值和涂层厚度小于500μm时的涂层表面残余应力值,揭示出高速电弧喷涂层实际成形过程表面残余应力的分布规律,即随着喷涂层沉积厚度的增加,残余应力先减少而后沉积至500μm后略微增大。     

钛合金表面等离子喷涂NiCrAl涂层残余应力检测及模拟研究

使用ASM2-3-X应力检测仪,利用盲孔法研究钛合金表面喷涂两种厚度NiCrAl涂层的残余应力分布情况。通过测量盲孔周围残余应力释放形成的应变得到平均主应力,并利用ANSYS有限元软件生死单元技术模拟仿真。实验与模拟结果表明:在一定厚度内,涂层残余应力为压应力,并随着厚度的增加而增大;同时残余应力的分布与试件的形状尺寸有关且在边缘附近位置有显著的应力集中现象。     

AlCrN涂层的残余热应力分析

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件中的瞬态分析方法,对涂层刀具沉积过程中残余热应力进行了仿真分析。研究了AlCrN涂层残余热应力的大小、分布和影响因素。结果表明:由于涂层与基体材料的热膨胀系数不匹配,结合面区域存在严重的应力集中;基体材料、涂层厚度、沉积温度以及中间层的使用对残余应力有很大影响;基体材料为高速钢时,AlCrN涂层内残余应力大以压应力为主并随着涂层厚度的增加而减小;基体为硬质合金时,残余应力相对较小,涂层内以拉应力为主并随基体钴含量和涂层厚度的增加而减少;增加中间层可以减小残余应力。因此,通过涂层和不同基体匹配以及增加中间层可以缓和界面应力增强界面结合强度。     

Dynamic residual stress in thermal sprayed coatings

0IntroductionExtensive studies and measuring methods for residualstress in thermal sprayed coatings had been conducted bymany researchers,such as X-ray diffraction,neutron dif-fraction,layer removal and also Almen test[1-4].Howev-er,up to date,none has in…     

EVALUATIONS OF INTERFACE BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN THERMAL SPRAYED COATINGS AND SUBSTRATS

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Effects of processing conditions on the mechanical properties and deformation behaviors of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings: Evaluation of residual stresses and mechanical properties of thermal barrier coatings on the basis of in situ curvature measurement under a wide range of spray parameters

A modified analytical model has been developed to describe the nonlinear elastic response and residual stress in plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on the basis of the measured curvature–temperature plot during the spraying process. Evolution of residual stresses and the nonlinear stress–strain relation of the coating during the cooling stage after deposition were identified and the strain-dependent coating modulus was obtained. Wide ranges of deposition temperature from 200 to 850 °C as well as that of passage thickness from 6 to 58 μm were explored in the experiments because significant changes in the TBC microstructure could be expected. The analyzed results were related to the processing parameters in spraying, such as the substrate temperature and passage thickness. A complicated interplay among the coating microstructure, residual stresses and mechanical properties was identified. Generally with increasing deposition temperature or passage thickness, denser microstructures were observed with an increase in elastic modulus. The nonlinear strain–stress curves of TBCs indicated that the coating modulus increased with compressive residual stress due to closing of microcracks and inter-splat sliding. Moreover, the coating modulus depended not only on the magnitude of residual stress but also on the coating thickness and it was found that the axial force, which is the product of the residual stress and coating thickness, could be used to express their synergistic effect.     

铜基体上超音速火焰喷涂镍基涂层残余应力分析

采用X射线应力分析技术和曲率法测试了在铜基体上喷制不同成分、厚度的镍基涂层以及改变基体厚度喷制的涂层的残余应力。结果表明,超音速火焰喷涂的镍基涂层残余应力均为压应力,涂层成分、厚度的变化对残余应力均有明显的影响,添加一定量的WC、控制涂层和基体厚度,可获得较大的残余压应力。     

等离子喷涂热障陶瓷涂层冷却累计残余应力的有限元模拟与验证

目的 为有效预测等离子喷涂热障涂层冷却过程中累积的残余应力,降低残余应力对涂层稳定性的影响,需寻求可靠的热障涂层应力检测方法。方法 利用有限元分析软件,采用生死单元法建立了等离子喷涂ZrO₂涂层的有限元模型,高斯热源模拟等离子喷涂热源工况,研究涂层冷却至室温的残余应力及其分布。使用X射线衍射法、拉曼光谱法对等离子喷涂制备的ZrO₂涂层进行残余应力检测。结果 通过有限元模拟结果可以看出,喷涂涂层冷却到室温后其中心区域的残余应力与边缘位置相比较大,主要集中在热流中心区域;每层涂层结合界面处会产生较大应力,致使应力沿涂层厚度方向变化明显。涂层的等效应力为160～220 MPa。采用X射线衍射法检测涂层存在180～185MPa残余应力。标定ZrO₂涂层的拉曼-应力因子为8.33 (cm·GPa)^-1,计算得到涂层存在残余应力为174～180 MPa。对喷涂试样进行拉伸试验后,其残余应力有一定程度的释放。结论 使用有限元能有效模拟等离子喷涂至室温时涂层内部残余应力,与XRD、拉曼光谱检测结果具有良好的匹配性,...     

Intrinsic residual stresses in single splats produced by thermal spray processes

Changes in processing parameters strongly affect the structure and properties of thermally sprayed coatings and, consequently, their performance. Residual stress in the deposits is a factor that needs consideration, since it has direct influence on the processability and integrity of the sprayed material. In order to enhance the understanding of this phenomenon, a study of measurements of residual stresses on a single particle level was undertaken. The deposit is built-up with the successive impingement of micron-sized droplet and therefore an understanding of the single splat microstructure and properties will provide a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Residual stresses in thin coatings, as well as isolated particles—splats—deposited on stainless steel substrates were investigated using X-ray microdiffraction. Plasma sprayed molybdenum and cold sprayed copper were studied. The key process parameters considered were: in-flight particle energy and substrate temperature in the first case, and particle velocity in the latter. The results will be discussed with respect to the influence of each of these parameters, contribution of quenching and thermal stress component and splat formation. Further, the coating build-up from individual particles and the associated factors influencing residual stress will be discussed.     

可计及温度与层状结构影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层残余热应力理论表征模型

目的创建可计及温度与层状结构共同影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层因热不匹配导致的残余热应力的理论表征模型。方法基于经典的层合板理论与超高温陶瓷基复合材料热物理性能参数对温度的敏感性研究,引入温度和层状结构对涂层与基体层所受残余热应力的影响,形成各层残余热应力温度相关性的理论表征方法,并以ZrB_2-SiC复合材料涂层为例,利用该理论方法系统地研究了各种控制机制对残余热应力的影响及其随温度的演化规律。结果超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层所受的残余热应力随着温度的变化而变化,涂层热膨胀系数与基体层热膨胀系数差别越大,变化幅度越大。当涂层材料热膨胀系数大于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余拉应力,基体层材料遭受残余压应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受拉应力减小,而基体层所受压应力增大;当涂层材料热膨胀系数小于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余压应力,基体层材料遭受残余拉应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受压应力减小,而基体层所受拉应力增大。低温下,各层所受残余热应力对层厚与每层材料组成的变化比较敏感,随着温度的升高,敏感性降低。结论对于涂层材料,应设计涂层材料的热膨胀系数小于基体层材料的热膨胀系数,使涂层遭受残余压应力,这不仅能够降低材料表面产生裂纹的危险,同时可以抑制表面已有缺陷的扩展。同时应当设计相对较小的涂层厚度,以增大涂层所受的残余压应力,降低基体层所受的残余拉应力,有效提高整体材料在不同温度下的强度性能。     

Predicting Quenching and Cooling Stresses within HVOF Deposits

Due to the nature of the HVOF and other thermal spray processes, residual stress build up in thick deposits is a significant and limiting problem since it impedes the coating behavior in service. The residual stress-state that evolves in a deposit is largely dependent on the thermal conditions to which the substrate/coating system has been subjected, and is a combination of quenching stresses, peening stresses that develop in some cases in HVOF, both of which arise during deposition, and cooling stresses, postdeposition. It follows that precise control of these phenomena is essential, if a thick deposit or one with low levels of residual stress are to be thermally sprayed. This paper applies looks at analytical and finite element techniques used to predict quenching and cooling stresses within tungsten carbide-cobalt thermally sprayed deposits. The analysis investigates and predicts the quenching and cooling stresses using improved analytical and finite element analysis techniques by validating the models with experimental results such as X-ray diffraction and the hole drilling method. The result of this paper is a thermo-mechanical equation for quenching stress which includes the effects of misfit strain, the Poisson’s effect, variation of coating and substrate thicknesses, thermal expansion, and process temperature effects.